Abstract: Over the recent decades, the philosophical foundations of sciences demonstrate keen interest in the problem of correlation between the theoretical knowledge and reality. First and foremost, such problem is common to the philosophy of accurate scientific knowledge. For its resolution, it is necessary to establish the ontological model of exact sciences, which within the framework of universal notions would allow revealing the metaphysical nature of the objects at hand. The historical and metaphysical analysis shows that the natural foundation for constructing such model lies in the semiotic analogy that found its reflection in metaphor of the Book of Nature. The establishment of such ontological model of the accurate scientific knowledge becomes the subject of present work. As a result of interdisiplinarity of this research, the applied methodology is based on the methods of comparison and analogy with the use of empirical analysis of the exact sciences. The author substantiated the need for involving the semiotic analogy in resolving the set task, as built a semiotic ontological model of accurate scientific knowledge, which leans on the analogy between the position of each of the sciences within the structure of scientific knowledge and correlation between the semiotic aspects of language as a semiotic system. This model allows not only finding solution to the problem of correlation between the theoretical knowledge and reality, but also opens an opportunity for solving an entire list of problems in relations between the exact sciences.

Abstract: The establishment of ontological models of the accurate scientific knowledge is an urgent task, developed in the framework of realistic approaches. Major attention is focused on the problem of correlation between the theoretical objects and reality. Insufficient attention in this context is turned to the historical conditions of formation of the metaphysical foundations of exact sciences. At the same time, historical analysis of the primary attitudes allows identifying the initial meanings that appear to be natural. Therefore, the historical reconstruction of such process is relevant. The article presents such reconstruction, which considers the formation of ontological models of science over the period of antiquity. It is suggested that the basis of such ontologies lies in semiotic analogy that draws parallel between the communicative relations human/human and human/nature, realized in the perception of Speech or the Book of Nature. Leaning on the aforementioned statement, the reconstruction of ontological models is based on determination of the semiotic connotations of conceptual framework of the ontological models of the key philosophical doctrines. The conducted analysis allows claiming that the evolution of semiotic models in Ancient Greek philosophy during the transition from mythology to philosophy, as well as in terms of the main philosophical systems, was established on realization of the semiotic analogy. The difference between them is substantiated by the choice of science, the objects of which were taken as the ontological basis. As a result, in the context of Ancient Greek philosophy, the author identifies the three lines of development of the ontological models of science. The acquired results can be used for formulation of the questions of the ontology of science at present time.

Abstract:  
This article is dedicated to the historical reconstruction of evolution of the ontological models of science in Western European philosophy in throughout the Medieval Times and Renaissance. Their development is examined in the philosophical context, within the framework of which the core of worldview was Christianity, while the basis of ontological perceptions with regards to exact sciences was the Book of Nature. Metaphor of the Book of Nature was based on the semiotic analogy, which pursued correlations between the communication relations of human/human and human/nature.  Such ideology  is natural and its use as the foundation for ontological constructs was justified during the preceding period in the context of Ancient Greek philosophy. Semiotic ontology acquired its development in Medieval Times and Renaissance. The historical reconstruction is based on highlighting of the key directions of the evolution of ontological perceptions about reality from the universal perspectives. It is demonstrated that the ontological models develop within the three lines, depending on the subject of which science is taken as the foundation for perceiving the reality. Naturalization became the reason of why the semiotic ontology in evolution of the scientific knowledge was abandoned, and thus, it resulted in the loss of primary meanings. Historical reconstruction allows restoring these meanings, and its results can be relevant to modern research in the field of the ontology of science.