Abstract: In this study, the author examines in detail the problem of ensuring the peace and security of mankind through the use of the norms of international humanitarian law and criminal law of the Russian Federation. Ensuring the peace and security of mankind as a task of criminal law and an object of criminal law and international legal protection is closely linked to the provisions of international humanitarian law, since the rules of warfare established by it, if violated, threaten the peaceful coexistence of peoples and States. In this regard, it seemed appropriate to the author to consider the history of the development of the protection of peace and security of mankind through the prism of the origin of legislation on war. The author turns to history and, based on historical facts, establishes the periodization of the development and formation of the prohibition of an act of aggression. The author also developed his own concept of "peace" for the purposes of applying Chapter 34 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.  In preparing this study, the author used such methods as formal legal, historical, comparative, as well as methods of analysis, induction and deduction. The conducted research allowed us to come to the following conclusions: legislation on ensuring the peace and security of mankind began its formation in the early Middle Ages and reached its peak after the end of World War II; peace is a state in the absence of the use of armed forces of states against the sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independence of each other, or armed organized non–state groups against Russian legislation reflects a number of prohibitions on the commission of crimes against the peace and security of mankind, but the very elements of these crimes are imperfect and need to be improved in terms of consolidating the basic definitions. In this regard, it seems advisable to develop and approve a resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation or a separate Federal law that would address the main problematic issues that cause difficulties in correctly classifying crimes against the peace and security of mankind.

Keywords: the composition of the crime, aggression, criminal law, rehabilitation of Nazism, genocide, aggressive war, international law, ensuring security, Ensuring peace, human security

Abstract: The subject of the research is international legal and non-legal acts that establish both the general principles of international law and the specific legal principles of cooperation among states in the field of agriculture and ensuring food security in the context of unilateral restrictive measures. The object of the research is international intergovernmental relations that form in the process of cooperation in the area of agriculture, food security, and humanitarian cooperation under unilateral restrictive measures imposed by states. The aim of this research is to analyze the legal nature of unilateral restrictive measures imposed by states affecting agriculture and food security through the prism of fundamental principles of international public law, as well as to identify and analyze specific principles of cooperation among states in the field of agriculture under unilateral restrictive measures. Several methods of scientific inquiry were used in the research, including dialectical, methods of deduction, induction, analysis, synthesis, statistical, systemic, historical, formal-legal, and comparative-legal methods. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the identification and justification of the existence and functioning of a number of specific international legal principles of cooperation among states in the field of agriculture and food security under unilateral restrictive measures. As a result of the research, it was found that while positive international law does not contain a prohibition on the imposition of unilateral restrictive measures (URMs), the measures affecting the agricultural sector of states that are the recipients of such measures contradict the fundamental principles of international law and cannot be equated with countermeasures and sanctions of the UN Security Council. The practice of intergovernmental cooperation under URMs has allowed the development of several specific international legal principles of such cooperation, among which are: the principle of commitment to the UN Sustainable Development Goals, the principle of non-proliferation of restrictive measures on agricultural products, the principle of humanitarian exemptions from the regime of restrictive measures, and the principle of proportionality (adequacy) of restrictive measures in the field of agriculture. It is concluded that there is a need for the systematization and consolidation of these specific principles within the framework of universal international organizations, for example, through a resolution of the UN General Assembly. Moreover, there is a need to strengthen monitoring of the implementation of URMs and their impact on cooperation in agriculture by international organizations.

Keywords: sanctions, food security, principle of commitment to SDGs, principle of proportionality, principle of supply exceptions, principle of humanitarian exemptions, principles of international law, unilateral restrictive measures, countermeasures, agrarian cooperation

Abstract: The subject of this research is the legal regulation systems for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Russia and France. In this article, the Author examines the characteristics of the legal regulation systems for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and provides a comparative legal analysis, assessing their level of anthropogenic impact. The Author reveals the existing legal regulation, analyzes the existing positions in the legal literature regarding the pros and cons of the chosen strategy for limiting greenhouse gases, and the prospects for its implementation. Within the framework of this article, the Author addresses the issues related to the implementation of domestic and French strategies for combating greenhouse gases and concludes on the most significant and effective methods for reducing greenhouse gases while touching upon the supranational European regulatory level. In preparing this research, the author employed formal-legal, comparative-legal methods, as well as induction, deduction, and analysis methods. The main conclusions of the research include the Author's findings on the most effective and rational methods for combating greenhouse gas emissions, as well as conclusions regarding the problems associated with the implementation of the relevant strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, the Author identifies monitoring and measurement systems for greenhouse gas emissions as some of the most important tools for reduction, while also highlighting a method characteristic of the Russian Federation, which is the use of natural ecosystems. In his research, the Author also evaluates the necessity of introducing a carbon market in the Russian Federation, analyzes the experience of European Union countries, and concludes about the enormous commercial potential and prospects of introducing this market in the Russian Federation. The novelty of the research lies in the comparative legal analysis of the systems in Russia and France in this area.

Keywords: decarbonization, natural ecosystems, greenhouse gas regulation, French environmental code, carbon market, emissions monitoring systems, anthropogenic impact, climate, greenhouse gas reduction, environment

Abstract: The subject of the research is the current state of international cooperation in the field of environmental protection and conservation of living resources in the Arctic. It is noted that the Arctic remains a zone of heightened attention and collision of geopolitical interests. The leading role in resolving conflicts arising in the region belongs to international law, which is in a process of constant development, taking into account the changing realities of the modern world. The continuously deteriorating inter-state relations and the frozen international cooperation of Russia with Western countries hinder effective resolution of global problems in the Arctic region, including: global warming and finding ways to effectively adapt to it, conservation of living resources, ensuring the traditional way of life of indigenous peoples, and other environmental protection issues. Based on the historical research method, the article analyzes the development of international law and the cooperation of Arctic states in the field of environmental protection in the region. Special attention is given to the Cold War period and the positive results of cooperation achieved during that time. The scientific novelty of the research lies in parallel made between various periods of tense international political situations and conclusion that peaceful and sustainable development of the Arctic must be ensured by the efforts of all circumpolar states, as well as with the direct participation of non-Arctic countries. The leading role in this process should belong to international law and international cooperation, conducted regardless of the political context and existing disagreements. The author also concludes that the restrictions imposed by the West on scientific cooperation with Russian counterparts effectively undermine the connections established over decades between scientists from leading scientific and educational centers. The contemporary Arctic policy of circumpolar countries, which excludes scientific and other cooperation with Russia on environmental protection issues, significantly increases the risks of sustainable development in Arctic territories. It appears that multilateral international cooperation in the Arctic without Russia cannot fully encompass the entire spectrum of regional problems, let alone develop the most effective ways to resolve them. It has been identified that in the context of the pause in the work of the Arctic Council, cooperation among non-state actors may now become the most important form of cooperation.

Keywords: Arctic Council, legislation, indigenous peoples, international cooperation, international law, Arctic, environmental protection, environment, ecosystems, marine bioresources