Abstract: The object of the study is the development of the Moscow Metro transport system in terms of the inclusion of two new elements in its structure: the Big Circle Line and the Moscow Central Circle. The subject of the study is the process of optimizing the passenger flow of the Moscow Metro, which is revealed by comparing the Big Circle Line and the Moscow Central Circle. The analysis was carried out on four aspects: a comparative description of the history of the development of the two projects, a comparison of the main parameters of the Great Ring Line of the metro and the Moscow Central Ring, a comparative analysis of the location of these two lines in Moscow, a comparison of transfer hubs on the Great Ring Line of the metro and on the Moscow Central Ring. The purpose of the study was to conduct a comparative analysis of two implemented projects (MCC and BCL) with the identification of the pros and cons of these projects both separately and in comparison. The following methods were used: statistical, comparative-geographical, analytical, cartographic. The study showed that both ring lines reduced the travel time of passengers, relieved the ring and radial metro lines. A significant number of Moscow residents received metro stations within walking distance. At the same time, the Big Ring Metro Line is a more successfully implemented project than the Moscow Central Ring. The Bolshaya Koltsevaya Metro Line is used daily by more passengers than the Moscow Central Ring. However, the MCC, in addition to its direct transport functions, also has great educational significance, being at the same time an excursion route through two epochs of the Moscow railway ring – the beginning of the XX and the beginning of the XXI centuries.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the study of the formation of the cultural and landscape environment of Moscow. The cultural landscape is considered as a result of the co-creation of nature and man, which is especially pronounced in urbanized space. This can be traced in historical and cultural contexts on the example of the territory located in the valley of the Ramenka River. The relevance of the study is due to the insufficient study of this territory, which became part of Moscow only in the middle of the twentieth century and the importance of scientific understanding of modern architectural and landscape transformations. The work is based on literary, archival, cartographic sources, data from their own local history observations. The work uses historical and cartographic research methods, as well as methods of local history observations, system-structural analysis.   The scientific novelty of the research consists in the systematization and generalization of multiple diverse information characterizing the history of the formation of the cultural landscape of one of the districts of Moscow; in identifying the factors that determined the peculiarities of the formation and change in time of these landscapes, in assessing the impact of modern architectural and urban planning approaches on the environmental situation. The main conclusions of the study: despite the centuries-old efforts of people to dominate the "nature-society-man" system, with the development of ecological culture, the priority of natural values in the formation of urban landscapes increases; the natural heritage of Moscow is an integral element of its cultural heritage; the construction of modern residential complexes near natural heritage sites, paradoxically, contributes to the improvement of environmental situation, creative improvement of the visual environment.

Abstract: The object of this study is the history of tourism development in Russia. The subject of the study is the factors and features of the development of Russian tourism in the post–Soviet period (from 1991 to the present). On the basis of documentary and literary sources, the factors and features of tourism development in Russia after the collapse of the unified tourist space of the USSR are characterized. Tourism is considered in the context of socio-economic transformations of post-Soviet society, in the context of changing the geopolitical position of Russia, strengthening the role of cultural and natural heritage as a resource for spatial economic development. The main conclusions of the study are: the main factors of the post-Soviet period of tourism development in Russia were the close attention of business, government, science and education to the field of tourism activity. The main contribution of the authors to the study of the topic: the periodization of the development of Russian tourism of the first thirty years of the post-Soviet era, the characteristics of each of the periods, the identification of the specifics of the use of pre-revolutionary and Soviet cultural heritage in tourism, new cultural objects and traditions of the post-Soviet period.
The novelty of the study is to identify the main features and main stages of tourism development in post-Soviet Russia. The main aspects of scientific research in tourism are considered and the contribution of representatives of various sciences is revealed. The role of the import substitution trend in the development of domestic tourism and in the implementation of the Spatial Development Strategy of Russia is shown. The first results of understanding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the development of Russian tourism are presented.
The research is based on historical-genetic, historical-geographical, problem-analytical and retrospective methods, as well as the method of system-structural analysis. It is shown that tourism of the post-Soviet period has become an actively developing branch of the economy, involving various groups of the population in its sphere, contributing to the search for regional brands and new opportunities for using cultural heritage objects in tourism activities.

Abstract: The object of this study is the changes in the development of the Moscow aviation hub in the second decade of the XXI century. The subject of the study is a statistical analysis of changes in the volume of air transportation of passengers, cargo and mail at the Moscow Aviation Hub from 2014 to 2021, both in general and for individual airports in comparison. The change in the share of Sheremetyevo, Domodedovo and Vnukovo in the total volume of the listed types of air transportation is analyzed. The dynamics of the ratio of domestic and international air transportation is investigated. The share of the Moscow aviation hub in the total volume of passenger traffic, cargo turnover and postal air transportation in Russia is considered. The research is based on statistical, historical-geographical, problem-analytical methods, as well as the method of system-structural analysis. This made it possible to conduct an objective, scientifically-based analysis of the processes of changing the volume of air traffic in the Moscow aviation hub. The main conclusions of the study are: air transportation of passengers at the Moscow Aviation hub decreased from 2014 to 2021, while air transportation of cargo and mail increased during this period. The share of Sheremetyevo Airport in all respects increased, the share of Domodedovo decreased, the share of Vnukovo either grew or remained unchanged.
The main contribution of the authors to the study of the topic is to consider changes in the statistical parameters of the Moscow aviation hub airports in the context of socio-economic and geopolitical processes, in historical and geographical conditionality; in identifying the key factors of the current dynamics. The novelty of the study is to identify the main trends in the development of the volume and structure of air transportation of the Moscow aviation hub from 2014 to 2021 under the conditions of sanctions pressure and restrictions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.

