Abstract: This article conducts the analysis of the processes of commemoration implemented in the city-hero Volgograd in the post-war period, as well as their correlation with the projects of national identity. Based on the examination of memorials erected in the Soviet and post-Soviet period, dedicated to the Soviet soldiers who died during the Battle of Stalingrad, it is stated that the process of commemoration are grounded due to the presence of the project of national identity within the collective conscience of the society, which is genetically structured into the concept of “ideal society”, or social duty. This project is a so-called goal of historical development, which defines not only the vector that substantiates the possibility of existence of the historical path within social conscience, but also the process of structuring of historical memory. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, memory begins to be subjected to “dispersion”, which manifests in the processes of commemoration and their results. This process of “dispersion” of historical memory of the Battle of Stalingrad, which started the commemoration during the post-Soviet era, is based on many projects of national identity created by separate nationalities, representatives of regions and individuals, thus establishing new personal or collective identity outside the total Soviet project.  

Abstract: The article is devoted to consideration of semantic genesis of the word ritter in the sredneverkhnenemetsky XII-XIII language of centuries. Semantic genesis of the word is analyzed by means of the appeal to German-speaking sources of the considered time period, and also to the latest developments of a modern German-speaking media studies. On the basis of the done analysis it is claimed that originally, in a German-speaking medieval universum, the word ritter had no general semantic connotations with widely known image of the noble soldier on a horse which completely are established only by the end of the XIII century. The leading method of research is the etymological analysis in its application to the XII-XIII Middle High German language of centuries. It is proved that the happened transformations of sense were caused by dialectic interrelation of two historical factors: first, growth of the feudal relations which promoted formation knights striations with self-understanding inherent in it and a self-name; secondly, "symbolical import" which was carried out by the German emperors from France as standard of the strong and independent royalty.

Abstract: In the article the explication of the cultural and anthropological bases of a mythologization of historical events, in traditional and new European societies in their genetic interrelation with activity of public and historical consciousness is carried out. The analysis of phenomenology of perception by consciousness of society of the phenomena of human life in the world including everyday life and historical events is realized, specifics of similar perception in a discourse of traditional and new European cultures come to light. Special attention is paid to a question about particular relations between myth history, historical events and everyday life in public consciousness.By means of use of a phenomenological method the conceptualization of such phenomena as everyday life and histrorical events is realized, and also their interrelation with process of formation of myth history is analyzed. It is pointed out that mythological interpretation of the past by public consciousness in traditional and new European societies is interconnected with perception of phenomena of everyday life and historical events is made. The phenomenon of everyday life in culture of traditional society is constantly substituted for historical events that leads to a full mythologization of the whole world. In consciousness of the new European society, on the contrary, the aspiration to the elimination of surprise and the associated phenomenon of everday life is observed.