Abstract: This article is dedicated to examination of approaches towards production of knowledge in the conditions of development of the digital methods of communication. The development of technologies and Internet concept Web 3.0 form a request for collective, interdisciplinary and “civil” character of research activity, emergence of new practices of working with knowledge, focused on confluence of the virtual and real space, transformation of the essence and role of “information” in the context of building the “society of knowledge”. The modern scientific knowledge represents a synthesis of various aspects of science and social life. Within the framework of pilot research, the author analyzes the case of confluence of the digital and real activity in production of knowledge: “public space of collective work ‘the pivotal point’” and digital platform Leader-ID. The article considers the hypothesis that the modern scientific knowledge represents a synthesis of social, culturological, and technological aspects of science and social life. The “distributed knowledge”, forming as a result of cooperation of scholars and various communities, becomes common through the formation of “cluster” and crowdsourcing format of the production of knowledge. Such social interaction is based on the network platform model and generated new zones of exchange and production of knowledge: online platforms (forums, crowdsourcing, scientific network platforms such as ResearchGate, simulators, etc.) or offline platforms (public spaces) that discuss and formulate the requests of scholars to each other, formulate hypothesis, and test the studies.

Abstract: Within the framework of this article, the author analyzes the state of national science and society during the period of drastic transformations of the 1920’s – 1930’s. Examination of problems of the history of science along with its impact upon the transformation of socio0cultiral and economic context, interaction between the scholars and government during the pivotal period of the Russian history, allows rationalizing the existing strategies for the new scientific and social breakthroughs. The author describes the main features of transformation of the organization of science in Russia during the period under consideration, as well as analyzes “science” through the prism of social design. The research leans on the theories, data and methods in the context of historical, philosophical, anthropological, politological and sociological studies of science, technologies and engineering. The conclusion is made that the Soviet government that perceived science as the major driving force of not only of economic, but also social and political progress, established new requirements to the academic community and adjusted the conditions of its existence and functioning, which allowed the authorities to ensure the essential foundation for the economic development and social changes. The early Soviet period was characterized not only by the emergence of the new institutional form for the science, but also mobilization of the country’s scientific potential, experimental and, at times, revolutionary scientific projects. At the same time, excessive indoctrination of science, repressive and utilitarian nature of government turned science into the mechanism for implementation of their political objectives “here and now”, rather than the institution of the development of knowledge.