Abstract: The object of the study is cultural genesis in the Southern Urals in the Late Middle Ages and Modern Times. The subject of the study is the factors influencing its development, which are considered through the prism of studying the archaeological material obtained during reconnaissance work on the monuments of the XVI – early XX centuries. This problem was not the object of special study. At the same time, its solution, on the one hand, fills in the gaps in the analysis of the processes of cultural genesis in the region as a whole, and on the other hand, contributes to the study of the peculiarities of the ethnocultural development of individual ethnic groups living here in the past.
The theoretical basis of the research is the researches of Russian scientists in the field of cultural genesis, containing conceptual and theoretical developments. The information base of the study was the factual material on the problem under study, obtained during archaeological research on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan, including by the author himself, interdisciplinary and systematic approaches were used in the work for a comprehensive analysis of the designated problem, theoretical modeling, generalization, comparative historical, comparative typological methods were also used in the work. The scientific novelty of the study is due to the fact that for the first time the factors of cultural development in the Southern Urals in the Late Middle Ages and Modern Times were systematized and analyzed, which were considered in the context of the archaeological direction of cultural genesis research. It was revealed that the development of culture in the Southern Urals in the XVI – early XX centuries was influenced by both external (natural-geographical, anthropogenic, colonization, etc.) and internal (ethnic, religious, etc.) factors, which are recorded to varying degrees by the cultural layers of urban and rural settlements, fortifications and factories, cemeteries , etc. At the same time, speaking about the factors of cultural genesis, it should be borne in mind that they are so closely interrelated that it is often difficult to determine whether a change in culture is the result of the influence of one or another factor or several at the same time.

Abstract: The article is dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the birth of the famous Soviet and Russian archaeologist, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of Bashkir State University Niyaz Abdulkhakovich Mazhitov. The object of the research is the works of the scientist published in the second half of the 1950s - the first half of the 1960s. The subject of the research is the theoretical developments of N.A. Mazhitov on the problems of cultural genesis in the Southern Urals in the Early Middle Ages, considered through the prism of his archaeological research and ethnocultural constructions. It is shown that despite the so-called "non-theoretical" period established in the studied period of time in archaeology and the absence of methodological works on cultural genesis in general, N. A. Mazhitov's publications showed a historical and cultural approach to studying the history of the Southern Urals in the I millennium AD. The methodological basis of the study is the analysis of the main publications of Niyaz Abdulkhakovich written in the initial period of the scientist's research activity related to the study of mainly the monuments of the 1st millennium AD. Bakhmutin, as well as the Pianobor and Turbasli archaeological cultures. An analytical review of N.A. Mazhitov's works devoted to the study of the ethnic history of the Southern Urals in the Early Middle Ages, conducted for the first time, allows us to conclude that his research was based, among other things, on the theoretical positions of cultural studies both in the study of the development of individual archaeological cultures of the Southern Urals in the I millennium AD, and in the study of ethnogenetic processes occurring in the region in general. Considering the ethnic history of the Bashkiria population in the designated period of time, Niyaz Abdulkhakovich largely appealed to the ethnocultural processes taking place in the region associated with changes in spiritual and material culture. Based on his work, the main factors that influenced their transformation can be called migration, socio-economic factor, intercultural interaction, traditions and innovations.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the bright memory of the permanent head of archaeological funds, chief curator of the Museum of Archeology and Ethnography of the Institute of Ethnological Research named after R. G. Kuzeev, Honored Worker of Culture of the Republic of Bashkortostan, archaeologist, Candidate of Historical Sciences Natalia Georgievna Rutto, who died prematurely 15 years ago in May 2007. The publication examines the main stages of N. G. Rutto's life path (1946-2007). Special attention is paid to the period of her work at the MAE, where she worked her way up from laboratory assistant to deputy director for accounting, storage and exposition of museum funds (1977-2007). Analysis of archival documents and scientific publications, written, among others, by Natalia herself, indicate that she was at the origins of the acquisition of the museum collection of the MAE, made a huge contribution to the formation of archaeological funds and to the development of the exposition and exhibition activities of the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography. N. G. Rutto was not only engaged in accounting and storage, but also cataloguing the museum collections of the MAE. In addition, she went on various expeditions and replenished the funds of archeology with new materials. Natalia Georgievna conducted successful research activities. Studying the Srubno-Alakul interaction in the Southern Urals in the Late Bronze Age, in 2000 she defended her PhD thesis, published several dozen scientific articles and a monograph. This publication is based on documents from the Scientific Archive of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, many of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, as well as personal memoirs of the author.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the woodworking tools of the Bashkirs in in the XVII– XVIII centuries. The goal lies in examination of the tools used by the Bashkirs for wood processing during the XVII – XVIII centuries leaning on the archaeological materials obtained in the course of exploration of Aznayevo settlement and Berekovo rural localities. The article also involves the written record of the authors of the late XVIII sources and the data of historical-ethnographic researcher of later periods. The research relies in the comprehensive approach of the available archaeological, written and ethnographic materials; as well as descriptive, historical-comparative methods, and analysis of real sources. This article is first to examine the woodworking tools used by the Bashkirs in XVII – XVIII centuries. The archaeological collections allows establishing that the Bashkirs used axes, knives, scraper, graver and drill for wood processing. For basket weaving from bast and birch bark was used the curved awl. According to the written sources, the woodworking tools also included adzes and chisels. The explored archaeological and written materials allow concluding that the woodworking tools of the XVII – XVIII centuries continued to exist among the Bashkir population until the XIX – early XXI centuries, which is proven by the results of historical-ethnographic research.

