Abstract:  
The relevance of studying the war memorial heritage consists in the adoption of new norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation on protection of historical truth, which implies commemoration of the defenders of the homeland, and heroism of the people. The subject of this article is the stages of creation and functionality of the sites of war memorial heritage in time and in space. The object of this research is the war memorial heritage. The author highlights and analyzes six key stages of creation and functionality of the sites of war memorial heritage: motivational-explanatory (grounds for memorialization); procedural-memorial (procedure for perpetuation of the memory); maintenance-protective (repair, restoration, improvement; prevention of unlawful actions (inaction) with regards to the sites of war memorial heritage); mobilization (relocation of a war memorial site); destructive (demolition, damage); constructive-restorative (reconstruction of a site). The scientific novelty consists in comprehension of the key stages of creation and functionality of the sites of war memorial heritage, which is of scientific, theoretical and practical interest for the development of effective cultural strategies in the future. The conclusion is made that the period of creation and functionality of the war memorial sites is characterized by the presence of six key stages. The tangible component of a site can be subjected to destructive processes, including demolition. However, sustainability of the symbolic component allows subsequent regeneration of tangible mediums of the monuments, which is confirmed by constructive-restorative activity. The author underlines the antagonism of the tangible and symbolic components of war memorial heritage, in the context of which tangible is constantly subject to modernization, while symbolic should remain unchanged.
 

Abstract: The relevance of studying military-memorial heritage is defined by terminological uncertainty of the phenomenon. The subject of this research is the basic essential parameters of military-memorial heritage within the framework of humanistic knowledge. The object of this research is the military-memorial heritage as a phenomenon of national culture. The authors explore the key structural forms of existence, species diversity, social functions and specific attributes of the military-memorial heritage; leaning on that conduct structural-functional analysis and determine essential parameters of the “military memorial heritage” as a cultural phenomenon. In the course of this work, the authors apply the interdisciplinary method of research due to the fact that military-memorial heritage attracts attention of the scholars of humanities (culturology, sociology, political science, history, philosophy, and others), as well as deductive method that suggests narrative logic from the general to the specific. In the context of this study, the “general” implies such phenomena as historical memory, heritage, and cultural policy, while the “specific” implies the derivative sociocultural phenomena (military-memorial culture, military memorial heritage, etc.). The scientific novelty lies in the attempt to determine the essential parameters of the phenomenon of military-memorial heritage. The conclusion is made that possessing the particular characteristics, military-memorial heritage requires conceptualization and profound scientific cognition. The key positions of the research were implemented in terms of grant programs of the President of the Russian Federation for government support of the leading young Russian scholars – Doctors of Sciences (MD-2020 Contest), and the project “Culture of Memory of Industrial Cities of the Russian Province: Memorial Strategies of Regional Identity”.

Abstract: The relevance of this article is defined by insufficient coverage of the question of cultural policy with regards to preservation of military memorial heritage during the turning period of national history, when on the one hand, took place the rejection of many prerevolutionary victories and achievements, physical destruction of commemorative places and buildings associates with the names of prominent military commanders – noblemen, and on the other, were emerging multiple new monuments within the framework of the conducted policy of monumental propaganda. The object of this research is the historic sites, while the subject is the Soviet government cultural policy with regards to preservation of military memorial heritage during the 1917-1991. The conceptual grounds of cultural policy of modernity alongside the problems of translation of the Russian traditions of preservation of cultural heritage are explored by O. N. Astafyeva, O. G. Avanesova, S. B. Sinetsky, O. V. Galkova and a number of other researchers. The scientific novelty of this work consists in the first-ever comprehensive study of the questions of evolution of cultural policy in the area of preservation of military memorial heritage during the Soviet era. The authors dedicate attention to the traditions of perpetuation of the memory in the Soviet period, as well as its distinct and common aspects with the prerevolutionary period.

Abstract: The rationale of this research is caused by the fact that this is an understudied topic as well as by the state policy to eternize the memory of the Fatherland defenders and the involvement of the ministries, agencies and local government agencies into the preservation of the military memorial heritage and the fact that there is no proper coordination between them. The authors of the article analyze the role of the defense agency as the key regulator of the military memorial activity in the country over 1991 - 2018. The object of the research is the state policy of Russia. The subject of the research is the role of the Russian Defense Ministry in the process of the development and implementation of the state cultural policy in the field of military memorial heritage preservation since 1991 till present days. The conceptual grounds of today's cultural policy and the problems of transmitting Russian traditions of the cultural heritage preservation have been studied by O. Astafieva, O. Avanesova, S. Sinetsky, O. Galkova and a number of other researchers. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the authors have summarized and analyzed particular examples of the Russian Defense Ministry's activity to record, preserve and popularize the military memorial heritage and have made a conclusion about the sustainability of military memorial preservation policy under the conditions of economic and political crises of the post-Soviet period. 

