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Egorov, R.V., Ionina , A.A. (2025). Specific features of employing emotive means in English-language sports discourse. Litera, 3, 178–190. . https://doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2025.3.73412
Specific features of employing emotive means in English-language sports discourse
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2025.3.73412EDN: UENLSGReceived: 18-02-2025Published: 03-04-2025Abstract: This article examines the specifics of the functioning of emotive media within the framework of sports discourse, with an emphasis on the football journalistic texts. The research focuses on three main types of emotives: nominative emotives, associative emotives, and expressive emotives, which play a key role in creating the emotional coloring of a sports narrative. Emotive nominatives are studied as means of designating objects or phenomena that carry additional emotional load through the choice of vocabulary, metaphors, or periphrasis. They help the authors convey their feelings about events, participants, or match results. Emotive associatives are analyzed as elements that form emotional associations in the reader through the use of comparisons, allusions and contextually significant references. Finally, expressive emotives are studied as the most straightforward tools for expressing emotions, manifested in expressive vocabulary, interjections, and stylistic figures. Based on the analysis of real texts from football journalism, the features of the use of these categories of emotive media, their interaction and influence on the perception of a sporting event by the target audience are revealed. This work is of interest to linguists studying sports discourse, as well as to journalism practitioners seeking to improve the effectiveness of communication in the sports field. The study uses a linguistic approach to the analysis of emotive vocabulary in sports discourse, including the classification of emotives into nominatives, associatives and expressives to identify their role in expressing emotions and building a communicative connection. The scientific novelty of the research lies in a comprehensive analysis of the emotive vocabulary of sports discourse through the prism of a linguistic approach, which allows us to identify the features of the functioning of emotives in English media texts. For the first time, a classification of emotive units within the framework of sports discourse is proposed, taking into account their semantic specificity and communicative role. The study demonstrates how emotive vocabulary forms an emotional connection between the reader and a sporting event, contributing to a deeper understanding of the context. The results obtained are of practical importance because the use of emotive vocabulary increases students' motivation and develops critical thinking. The work confirms the hypothesis that emotives of various types not only express emotional states, but also serve as an important tool for forming a linguistic personality, helping to overcome the language barrier and successfully assimilate a new vocabulary. Keywords: sports discourse, emotives-nominatives, emotives-associatives, emotive-expressives, superposition, emotivity, emotionality, football, communication act, emosomesThis article is automatically translated. Emotions are an important aspect of human existence, as they allow a person to preserve and express their identity. Without emotions, neither the person himself nor his activities are unthinkable. Scientists use different ways to find an answer to the question of labeling emotions in language, and one of the most popular solutions is the linguistic approach. This article contains the experience of using a linguistic approach to the study of emotive vocabulary within the framework of sports discourse, since it is this type of discourse that is saturated with emotional means capable of denoting and expressing immanent human character traits. Emotive means in sports discourse are one of the most popular directions in learning English, as with the help of the tools described above, students learn to recognize the style, tonality of the text, and also develop their vocabulary by analyzing emotionally colored lexical units. According to Russian researchers E. V. Sazhina and D. S. Semak, key elements of the scientific paradigm of emotivity are terms such as "concept", "linguistic personality" and "psychological category" [1, p. 566]. These concepts play an important role in understanding the emotive aspect of language, which is noted in the work of the Russian researcher L. K. Zhanguzarova, where it is stated that emotions are "a manifestation of a person's sensory reaction to a stimulus, expressed in a non–verbal manifestation when the human body becomes the instrument of communication: gestures, facial expressions, poses, features of movements, gaze" [2, p. 5]. It should be emphasized that one of the most discussed issues among domestic and foreign scientists is the proximity of the concepts of "emotivity" and "emotionality", which is explained by their semantic similarity. Thus, emotivity is considered as a semantic property of language, designed to express emotions through linguistic means, while emotionality is a mental characteristic of a person, manifested in his reactions to the surrounding reality. Scientists such as N. S. Bolotnova and V. I. Shakhovsky have made significant contributions to the research of this issue. The cited work analyzes the concept of emotivity, emphasizing its role in the organization of communicative interaction and its connection with expressive means of language. In turn, V. I. Shakhovsky considers emotivity in the context of the communicative stylistics of the text, focusing on how emotionally colored units of language affect the perception of the text and form a special emotional atmosphere of communication [3, p. 197]. According to the research of N. D. Arutyunova, a Doctor of Philology and an outstanding Russian linguist, key concepts in the modern scientific paradigm include such categories as "linguistic personality" and "concept". These terms allow for a deeper understanding of a person's inner states, emotions, intellectual abilities, as well as attitudes to the surrounding world, nature, and society [4, p. 125]. This vision is shared by the modern Western researcher N. K. Sihobing, who notes that people often use a limited set of words to describe their emotional states, even with a rich vocabulary. This indicates that the choice of words for expressing emotions may be limited by certain language structures [5, p. 19]. The analysis of various interpretations of the term "emotivity" allows us to conclude that this concept is considered as an important linguistic category intended for the expression of emotions. Emotivity serves not only as a means of communication, but also as a tool for the formation of various types of acts — locative, illocutionary and perlocutionary [6, p. 23]. The works of Russian and foreign scientists provide an opportunity to consider different approaches to understanding the term "emotionality". For example, the Soviet psychologist B. G. Ananyev emphasizes that emotionality is not just a reaction to external stimuli, but also an important internal state that affects personality formation [7]. In this context, emotionality becomes a significant factor determining a person's behavior and perception. Additionally, researcher A.V. Ignatenko examines emotivity through the prism of the concept and linguistic personality, pointing out their relationship with the mental and social aspects of human existence. She emphasizes that emotive elements in language help to more accurately convey non-verbal expressions of feelings, such as gestures, facial expressions and poses. According to A.V. Ignatenko, despite the semantic proximity of the concepts of "emotivity" and "emotionality", they have different contents. Emotivity is interpreted as an immanent property of language that serves to express emotions through linguistic means, while emotionality is closely related to the psychological component of a person and reflects his inner experiences in the communication process [8, p. 1005]. The division between emotion as a category of linguistics and emotion as a psychological phenomenon is clearly seen in the work of Z. This, in turn, is fully consistent with the position of A. V. Ignatenko. According to the researcher, language has an emotive potential as a system of apparatuses, for example, metaphor, interjections, evaluative vocabulary, which distinguish emotions within the framework of culturally determined patterns [9, p. 6]. This view of the problem is supported by the works of E. V. Kozhevnikova, who analyzes the differences between these concepts in terms of their functional roles in language [10, p. 628]. In a post-industrial society and scientific and technological progress, this term has become the basis for the creation of many conceptual categories, due to its diverse personality, which many scientists point to. This statement allows us to understand that the concept of "emotionality" is a substratum in relation to emotivity, since due to a certain individual's reaction to an external stimulus, the categories emotivity, as well as their cognitive component, may have different degrees of coloring. The scientific work of E. E. Sokolova, devoted to the analysis of the works of A. N. Leontiev, confirms the importance of emotionality as a key factor in the formation of individual characteristics of a person and his social interactions in society. According to the views of A. N. Leontiev, presented in the study, emotionality acts not only as an essential component of a person's mental life, but also as a catalyst that determines the nature of his behavior, communication and adaptation in a social environment. E. E. Sokolova focuses on the fact that Leontiev's approach to the study of emotionality allows for a deeper understanding of the relationship between the inner world of a personality and the external conditions of its existence, and