Abstract: The subject of this research is the social importance and role of science in the society in the interpretation of M. A. Bakunin, which he saw it through the prism of the idea of social justice and social equality. The author examines the social significance of anarchism as a democratic and relevant theory in the modern world. This work also analyses Bakunin’s interpretation of science as means of dominance of the privileged and educated minority. The problem of dependence of science from the government, and as a result, the problem of its specific social role and importance for the society, is being reviewed. Science within the society is the same form of public conscience as mythology and religion, and thus, should be separated from the government. The following conclusions are made: the development of various form of people’s self-governance, in other words the realization of public ideal of anarchism is identical to the advancement of democracy; science and education in the social structure of the society represents one of the means of social differentiation; science is a relative and transitional form of public conscience as mythology and religion.

Abstract: In article the historical and comparative analysis of a problem of values in philosophy of neokantian philosopher G. Rickert and the populist P. L. Lavrov is given. Value of valuable approach for development of methodology of social and humanitarian knowledge by G. Rickert is shown. Specifics of interpretation of neokantian gnoseology are opened by P. Lavrov. The conclusion that in Lavrov's philosophy value carries out not only gnoseological, but also social function is drawn. The problem of a subjective method is analysed. The conclusion that the subjective method at Lavrov acted not only as a learning tool of social reality, but also as a way of updating of social activity of the personality, a way of updating of practical transformation of social reality is drawn.
Principle of historicism, principle of the historical and comparative analysis are applied. Method of dialectic unity historical and logical, abstract and concrete. Hermeneutical methodology, method of the hermeneutic circle are also used. Thus, if Rickert offered a system of values, or reference to value acts as methodological criterion for classification of single historical events, Lavrov offered a system of values not only gnoseological category, but also methodological criterion of "creativity of public forms", practical change of social reality.Lavrov's position differs in a pronounced antropologism and a personalism. The person brings the purpose and the sense constructed on values in society. The person, thus, influences the world, will transform it on a basis developed by it systems of values. Everything depends on the person, system of values which he develops, the world which it will transform on the basis of the values developed by it.