Abstract: The object of this research is the history of tourism development in Russia. The subject of this research is the factors and peculiarities of the development of Russian tourism in the Soviet period (1918-1991). Based on documentary and literary sources, the author characterizes the peculiarity of the phenomenon of Soviet tourism following its key stages. Special attention is given to the integration of tourism, cultural heritage, government policy, ideology, and economy during the Soviet period. Tourism is viewed in the context of socioeconomic and political transformations of the Soviet society, cultural development, and attitude towards prerevolutionary cultural heritage in the Soviet society. The article traces the formation of a new socialist cultural heritage as a factor of tourism development, effective method of ideological education, and enlightenment of the population in the context of socialist ideas. The following conclusions were made: the groundwork on tourism laid in the prerevolutionary period have subsequently been transformed; the peculiarities of Soviet tourism formed with a clear ideological component and specific types. The author indicated impeccable success achieved in the tourism sector during this period; however, it took its own peculiar path. If the foreign countries were focused on improving comfort and infrastructure, commercialization and competitiveness of services between the travel agencies, then in Soviet Russia, tourism was controlled by the government and developed in the context of the objectives of party-state building. The author’s special contribution consists in carrying out periodization of the development of Russian tourism during the Soviet time; detailed characteristic of each period; determination of specificity of using prerevolutionary cultural heritage along with new cultural objects and traditions of the Soviet time in tourism. The novelty consists in revealing the key peculiarities and stages of tourism development in Soviet Russia. Tourism is viewed in relation to the development and new perception of the cultural heritage of Russia, as well as the development of peculiar unique approaches towards the dominant sites for tourist visits.

Abstract: The object of the study is the Pushkin heritage. The subject of the study is historical and geographical features of formation and spread of memorials, which are related to the life and art of A.S. Pushkin in pre-revolutionary and Soviet Russia, across the country. Special attention is paid to the preservation of Pushkin heritage. Memorable places associated with A.S. Pushkin; processes of creation of outstanding monuments, dedicated to the poet; perpetuating of his name in the names of cities and streets, in the development of tourist routes, were studied. A historical and geographical research method was chosen as a principal one, also a historical-comparative, historical-systemic, statistical, and cartographic methods were used. The main conclusions of the conducted research are: close attention was paid to the memorialization of Pushkin heritage at all stages of development of the Russian statehood. The vast majority of memorial objects, tourist routes to Pushkin places is located in the European part of Russia. The name of Pushkin is one of the most common in the toponymy of the country. 

Abstract: The article is focused on analyzing the phenomenon of “proletarian tourism” as the embodiment of a new revolutionary approach to the organization of tourist traffic in the period of the active development of the Soviet way of life in the 1930s in the USSR. The article's research subject is the features of the development of proletarian tourism in the context of the socio-economic development of the Soviet state and in conjunction with the formation of new and the reinterpretation of the existing cultural heritage sites of the country. On the basis of documentary sources, guidebooks and other pre-revolutionary publications, the author describes the conditions and factors in the development of proletarian tourism, its ideological foundations and primary objects of tourist visits. The author pays particular attention to the new types of tourism of that period: industrial, agrarian, exploratory, and anti-pilgrimages. The study is based on historical-genetic, historical-geographical, problem-analytical and retrospective research methods, as well as the method of system-structural analysis. The novelty of this research is that for the first time in historiography the phenomenon of proletarian tourism in the years 1930-1936 is presented in such a systematic and historical manner. The author demonstrates the difference of this phenomenon from the pre-revolutionary traditions of excursional, educational, and tourist activities, as well as the differences from the “golden decade” in the development of guided excursions and local history studies of 1918-1929. The article reveals the ideological attitudes of proletarian tourism and examines the process of its implementation. The author also underlines the changes in the primary cultural heritage sites of tourist destinations. A significant decrease in the level of tourist information support was found, reflected in the decrease in the number of published guidebooks and view cards as compared to the pre-revolutionary period, as well as in a decrease in their quality.

Abstract: The article is focused on the analysis of the features of the development of tourism in the Russian Empire at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries. The subject of this study are the prerequisites for the formation and development of touristic activities in pre-revolutionary Russia. On the basis of documentary sources, guidebooks and other pre-revolutionary publications, the authors describe the conditions and factors for the development of educational and health-medical tourism and present the main tourist areas and key monuments of tourist visits. Particular attention is paid to the popularization of touristic and recreational resources: historical and cultural attractions, medical and therapeutic centers. The research is based on the historical-genetic, historical-geographical, topic-analytical and retrospective methods, as well as the method of system-structural analysis. The novelty of the presented research lies in that the authors prove that the foundations of modern educational and health-resort tourism were laid in pre-revolutionary Russia. The authors reveal the main features of the development of tourism in Russia at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries, identify the main directions of tourist activity and show the role of Russia's cultural heritage in the formation of tourist regions and centers.

Abstract: The article studies the Russian toponymy, which reflected the memory of the heroes and events of the War of 1812. Toponymy is considered as intangible heritage, which forms the historical and cultural space of Russia. The authors analyze the factors and features of the propagation of names associated with the war of 1812, identifies periods and the wave of renaming, the patterns of territorial concentration of names. The list and define a kind of "rating" of the characters and events of the war mentioned in Russian toponymy. The patterns are reflected in the tables, charts and maps.