also reveals the mechanisms through which a person realizes himself in the process of life [11, p. 110]. Thus, we can conclude that "emotionality" is a multifaceted phenomenon that affects an immanent part of human life, however, this concept can be considered solely as a psychological category, and not a linguistic one, in comparison with "emotivity". Further, in the framework of this study, we will consider how the linguistic phenomenon of "emotive" is realized within the framework of sports discourse, through the analysis of a number of articles on football in online publications from different countries. However, before proceeding to the practical part of the analysis, it is necessary to thoroughly understand the theoretical component of the phenomenon under study. Thus, according to one of the most prominent researchers in the framework of sports discourse, L. G. Babenko, emotive meanings are extremely flexible and mobile, which is vividly reflected in lexical semantics, thereby forming vividly dominant thematic semes that contribute to the replenishment of groups of emotive vocabulary [12, p. 11]. A seme is a minimal unit of meaning in a language that serves to denote a certain aspect, characteristic, or feature of an object. It is the seme that is the main element of semantics, the main task of which is to explore the meaning of words and phrases. As part of the analysis of emotivity and its role in the Russian linguistic culture, T. R. Blokhina, exploring the formation of the image of a teacher and mentor based on Internet resources, raises the question of the typology of emotive vocabulary. Referring to L. G. Babenko's work "Russian emotive vocabulary as a functional system", the author examines the controversy with V. I. Shakhovsky's position regarding the categorization of emotives. L. G. Babenko focuses on the fact that the semantic classification of emotives is possible only through the prism of vocabulary related to the nomination of emotions, where emotive meanings form a certain system of emotive vocabulary. Based on the differentiation of emotive-object meanings and the analysis of various forms of seme representation in dictionary definitions, L. G. Babenko identifies the following categories of emotive vocabulary: · emotives-nominatives associated with the direct naming of emotions; Emotives are associatives that reflect an indirect connection with the meaning of emotion through associative series.; Emotives are expressive expressions characterized by the expression of an emotional state through intensity and expression. Thus, T. R. Blokhina confirms that L. G. Babenko's approach allows for a deeper understanding of the structure of emotive vocabulary and its role in the formation of communicative strategies, which is especially relevant for the context of the professional activity of a teacher and mentor [13, p. 483]. The first category, called emotives-nominatives, includes words whose semantics reflect basic emotive meanings. These units are characterized by the fact that their main component consists of an immanent emotional content and its internal description. The above emotives can be represented in sports discourse as several parts of speech: adjectives, nouns, and adverbs. The second category of the mentioned models, emotives-associatives, covers words whose semantics in categorical and lexical terms reflect a person's mental reaction to an emotional stimulus, causing the subject to have certain associations with the object. It is worth noting that the emotive component of emotive associatives is realized due to the complex structure of a person's emotional state, through which an individual experiences a feeling within the framework of a communicative act in a certain context. According to the work of A. A. Demidova, a study of emotive vocabulary in political discourse, scientists M. Ya. Bloch and N. A. Reznikova G come to the conclusion that the above-mentioned type of emotive vocabulary refers exclusively to the noun [14, p. 31]. The third category of emotive vocabulary, according to the approach of researcher L. G. Babenko, includes emotive expressions. This type of emotive vocabulary is characterized by a combination of two features of the nomination process: the expression of the speaker's inner state and his emotional assessment of what is happening. It is this class of emotive expressions that is often in the field of view of specialists in connotative semantics due to certain difficulties in identifying this vocabulary in dictionaries, since there are currently no unambiguous formulas for identifying emotionality marks. Expressive emotives represent one of the most interesting categories of emotive vocabulary, since connotative emotive semantics is manifested through a certain system of lexico-geographical labels, the number of which is strictly limited. In accordance with the concept of E. V. Kozhnevnikova, the emotional assessment scale is also based on opposite poles – positive and negative. However, it reveals in more detail the structure of emotional states through