Abstract: This article conducts a thorough analysis of the fundamental for M. Heidegger’s doctrine notion of being (das Sein/Seyn), as well as resulting from it interpretations of the methodological peculiarities of the thinker. In a paradoxical way, within the scientific tradition of the study of Heidegger’s heritage, the question about the specific content of the notion of being is revealed briefly and unsatisfactory, even despite its paramount importance. The author makes an attempt to eliminate this flaw carefully examining all of the existing conceptual layers of Heidegger’s Seyn. The work present a detailed review of the peculiar features of the philosophical thought of Heidegger, which directly originate from the understanding of its main subject – the being. The described analysis is conducted in accordance with the text written after a so-called “turn” that took place in the philosophy of Heidegger in the 1930’s. It allows avoiding the spread methodological mistake of exaggerating the importance of the “Being of time”; as well as the attempt to interpret a semicentennial development of his though through the prism of a certain book, which in the philosopher’s opinion was unsuccessful. The author’s main contribution lies in the unique for the commentator’s tradition scheme, which suggest the gradual and systemic clarification of the essence of being in the doctrine of Heidegger through the 10 of his fundamental attributes.

Abstract: Nietzsche’s socio-political thought and proposed by him all-encompassing reformation of culture and society is subjected to a thorough examination and reframing. In the first part of the article, the author determines a theoretical base of the project of structuring a new society of New Beginning and follows its strict genetic link with the metaphysics, philosophy, history, ethics, and anthropology of the thinker. The second part is dedicated to the reconstruction of Nietzsche’s ideal state and detailed narration and analysis of his core principles. In the conclusion, Nietzsche’s image of the future and its alternative scenarios is being described. The topic of the article despite the scientific traditions of Nietzsche studies is being examined from the systematic positions. It allows eliminating the gaps that exist almost in all of the researches in this area: calling Nietzsche’s political thoughts “naïve”, fragmentary, and inconsequent, they do not attempt to reconstruct the socio-political ideal of the philosopher, rather list his opinions on various near-political issues. The main conclusion consists in the fact that Nietzsche definitely had a vivid idea about the society of the New Beginning, with the following key theses: Nietzsche’s state possesses a hierarchical social structure and free mutually-opposite vertical mobility between social categories; is polytechnic with no discrimination; is multicultural and pluralistic; is global in its aspirations, etc.  

Abstract: The author of the present article makes an attempt to demonstrate a stable consistency and structure of Nietzsche's philosophy and emphasizes the fact that the dominating interpretations of this philosophy are rather unsatisfactory. The famous provision about Nietzche's teaching being poetically inconsistent, incomplete and contradictory is proved to be wrong. The author underlines that in order to develop the right understanding of Nietzche's philosophy, it is necessary to view it as a coordinated doctrine. Nietzche's philosophy is being reconstructed by the author through successive analysis of the main points of Nietzche's teaching (metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of history and culture, psychology, ethics, aesthetics and politics). Systematic interpretation and solution of so called 'contradictions' of Nietzche's philosophy are possible only within the framework of hermeneutic philosophy. The focus on the context and peculiarities of the concepts Nietzche operated and the principle of interpreting each fragment as the part of his entire legacy lead to the conclusions that are absolutely different from traditional studies of Nietzche. The irreversible relation between the key terms and theses of Nietzche's teaching becomes obvious. According to the rules of philosophical architecture, his metaphysics of the will to power creates the basis for all his provisions and statements including gnoseological, ethical, aesthetical or other issues. This sets a new goal both for an individual and society, the highest forcefulness and magnificence like human, and allows to find efficient methods to achieve this goal. Meanwhile, the academic literature rarely offers such an analysis and even rare researches that can be actually found in literature do not meet their goal objectives. 

