Abstract: The subject of the study is the concept of the universal in the epistemological aspect. It is shown that any knowledge is based on an absolute background – "implicit ignorance" – defined as an a priori form of cognition common to all people of all cultures and peoples. By virtue of its generality for all people in all situations the absolute background is undetectable and untransferable into explicit knowledge. At the same time the background knowledge of a particular culture with the historical change of cultures begins to be reflected transferred into explicit knowledge including philosophical. Both individual human beings and entire cultures have implicit (tacit) knowledge. Implicit (tacit) knowledge is part of the structure of everyday life, the life world. However along with implicit knowledge there is also a cognitive background in the structure of everyday life – something that is so close and familiar that it is not apparent.
The cognitive background cannot be called knowledge due to its fundamental non-reflexivity and taken-for-granted nature. At different times the cognitive background varies for different cultures. The article suggests that there is also an "absolute background" – something that is so common to all people of all cultures and all peoples that it is not possible to identify, problematize, compare with a different state of affairs. The concepts of everyday life, the life world (E. Husserl), the mesocosmos (G. Vollmer) are considered. The importance of the linguistic turn in philosophy for the awareness of philosophical problems related to everyday life and background knowledge of cultures is emphasized. The concept of "absolute background" has methodological significance for epistemology. It is shown how this concept allows answering questions about whether something is universal.

Abstract: The subject of the research is poetry as part of human world, i.e. anthropocosm. Morkina understands anthropocosm as the subject of cultural evolution and the world immanent to human - the world of meaning-ful mental phenomena. Just like William James and Edmund Husserl, the researcher understands consciousness as a flow of meanings. Being an intentional object, any consciousness phenomenon is a complex system of meanings. This is true for the phenomenon of a poetical composition. Poetical part of human world is viewed by the author of the article based on a concrete example, i.e. analysis of a poem 'The Sun' written by a modern poet Denis Karasev. The researcher provides a detailed analysis of Denis Karasev's poem by using phenomenological methods. Morkina views both the entire anthropocosm (human inner world) and poetical part of anthropocosm from the phenomenological point of view. In her anaysis Morkina tries to view poetry from the point of view of a philosopher but not a literary critic. The researcher introduces the term 'anthropocosm' and defines it as heuristic for the phenomenological research of human world. The definition implies conceptualization of human world that is understood as the entire humanity. The author of the article demonstrates that phenomena (intentional mental objects) create united systems. The main feature of these sytems is their meaningfulness. Anthropocosm is the greatest phenomenon system that includes components of all human meaning systems: all initial meanings - sensations, all human-dimension phenomena, all particular worldviews of certain sciences. For the first time in the academic literature the author demonstrates that a poetical composition is a complex ideal meaning systems included in the cultural evolution.