the prism of different types of feelings. The highest level is represented by basic emotional assessments – attraction/approval (positive pole) and rejection/condemnation (negative pole). Further, these poles are differentiated by degrees of intensity and qualitative characteristics, taking into account the specifics of the main groups of human emotions: affects, moods and feelings [15, p. 626]. Despite the binary opposition of the emotional litter of emotive-expressive vocabulary, special attention is paid to the typological theory of psychology Professor L. F. Barrett, which presents a model for ordering all kinds of litters in dictionaries, however, at the moment, the language uses a huge number of so-called emoticons, and therefore this theory is a purely theoretical scientific achievement in the linguistic field [16, p. 220]. Thus, we conclude that emotive vocabulary has many interpretations in the Russian linguistic scientific field due to its analysis from the point of view of different language levels, and then we will demonstrate exactly how emotive vocabulary is implemented within the framework of sports discourse, on the basis of which we will be able to identify the lexico-semantic specifics of emotive units of the English language. Before proceeding to the practical part of the study, where all types of emotive vocabulary will be considered in the context of sports discourse (hereinafter SD), we must define the interpretation of the special type of discourse under study. Thus, the Russian researcher E. I. Stefanovskaya emphasizes that sports discourse can be considered as a discursive symbiosis, which includes various elements and interactions.: "a special type of institutional discourse, a discursive space, which is organized according to the principle of a field and consists of a system of discursive varieties, united primarily by a commonality of sports themes and conceptual dominants" [17, p. 69]. This concept is confirmed in the article "Building the Power of Sports Culture Discourse in the Age of New Media" by Liqi Liang, which examines the transformation of sports discourse under the influence of digital technologies. As part of his work, the author emphasizes the following aspects that are consistent with the idea of sports discourse as a discursive symbiosis: multicomponence, commonality of themes and conceptual dominants [18, p. 23]. The polyparadigmality of SD is also noted by another scientist K. V. Snyatkov, who states the following: "sports discourse enters into heterogeneous interactions (thematic contact, conceptual interaction) with other discursive varieties" [19, p. 6]. SD serves as a kind of relay of human emotions, i.e. it is possible to translate the meanings that define its activity as such through texts, with the help of which meanings can be represented. In this article, we will look at a number of examples found on the British online newspaper The Guardian's news portal in the Sport section between September 2024 and January 2025. The contexts of using all types of emotive vocabulary (50 pieces) confirm the "superposition" (located in several states or places at the same time) of sports discourse. Let's look at some contexts of using emotives in more detail. …The need for a cushion was summed up when a poor clearance from Ben Davies gave Tom Bischof a chance in the 33rd minute… …Instead of collapsing, Spurs regained their composure… …It proved a vital goal given that there was still time for the substitute David Mokwa to head in a second for Hoffenheim… [The Guardian: [website]. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/football/2025/jan/23/hoffenheim-tottenham-europa-league-match-report] In the above fragment, you can see the emotional confrontation between the players of the Hoffenheim – Tottenham Hotspur teams, whose match ended with a score of 2:3 despite a fierce struggle. The author of the analyzed article uses a number of emotive nominatives of various partial affiliation, showing the emotions of the players and describing the highlights of the match, thereby expressing the semantic categories of importance, positive and negative emotions. In addition to emotive nominatives, sports discourse is full of emotive associatives, the bulk of which represent such semantic categories as "nicknames" of teams and associations associated with participants in football matches, for example: Magpies "magpies", Villans "villans", Eagles "eagles", Toffees "toffees", Foxes "foxes", Reds "reds", Citizens "townspeople", Wolves "wolves", which can be seen in the examples below. …Eyes on Magpies: Newcastle face up to the challenge of leap into next phase… [https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/mar/03/eyes-on-magpies-newcastle-face-up-to-the-challenge-of-leap-into-next-phase]. …Citizens Kaned by Spurs and Sean Dyche rides again… [https://www.theguardian.com/football/audio/2023/feb/06/tottenham-manchester-city-harry-kane-everton-arsenal-football-weekly]. …Any Toffees celebrating a new owner, any new owner, might wish to see how far 777 Partners stretch