History of science and technology
Reference:
Ganin S.V., Ganin M.A., Kolomeitsev I.V., Morozov I.D.
The history of the formation and development of forms of interaction between science and industry in the field of the study and development of polymer compounds and composites
// Genesis: Historical research.
2024. ¹ 10.
P. 1-18.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-868X.2024.10.71755 EDN: IFOIWI URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=71755
Abstract:
The paper explores the transformation of forms of interaction between science and industry in the field of research and development of polymer and composite compounds. In the pre-revolutionary period, pioneering firms in this field began to open the first laboratories at their base. During the Soviet period, the active development of civil and military industries required the mass production of polymer products in the shortest possible time. To solve this problem, research institutes began to be created, which in Soviet realities demonstrated their high efficiency. At the present stage, one of the ways to provide the polymer industry with the necessary know-how has become the creation of R&D departments based on commercial firms, as well as advanced state universities. Using the example of the R&D department of Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, the specifics of the functioning of such research centers are analyzed. The research methodology is based on the retrospective method. Comparative analysis is widely used. In addition, the microanalysis method is also involved, which allows, using the example of a single R&D department of the University, to assess the future prospects of the emerging model of science-industry interaction in the development of new polymer materials and composites. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that this article for the first time examines in detail the work in the field of development of new polymer and composite compounds of the R&D department of one of the leading universities in the country – the Competence Center of the National Technological Initiative "New Production Technologies", created on the basis of the Institute of Advanced Production Technologies of Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University. It is concluded that the R&D departments of universities, when they are provided with highly competent scientific personnel and modern equipment, can demonstrate high performance indicators. At the same time, their activities ensure the formation of a pool of technologies in the domestic market that are available to all its participants, and not only to individual firms. This, in turn, creates the necessary prerequisites for the further development of the polymer industry in our country.
Keywords:
know-how, science, industry, national technology initiative, technologies, SPbPU, polymers, composite materials, R&D department, production
Evolution, reform, revolution
Reference:
Demina I.A.
The main aspects of the introduction of conscription in Russia at the beginning of the XVIII century
// Genesis: Historical research.
2024. ¹ 10.
P. 19-27.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-868X.2024.10.71818 EDN: LOXYVJ URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=71818
Abstract:
The article is devoted to the main aspects of the introduction of conscription in Russia at the beginning of the XVIII century during the reign of Peter the Great, the prerequisites for reform, its implementation, legislative framework and results are considered. The main attention is paid to the sources and dating of the introduction of conscription. The analysis of the formation of a regular army recruitment system, its regularity, numerical and class composition is carried out, the concepts of "recruits" and "date soldiers" are disclosed. The Decree of Peter the Great of February 20, 1705, its execution, extension and results are considered in detail. From 1705 to 1709, five large sets were conducted from all cities of the Moscow State with a period of one year. In the period from 1710 to 1711, recruitment was mainly carried out from the population of Moscow and adjacent counties. Changes in the organizational structure of recruitment were associated with the establishment of a new territorial division and government agencies. The local order was still in charge of recruiting. The main source is the "Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire" (The first Collection), published in 1830 in St. Petersburg. The introduction of conscription should not be regarded as a one-time act, this system began to take shape in 1699, its base was formed by 1705, and finally, after all the changes and transformations, it entered the state system by 1711. With the introduction of conscription, desertion has become a mass phenomenon, while being the main form of social protest (passive). The government's measures aimed at toughening the punishment for fugitives, apparently, did not save them from escapes. The most effective solution to this problem was the introduction of bail for fellow soldiers and relatives of the recruit. Conscription became one of the cheapest methods of recruiting the army, as it did not require serious expenses for the material stimulation of soldiers and ensuring their livelihoods. The costs of recruiting and training recruits were reduced as much as possible by using the resources of government agencies involved in recruitment, in parallel with the main type of activity.
Keywords:
desertion, recruits, forced conscription, regular army, Peter I, military reform, recruitment levies, recruiting duty, army reform, due soldiers
History and Politics
Reference:
Vorobev A.O.
The Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation in the 1990s in the assessments of domestic social Democratic parties
// Genesis: Historical research.
2024. ¹ 10.
P. 28-38.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-868X.2024.10.71909 EDN: KXCAWB URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=71909
Abstract:
The article is devoted to the consideration of assessments of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation in the 1990s by domestic social democratic parties. The subject of the study is the publications of representatives of Russian Social Democrats, which reflect their views on the foreign policy of the Russian Federation during the period of Boris Yeltsin. The Social Democratic parties in the world and in Russia at that time influenced both the domestic and foreign policies of their states. The assessments of the social democratic parties in their programs and press reflect a wide range of views on the foreign policy of our state in the 1990s. Depending on the directions of the Social Democrats - left and right, their contradictions in views are displayed, which shows the breadth of social democratic thought at that time. The study uses a historical and comparative method, a civilizational approach in analyzing the assessments of the positions of the right-wing social Democrats and a world-system analysis in analyzing the assessments of the positions of the left-wing social Democrats. The scientific novelty of the study consists in identifying the positions of the social democratic parties of the 1990s on the foreign policy course of the Russian Federation, and the different assessments of the country's foreign policy by left and right social Democrats. The study reveals differences in the assessments of social democratic parties and their priorities in the foreign policy of the Russian Federation, depending on their directions - the left social Democrats and the right social Democrats. The article evaluates the attitude of the parties to the official course of the authorities of the Russian Federation at that time, who advocated the country's close integration into the Western world. The conclusion is made about the role of social Democrats of different directions in constructing a new understanding of Russia's foreign policy, based on the ideological positions of the parties.
Keywords:
Social Democratic Party of Russia, Right-wing social democrats, Left-wing social democrats, socialism, policy, evaluation of foreign policy, political parties of Russia, social democrats, foreign policy, Socialist Working People's Party
History of regions of Russia
Reference:
Khaziev R., Vagapov R.R.
The business and moral image of the party officials of the "second echelon" of the Bashkir ASSR in the era of "Khrushchev's reformism"
// Genesis: Historical research.
2024. ¹ 10.
P. 39-48.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-868X.2024.10.71983 EDN: OLTVYY URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=71983
Abstract:
The article examines the business and moral qualities of the party managers of the "second echelon" of the period of the "Khrushchev reforms" in the context of one of the major national republics of the RSFSR – the Bashkir ASSR. The authors reconstruct the appearance of middle-level party officials who adhered to double standards in their party management activities. The phenomenon of the formation of a "new-moral" communist party subject with a pronounced focus on wealth is also concretized, which contradicted the official discourse of a highly moral socialist personality, who is not only a party worker, but, above all, a disinterested communist. The new trend observed among the party officials of the "Khrushchev set" – industrial and moral emancipation, which did not entail the irreversibility of severe punishment, was one of the manifestations of the complex institutional process of the era of "Khrushchev reformism". We are talking about a change in the value paradigm in the form of the refusal of party officials from rigid stoicism and orientation towards satisfying their personal interests. The research methodology is based on the principles of critical research understanding of the activities of the BASSR party apparatus in 1953-1964. The structural and functional method made it possible to reconstruct the managerial and business portrait of the BASSR party members of the Khrushchev era.
Keywords:
personnel policy, party nomenclature, moral-business image, party discipline, regional authorities, Bashkir regional committee of the CPSU, financial and economic activities, Khrushchev thaw, the Bashkir ASSR, party budget