Abstract: The subject of research in this article is the role of philosophy in the life of Roman society in the late Ist – early IInd centuries AD. The period of the reign of Emperor Domitian (81-96), Nerva (96-98) and Trajan (98-117) is considered. The author sets himself the following tasks: firstly, to determine how strong the influence of philosophical teachings on the political views of Roman citizens was; secondly, to analyze the role of philosophy in the worldview and behavior of the Romans in other spheres of life other than political; thirdly, to consider the relationship between the ideas of Greek philosophy and Roman ideas and traditions. To achieve this goal, the works of Roman authors Tacitus, Pliny the Younger, and Juvenal were studied in the original language. Fragments in which philosophy and philosophers are mentioned are identified and analyzed, and their comparison with each other is carried out. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the period of the late Ist –early IInd centuries AD was not the subject of independent research in terms of the influence of philosophical ideas on Roman society. The political situation influenced the spread of philosophy. Under Domitian, philosophers were expelled from Rome, freedom of speech was not allowed, and under Nerva and Trajan, philosophers returned to Rome, and the number of followers increased. The listeners of the philosophers were both well-educated representatives of the upper classes, as well as less educated and less noble people. The fashion arose to imitate philosophers without a serious passion for philosophy. Stoicism was the most popular teaching. Its ideas and Roman traditional values crossed in relation to virtues, in the question of suicide. The attitude of representatives of the Roman nobility towards stoicism in the political plan was ambiguous.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the role of the cult of imperial house in ideology of the Roman Emperor Trajan (98-1170). The article reveals correlation between the image of Trajan’s family and the formation of the image of the emperor himself within the official ideology. The author examines the peculiarities of the cult of imperial house pertaining to such relatives of Trajan, as his adoptive father Nerva, biological father Trajan Senior, wife Plotina, sister Maricia, and niece Matidia. The author highlights two stages of development of the imperial house cult at the time of Trajan. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that this article is first in the Russian historiography to thoroughly explore the role of the imperial house cult in Trajan’s ideology. The immediate circle of the emperor had to correspond the image of the emperor himself. At the beginning of Trajan’s reign (98-105) we can observe moderation in favors, modesty, honor of his adoptive father Nerva, and respect for other family members. At the second stage (105-112), we can observe a significant amplification of the imperial house cult, which expressed in deification of Trajan’s the dead relatives and glorification of those alive. The author also notes the uniqueness of the situation, in which the Emperor Trajan simultaneously had two deified fathers, as well as reveals the essence of the conflict between honoring the biological father and the adoptive father.