Abstract: The subject of the present research is the socio-economic and, mostly, worldview prerequisites for a totally new society that was formed at the turn of the XXIst century - the society that is post-industrial in terms of its material resources and post-modernistic from the point of view of its cultural code. The author of the article examines the new civilization paradigm, compares it to the industrial and agricultural models, discovers and describes the main systems thereof (technosphere, sociosphere and infosphere) and underlying institutions and ideologemes. Special emphasis is made on studying a totally new, horizontal network social communication in the age of globalization, explosion of pop culture and convergence of mass media. The methodology and at the same time the novelty of the present researchis caused by the fact that based on the analysis of the rich scientific legacy, the author makes an attempt to provide a general picture of social processes and their genetic relation to preceding civilization models instead of just describing particular aspects and spheres of such processes. From a substantive point of view, the author bases his research on the classical division of the historical process into the three parts: premodernity - modernity - postmodernity; and agricultural - industrial - post-industrial civilizations. The main scientific contribution made by the author is the summary and analysis of the results of almost half of the century of researches on a new civilization paradigm. As a result of his research, the author concludes that the post-industrial information society is based on the pluralistic doctrine of post-modernistic philosophy in the form of a decentralized network structure. In such a structure the flow of information is not controllable by authoritative agencies because it is fed by a great number of various sources and the dominating user content can be spread through viruses. Economy, all markets and systems are welded into a universal supersystem and driven by the sum of hardly predictable actions of actors from all over the world. 

Abstract: In article two leading approaches to a problem of essence of truth and methods of its achievement are considered: realism and constructivism. During the short review their contents reveals and radical shortcomings, logical problems and argument deadlocks come to light. The author offers version of their decision within the concept called by it by phenomenological constructivism. And as a method and the more so as the term it is a little mastered, at the same time allowing to go beyond a vicious circle of a dichotomy realism – constructivism. On the one hand, phenomenological constructivism leans on proclaimed on different manners E. Gusserl and M. Heidegger need to clear experience of naplastovaniye of multiple interpretations, having reduced them to more initial structures. With another, the concept makes a start from need to recognize constructive, instead of objective nature of got experience: it is determined biologically, individually and socially (in discourse. Having taken for a reference point the term Dasein entered by Heidegger (presence, here - life) as initial, dointerpretatsionny empirical existence, the author suggests to remove from the agenda the correct relation of knowledge to a subject as criterion of truth and objectivity as an ideal, at the same time paying attention to deadlock nature of extreme constructivism. After I. Kant's intuitions locates that we deal not with things, and only with phenomena of own consciousness (reduced to Dasein), the only possible form of knowledge – hypothetical, and criterion of truth can be only practice that is skilled check.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the philosophy expressed by Antoine de Saint-Exupery in his books. This topic is often underestimated and very scarcely described in research literature. By analyzing Exupery's book 'Citadelle' (titled in English as The Wisdom of the Sands) and more famous Exupery's works, the author of the present article shows the wholeness of Exupery's teaching and the acuteness of the humanistic, existential and moral issues in Exupery's philosophy. The author also underlines that Exupery's philosophy can be classified as the West European philosophy of late Art Nouveau because Exupery discusses such typical late Art Nouveau topics as the transvaluation of values, understanding of the place of human after the death of God and fight against nihilism. In the course of a detailed analysis and from the point of view of systematic interpretation, the author of the article describes Exupery's views on a number of fundamental philosophical issues such as the existence of God and the meaning of life, measure of value and the essence of the truth. The main emphasis is made on the so called 'ethical pathos' of Exupery's creative work. The author of the article in detail analyzes the 'heroic ideal' offered by Exupery as well as the system of values and basic ethical principles that are now deduced from the essence of a mortal man but not the divine reality. The result of the author's research is the creation of an integrated concept of Exupery's philosophy which is new in both Russian and Western scientific literature. The author shows that Exupery's views were very close to Nietzsche's teaching and gravitated towards the radical politics. The author also provides quite an interesting description of Exupery's psychological and cultural views.