Abstract: Regarding the modern state management system of the Russian Federation, it is often possible to hear an assessment that there are more "officials", compared to the Soviet era, but their effectiveness is lower. At the same time, the post-Soviet officials themselves are given a subjective negative assessment, and at least most of the civil servants are included in their number. The increase in the number, decrease in efficiency and increase in corruption are recognized in this article as a fact. At the same time, the relationship of the number and effectiveness of "officials" with the current policy of the state apparatus aimed at a low share of state ownership in the market and high independence of regional government bodies, as well as with the current level of remuneration of civil servants, is considered. Arguments are given about the consideration of these phenomena as a natural consequence of such a policy, independent of the personal characteristics of civil servants. It is also argued that even in the current conditions, most of the lower staff of state authorities are quite highly motivated employees. The increased risks of corruption are considered from the point of view of the science of public resources, where the whole state and its institutions are accepted as such. It is argued that the motivation for corruption for a small proportion of officials who have opportunities for it is also related to the general orientation of public policy, although the choice of following this motivation remains for each specific official from the relatively small group that has opportunities for corruption. The consideration of the causes of these phenomena, carried out in the article, allows for a more objective analysis of both the phenomena themselves and ways to reduce their influence.

Abstract: This article analyzes the economic factors that affect the market of engineering, development, and construction of nuclear power plants. The author provides forecast of the key possible trends in this field in the course of technological reforms, which can significantly influence the market overall, as well as the decisions made by corporations. The work examines the feasible criteria for choosing the type of power generation, as well as analyzes the economic components of nuclear engineering from the perspective of the electrical grid into which it is integrated in the context of regional economy. The author provides the main macroeconomic parameters, which affect or affected by nuclear engineering, alongside the consequences of their transformation in presence of a nuclear component in overall generation. The work also presents the examples of secondary economic benefits received from installation of nuclear power plants, and the level of their importance in decision-making regarding the construction of new power plants. The conducted research represents the most extensive analysis of factors that have direct impact upon the market of nuclear power plants.

Abstract: This article provides a brief review of the modern financial instrument, their common functions, and possible prospects of development. The actors of economic relations are presents as the interacting complex adaptive systems. Based on such approach, the financial instrument are viewed as the ways of realization of the postponed in time exchange between the systems. Thus, they are simultaneously determined as means of increasing the sustainability of some systems in the future, as well as the way of supporting the current existence of other systems. Similar definition corresponds with their traditional interpretation as the mechanism for attracting investments. Application of the systems theory allowed suggesting a more general definition to the various financial instrument, including the money. The presented model makes it possible to view the differences between them more systematically, rather than the crucial differences between several tools, as well as the implementation of one principle in various situations. The conclusion is made that the money as a guarantee of delivery of the postponed service on goods exchange, do not always manifest as the ideal commodity for exchange on the market. The author supposes that in future there is a possibility for existence of the formally barter cash settlement contract, in which the final cost is calculated not by the cost relative to the money, but another stock commodity or security.  

Abstract: In his article Brazhnikov proposes a model of the human mind that is developed on the basis of an analysis of a large number of existing theories and aims to provide a systematization of substantial part of empirical knowledge in the field of psychology. The author of the article deals with the human developmental psychology and provides a brief description of the sequence of formation of the human mind as a self-learning system. The author makes an attempt to combine many facts about the functioning of the brain into a single system. This facts were taken from different areas of psychology. In addition to recognized scientific models some controversial theories were also considered such as MBTI and DISK that could offer considerable empirical data as a result of their popularity. The research is based on the assumption that two brain hemispheres are formed in different ways, although substantially dependent on each other, due to the fact that universality of thought should be kept. The model covers eight possible stages for each brain hemisphere in good agreement with the existing classifications. Information processing ways of the hemispheres can stay in the process of formation at any of the eight stages that are relevant to the environment. In this article the author describes all possible cases of development of analysis methods at certain stages of adaptation. The development of the left hemisphere is supposed to be less consistent than that of the right hemisphere due to the fact that the activity of the left hemisphere depends on the experience of the the right one. Many studies show that the success of ontogenetic development is correlated with the features of thinking. The author of the research examines external reasons for various stages of formation of thinking ways. This has the effect of fixing various types of information processing. There are two types of external reasons for passing a stage: incentives and obstacles. The effect of the external influence depends on the stage of development of thinking ways. In addition, this method of studying the human mind may also explain possible cognitive causes of autism and schizophrenia.