Abstract:  The rationale of the analysis of historical and cultural aspects of the creation, development and preservation of the Russian military memorial heritage during the pre-revolutionary period is caused by the fact that this is an understudied topic as well as the need to define the basic vectors of today's state policy in culture, education, patriotic education of youg people, and heritage preservation. The object of the research is the famous monuments and places. The subject of the research is the creation, development and preservation of the Russian military memorial heritage during the pe-revolutionary period. The authors focus on the temple construction, creation of the first monuments, adoption of the first legal acts, development of the military memorial environment after major military conflicts, and establishment of the Imperial Russian Military Historical Society. The conceptual grounds for cultural policy of the modern time and problems of transmitting Russian traditions of cultural heritage preservation were studied by O. Astafieva, O. Avanesova, S. Sinetsky, O. Galkova and other researchers. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that this is a rather understudied issue in the history of culture. The analysis of the military memorial heritage is of fundamental importance for science, society and state because many problems related to preservation of military memorial heritage can be solved only through scientific analysis and, without any doubts, will contribute to the development of the cultural sphere, achievement of state defense objectives and creation of the careful attitude to the historical memory objects. 

Abstract: The object of this research is the phenomenon of war memorial heritage in national culture. The subject is the genesis of the phenomenon of war memorial heritage in national culture over the period of mid XIX – XXI century. The article sets a goal to analyze the evolution of representations on the war memorial heritage as a complex of objects that preserve memory about the events of military history and their participants based on the reference and encyclopedic literature published during the different epochs of national history, as well as current national legislation. The research allows determining the common and distinctive characteristics within the conceptual apparatus of pre-Soviet, Soviet, and post-Soviet periods. In the course of examination of the period after 1991, the author refer to the federal legislation, because it reveals the definitions related to war memorial heritage, allowing carrying out a more in-depth analysis of the problem at hand. The war memorial heritage implies the architectural and sculptural constructs with or without the ashes of the military personnel that were established for retaining the memory about the events and participants of military history. The analysis of pre-revolutionary encyclopedias allowed concluding about the descriptive interpretation of the material, with maintenance of its accessibility. The terms had extremely broad definitions, at times being synonymous to each other. Soviet period is characterized with the renewal of conceptual apparatus dues to dissemination of the “class approach”. The post-Soviet terminology forms primarily under the influence of legislators rather than the scholars, affecting the quality of definitions that leads to their vagueness. At the present stage, Russia marks the formation of a special cultural policy associated with preservation and popularization of the war memorial heritage. Based on the analysis however, it manifests as a continuation of the tradition that existed in pre-revolutionary time, attributed to honoring of the fallen defenders of the Motherland. A particular attitude of the government to the war memorial heritage impacts the development of special terminology; its formation is not in the hands of the scholars (military personnel, propagandists, legislators, officials, public figures, etc.), which does not allow to fundamentally analyze and reveal the specific variety of the war memorial heritage in Russia. In addition, it is worth noting that the scientific research with regards to the national war memorial heritage is capable of making the government policy more efficient, form an integrated legal platform, recovering from the presence of multiple normative legal acts that at times duplicate and contradict each other.

Abstract: The object of this research is the Russian military-memorial heritage, while the subjects is the historiography of the history of emergence, construction, and preservation of the military-historical objects during Soviet and post-Soviet time in the regions of Southern Ural. This article is first to attempt to generalize the Southern Ural historiography of the problem of preservation of the Russian military-historical heritage during the Soviet and post-Soviet time. Comparing the determined scientific and other types of works of the two periods that differ in methodological approaches and topic of the study, the author makes a conclusion on the absence of the in-depth complex research of historical-culturological character on the regional level. The article underlines that the post-Soviet historiography of preservation of the Russian military-historical heritage differs from the Soviet by the involvement of the professional historians. The international obligations resulted in declassification of multiple archive documents, which allowed ascertaining the amount of military cemeteries and burial grounds. Methodology of the further research regarding the military-memorial environment carries an interdisciplinary character and should be based on development of the “systems” necessary for the scientific analysis.