Abstract: The article looks at the question whether the concept of translation unit might apply to the sphere of machine translation and whether the size of the unit influences the quality of translation. While modern machine translation systems offer an acceptable level of quality, a number of problems mainly related to the structural organization of the text remain unresolved, hence the question posed in the paper. The article offers a review of modern readings of the concept and pays special attention to the question whether the scope of the term changes depending on whether the object of research is the target text or the translation process. The paper also provides a quick look on the research methods for both text-oriented and process-oriented approaches, such as comparative analysis of language pairs and Think Aloud Protocol. Based on a review of existing machine translation models, each of them is analyzed to answer the question whether a unit of translation can be defined for a given system and what its size is. It is concluded that a unit of translation can be viewed as either a unit of analysis or a unit of processing with respect to text-oriented and process-oriented perspectives on to the study of translation. The unit of translation has a dynamic character and influences the quality of the target text. In machine translation, the unit of translation as a unit of analysis is not applicable for systems based on probabilistic non-linguistic methods. For rule-based machine translation systems, both readings of the unit of translation concept are applicable, but hardly go beyond a single sentence. Accordingly, at least one type of translation problem – intra-textual relations resolutions – remains largely unaddressed in the present state of affairs in machine translation.

Abstract: The article presents the author's experience in developing an ESP (English for Specific Purposes) course for International Relations and Regional Studies majors and looks at the theoretical background for LSP course design. Choosing between terminological and discursive approach to course design in the sphere of humanities, the authors of the course favour the latter. The article also provides a quick look at an integrative approach to mastering English for Special Purposes offered by Western linguistics (CLIL-approach, Content and Language Integrated Learning), which implies combining the study of language and specialty discipline within the framework of a single course. Although the idea raises obvious interest, the authors of the course opt for a more traditional approach. The selection of texts for the course was subordinate to its main objectives. Since the course is centered upon productive competences – mainly speaking – its authors opted for a factual rather than analytical type of texts as more motivational and easier to discuss. Another chosen way to raise motivation is through the use of illustrations, video and audio materials. A second problem to address was that of authenticity and scientific objectivity of the selected texts, since some of the well-established views on the subject matter in social sciences may differ across countries. The number and types of activities are determined by specific needs of the learners. Particular emphasis is put on identifying and interpreting metaphors in the scientific discourse of humanities.

Abstract: The article describes the experience of author's participation in the development of ESP course (English for Specific Purposes) for students majoring in International Relations and Regional Studies, as well as examines the theoretical prerequisites for creation of similar courses. Having compared the terminological and discursive approaches towards development of the course in the sphere of humanities, preference is given to the latter. The article analyzes the offered by foreign linguistics integrative (CLIL) approach towards learning English language for special purposes, which implies combining the study of language and specialty discipline within the framework of a single course. Although the idea raises obvious interest, the authors of the course choose a rather traditional approach. The texts underlying the course are subordinate to its key objectives. Since the course is centered upon productive competences – mainly speaking – it predetermined the choice of factographic type of texts over analytical. Another method for increasing motivation is the use of illustrations, video and audio materials. The article also considers the problem of authenticity and scientific objectivity of the selected texts, since the views established in the Russian and foreign humanities may differ. The number and types of activities are determined by the specific needs of the students. Special emphasis is placed on determination and interpretation of metaphors in the scientific discourse of humanities.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the preservation of message and text cohesion during translation of nonfiction. This is performed by using co-reference units as elements of the text referring to one element of the reality.  The research is based on the hypothesis that differences in the structural organisation of languages along with different degrees of awareness of recipients of original and translated texts create the need in translation transformations. The subject of the research is the preservation of co-reference in nonfiction when the latter are being translated from English into Russian. The material of the study was the original texts of journalistic style in English and Russian languages. Were offered and analyzed versions of the translation of the source text from English into Russian, taking into account and without taking into account the need to preserve the reference to the same referent. It was shown that the ability of a receptor to efficiently decode individual elements of the text, both belonging to the same referent, depends on their knowledge of the language and its system resources, and, in some cases, on their possession of extralinguistic information. In addition, the work shows that, in the aspect of translation, the preservation of reference is more important than the communication of additional knowledge about the referent, and should be ensured primarily including at the expense of some semantic losses.