Abstract: The article examines the question of the origins of religious tolerance in the Russian state, its traditional forms and spheres of manifestation over many centuries. The emphasis is made on its actualization in the life of modern Russia. Today, in an era of social instability, uncontrolled migration flows, and the erasure of value orientations, the experience that contributes to the harmonization of various processes is becoming especially relevant. The subject of this study is the principle of religious tolerance in the Russian state. The purpose of the study is to analyze the specifics of religious tolerance in Russia using a geosocial approach. This approach explains the steady trend of manifestation of the principle of religious tolerance in Russian historical realities and the current moment, seeing it as a consequence of the peculiarities of the mentality of Russian population formed by its nature (geographical breadth, etc.). The novelty of the research lies in the fact that various views of researchers on the problem of the origins of religious tolerance have been identified and systematized; a geosocial approach has been used in the study of religious tolerance; the specifics of the manifestation of religious tolerance from the time of pre-Petrine Russia to the present day are traced. An attempt is made to look at religious tolerance as an integral part of the planetary thinking transmitted by the Russian society. The results of the research can be used in theoretical (within the framework of philosophical, political science, religious studies) and practical (in domestic and foreign policy of the country) aspects. The result of the study is to identify the specifics of religious tolerance, which can be traced in Russian history for a number of centuries. The conclusion is that the experience of implementing the principle of religious tolerance in the Russian state is important for stability within modern and future Russia. The principle of religious tolerance is the foundation for the harmonization of interfaith and state-confessional interactions, which in turn are related to the national issue.

Abstract: The article examines a number of characteristic features of modern concepts of religious tolerance and its "expanded" version – tolerance in general. These concepts now have a noticeable impact on socio-political life. Despite its spread, the concepts of tolerance and the concepts of multiculturalism and pluralism that grew out of them proved unable to solve the serious problems facing the modern international community. The subject of this study is the characteristic features of the concepts of (religious) tolerance. The purpose of the study is to analyze the specifics of the origin of ideas of (religious) tolerance in the works of European thinkers of the XVII–XVIII centuries and to identify a number of features of the corresponding modern socio-political concepts due to this specificity. The article uses: an integrated approach that contributes to the comprehensive disclosure of the problem posed; a causal method that allows us to trace the connection between the features of ideas of (religious) tolerance in the past and certain aspects of relevant modern concepts; methods of generalization and classification. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that one of the goals of religious tolerance in the past has been revealed – to level the influence of Christianity (Catholicism) on society. An attempt is made to answer the question of the reasons for the ineffectiveness of the concepts of tolerance, appealing to the historical origins of the underlying ideas, as well as to the modern period of global changes and geopolitical transformations, including the current military-political situation in Ukraine. The results of the study can be used both in the theoretical, purely scientific aspect (religious studies, philosophy, political science), and in practical – in the strategic planning of the internal political course of Russia. The result of the study is the establishment of a number of reasons for those trends that are inherent both in the process of theoretical development of these concepts and in the practice of their application. The conclusion is that religious tolerance cannot be the foundation for solving interfaith and state-confessional issues in the world.

Abstract: During the period of globalization, various social strata comprise a new conceptual system. This ongoing transformational process prompts reconsideration of the fundamental concept of religious tolerance: it disintegrates and accretes with extraneous connotations. The worldwide growing religious fanaticism makes the problem of religious tolerance exceedingly acute. Its comprehension becomes relevant not only on the examples of countries, but also on the legacy of prominent representatives of different eras. The object of this research is the literary-philosophical heritage of L. N. Tolstoy, F. M. Dostoevsky, and N. N. Pirogov. The subject is the principle of religious tolerance in the worldview of the listed philosophers. Each of them demonstrates a superior example of humanism in the era of close interaction of various ethnic groups. The analysis of works of the three cultural figures indicates that despite the difference in worldviews, they all agreed upon the general humanistic essence of religious tolerance. The recognition of religious tolerance as a general cultural universal is based on their perception of the world as a single organism that does not unify various religious traditions, but rather constitute them into the “unity of diversified”. If L. N. Tolstoy elucidates humanistic nature of religious tolerance on the level of the individual, communities and entire humanity, then F. M. Dostoevsky has such reflections due to theme of war and peace. In combination with the “cosmic” worldview of N. N. Pirogov, these three views reveal different edges of religious tolerance based on the principle of complementarity. The study of humanistic ideas of the Russian philosophers may contribute to the creation of the methodological concept of religious tolerance as one of the fundamentals of the state domestic and foreign policy of the Russian Federation during the globalization era.