Abstract: The subject of this article is the Old Ivanovskoe cemetery that existed in the territory of Ufa. The goal consists in examination of the key stages in development of this necropolis since the moment was sketched in the city plan in 1819 until its complete destruction in the 1950s. Special attention is given to localization of this burial ground in Ufa town planning patter in accordance with the data of cartographic materials of the XIX – middle of the XX centuries, and history of its archaeological research conducted in 1990 and 2002. The novelty of this work consists in introduction into the scientific discourse of new archival documents, systematization of cartographic and published materials on the history of Old Ivanovskoe cemetery, as well as Ioanno-Predtechensky Cathedral that functioned on its territory. Analysis of the existing sources and literature allow concluding that the history of necropolis prior to the Revolution of 1917 was closely related to the development of spatial structure of Ufa, while after the Revolution – with the sociopolitical processes that unfolded throughout the country. Thanks to archaeological research, Old Ivanovskoye cemetery, even after its destruction, elaborates representations on the material and spiritual culture, anthropological and paleopathological characteristics of the Ufa population in the past. Therefore, the author raises the question on the need to publish the materials acquired during the excavations in full, and preserve necropolis as the object of archaeological heritage of the Late Middle Ages and Modern Age.

Abstract: The subject of this article is the Aznayevo settlement – dwelling site of Bashkirs of the late Middle Ages and Modern Age located in the territory of Ishimbaysky District of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The main goal of this work consists in introduction into the scientific discourse of general information on the monument, as well as materials acquired in the course of archaeological research conducted in 1998 and 2016. Special attention given to the analysis of findings that characterize the economy and way of living of its inhabitants. For clarification of the chronological framework and establishment of relation of Aznayevo settlement with the Bashkir neighboring villages Aznayevo and Khazinovo, the author attracts archival and cartographic material. The article also employs historical-comparative and descriptive methods of analysis of the artefact. The conducted archeological research show that Aznayevo settlement, which supposedly was the winter encampment for the local Bashkir population in the XVII – XIX centuries has existed for a long period of time. In the course of its expiration, were acquires new materials that characterize the economic activity, spiritual and material culture of Bashkirs in the past, including certain aspects that were poorly covered in the ethnographic and historical literature. At the same time, they contribute to examination and reconstruction of ethnogenetic and ethnocultural processes that unfolded in Southern Ural in the late Middle Ages and Modern Age, as well as in the preceding time.

Abstract: This article presents the results of field studies of the archeological expedition by R. G. Kuzeev Institute for Ethnological Studies of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences conducted in 2017 to territory of Salavatsky District of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The object of this research is the no longer existing village of Tekeyevo – birthplace of the Bashkir national hero Salawat Yulayev and his father Yulay Aznalin, one of the leader of Peasant’s War of 1773-1775; the village was burned in 1775 after suppression of the rebellion. The author applied comprehensive approach based on interlinking the existing written, cartographic and ethnographic materials, which characterize location area of the village of Tekeyevo in the past, with the results of archeological studies. Archeological reconnaissance conducted for determining the localization of the village of Tekeyevo revealed certain discrepancy between the archeological data and sources of the allied scientific disciplines. Despite this fact, the analogous comprehensive research of the Bashkir localities of the late Middle Ages and Modern Age should be continued in the future, helping to address a wide variety of questions associated with examination of culturogenesis of the Bashkirs and other peoples of the region as a whole.