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to expand the application of the systems theory to the human psychology sphere. Some of the theses of the systems theory and the general model of the interaction of systems and environment are shown. The model states that the activities of systems depend on characteristics of their environment. The process of development and formation of the human psyche is explored on the basis of the proposed system model. An individual is explored as a system adapting to an unfamiliar environment. The author shows how the environment affects a human method of thought and analysis of external information. Much attention is also paid to the specifics of the different hemispheres of the brain. The article consists of two parts. In the first part four major types of system interaction and the environment are shown. Those depend on characteristics of the environment with reference to system parameters. There are two kinds of system parameters: firstly, the quantity of resourses, and secondly, predictability of changes. For each set of environment characteristics, the environment interaction with the system will be different. At the same time it is important which signal sources are prevalent in the environment, beneficial or destructive, because an orientation of a system towards the sources or from them will depend on this. However, the environment is rarely homogeneous for the system as there may be sources of signals of various morphology. In such case, each type of signals forms a constituent of an environment with independent characteristics. Therefore, the interaction of the system with each type of signals will be different. In the second part of the article the process of the human mind development is investigated on the basis of aforesaid model. It is asserted that during his or her development a person is faced with two types of external signal sources: physical objects and social subjects. Consequently, with respect to each of these four types of interaction and two types of orientation relatively of sources may take place. Simultaneously, the allocation of actions for interaction with these kinds of resources between the brain hemispheres is important. These factors influence on an established personal method of thought and analysis of external information.

Abstract:  
This article describes an example of a systemic approach towards the analysis of social systems and the organizations or their components. The model of analysis is based on the consideration of system through relative properties of its elements. Since these properties are manifested only in the interaction, the state of the system can be described as a set of resource exchange processes and their parameters. Each component of the system is characterized in terms of its function. All participating members are described as external resources that support processes of an organization. The methods of research of system elements or its processes and resource sources involved are shown based on the SWOT analysis. The author describes the most effective strategies for all four types of processes (strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities). The assignment of processes to a particular type is based on the relative features of interacting entities. It is stated that all subjects, with which a system or an organization interacts, are sources of useful resources. If there is a source of destructive influence on the organization processes, the system searches for external resources, extenuating this influence without connection thereto. It is implied that any exchange of energy takes place on the basis of mutual compensation. It is also shown that for a system any interaction is adaptation to a larger system, or a change of smaller systems for its own benefit. Hence, the result for the system will either be an accumulation of energy or investments. Finally, the author describes the algorithm for evaluation of any sources of resources for their assignment to one of the categories on the SWOT matrix. The rating is based on the relative value of the resource source and the relative probability of its emergence. The main instruments of the different strategies are accumulation, investments and an increase in turnover. Additionally, the possibility of using this instrument for assessment under the model of Porter’s five forces is represented.
 

Abstract:  
This article is written based on the position that states are functionally similar to commercial organizations. It is argued that the main function of a state consists in production and "sale" of services for security of specific working conditions. These conditions are provided by various subsystems of states and are a response to the elements of states (citizens) for their invested labor. This interaction is the basis of stability of state systems.
 
Based on the above economic model the algorithms of establishment of monopolies or oligopolies concluded. Such situations match unipolar or multipolar world. The model allows a better understanding of the international political structure, as well as making assumptions about its prospects.
 
The natural algorithms of the monopolization of the international market are shown. These algorithms are based on distribution of regulating competitive environment and increase of attractiveness of the conditions of the market leader state. These conditions are characterized by high, but unlikely profit. There is also simultaneous distribution of "symbolic capital" of the economic center, which matches the popularity of its products and brands. These algorithms lead to inclusion of other countries’ residents into subsystems of the market leader state.
 
Furthermore, it is shown that a fairly high level of monopolization of international system will bring about prerequisites for emergence of a second oligopolist. Transition from a monopoly to a duopoly is possible due to the high cost terms dictated by the leader-state. Competitive advantage of a second competitor is the high predictability of the profit, but not its value. Equilibrium in this duopoly is only possible if the second duopolist agrees on the position of the follower, rather than a leader.
 
The author demonstrates the impossibility of a stable system with more than two oligopolists. Thence a multipolar world case is not attainable, except the in a bipolar world. In the conclusion, the author describes the algorithms of loss of the monopoly power by the market leader state and emergence of a new leader. Substantiation of claims is based on the limitation of resources of the state systems.
 

Abstract: The subject of this article is the theory of generations of Hove N. and W. Strauss, the reasons for its popularity, and the phenomena that it reflects. This theory became popular in Russia in the last decade and has a significant impact on the HR policy of many organizations. One of the reasons for its popularity simplicity this theory compared with other approaches of division into groups of workers to simplification of HR policy. However, this theory is a reflection of the competition of employers in the labor market.The first part of the article contains analyze the most effective modern approaches of dividing workers into groups. This division is necessary to organize and simplify HR policy organizations. It is shown that this theory offers the easiest way to classify employees that facilitates the work of HR departments.In the second part of the article, however, describes the mechanisms of competition of employers for the most highly qualified young professionals. To attract them the most successful companies offer new and attractive working conditions for the creation of a high demand for their jobs. Eventually, the most successful offers employers become the norm. This mechanism is similar to the life cycle of product on market. Moment of widespread new working standards can be mistakenly perceived as youth impose their requirements to employers, which is the cause of the theory of generations. However, this approach forces the most inert of employers to defend themselves, focusing on the older generation. This personnel policy is incorrect in a situation of employers competition and dangerous for the company. The example of the theory of generations shows a real need to understand the market mechanisms for the future of the organization.