the elasticity of the Premier League’s fabled “fit and proper persons” test… [https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/sep/15/football-daily-everton-fans-777-partners]. …Wolves wanted O’Neil to work – they gave him and his staff new four-year contracts only four months ago – but have acted for fear of joining Luton in the second tier… …Spurs helped Calvert-Lewin to end his personal torment early. The centre-forward had gone 16 games without a goal and felt the wrath of Goodison after missing a glorious late chance to equalise against Villa… [https://www.theguardian.com/football/2025/jan/19/everton-tottenham-premier-league-match-report]. Having considered a number of uses of emotive nominatives and emotive associatives in the English sports discourse, let us turn to a special type of emotive vocabulary, which is characterized by a bidirectional nomination process: emotive-expressive. This type of emotive is the most popular among media editors, as can be seen in the examples below.: …Vangelis Pavlidis’s hat-trick had given the hosts a two-goal half-time lead and they were 4-2 up with 12 minutes to play before Hansi Flick’s side pulled out a sensational victory, sealed by the Brazilian with a finish on the break, seconds after Benfica had appealed in vain for a late penalty… …It was 3-1 at half-time, but a bizarre blunder by Anatoliy Trubin let Barça back into the game in the 64th minute… [https://www.theguardian.com/football/2025/jan/21/benfica-barcelona-champions-league-match-report]. …Rice and Gabriel Magalhães could not take further opportunities, with the Brazilian defender somehow missing the target from a corner routine that led to a mass of mocking arms being waved by the boisterous travelling support behind the goal… [https://www.theguardian.com/football/2025/jan/22/arsenal-dinamo-zagreb-champions-league-match-report]. …Kulusevski reduced the arrears with a superb finish after Pickford came off his line to challenge the otherwise anonymous James Maddison… [https://www.theguardian.com/football/2025/jan/19/everton-tottenham-premier-league-match-report]. …With both teams playing open, attacking football, Josh Windass was put through on goal by Shea Charles – who is set to be recalled by Southampton this week – before an outstanding last-ditch tackle from Ethan Ampadu denied the forward a chance to shoot… [https://www.theguardian.com/football/2025/jan/19/leeds-united-sheffield-wednesday-championship-match-report]. In the presented contexts, various expressive emotives are used that help convey the atmosphere of football matches and evoke strong feelings in the reader towards a particular team. So, in the first fragment, the emphasis on the "sensational victory" creates a sense of surprise and drama, which delights football fans. The second section includes a detail highlighting how a single mistake can determine the outcome of a match and change the position of teams in the league table. The third example contains an ironic twist when it says that the Brazilian defender was unable to score a goal. This episode adds a bit of humor to the overall seriousness of the match. The fourth fragment highlights the so-called "outstanding last attack" and "opportunity to strike", which contribute to the feeling of fierce competition on the field. Mentioning players like Josh Windess and Ethan Ampadu allows viewers to better imagine the scenes and main characters, as well as their actions more empathically. Concluding the analysis of the texts of sports articles on football, we can conclude that the English-language emotive vocabulary is actively used by the authors and compilers of articles on football to better express the emotional aspect of the participants in the competition. Based on the analysis of 50 articles in the "Sports" category of The Guardian newspaper concerning football events from September 2023 to January 2025, it is possible to provide statistics on the use of emotional media regarding the number of units and their corresponding percentages. In this case, the maximum value is represented by emotionally expressive means, and the minimum value is represented by emotionally associative means. In our case, there are several types of expressive emotional verbs. Based on a sample of 50 articles, we find that expressive verbs are in the first place by a significant margin, covering about 62%. Nominative emotional means, as the second type of emotionally marked vocabulary, accounted for 27%, while emotional-associative types are the least popular — 11% due to their association with unofficial names of English football teams, which, as a rule, are fixed in English. It is obvious that it is with the help of emotives that a strong emotional connection is created between the reader and the event, since these stylistic means allow us to saturate events in such a way that makes each individual feel like a part of the event. In addition, an important aspect of this topic is the fact that emotives-nominatives, emotives-associatives, emotives-expressives contribute to the construction of new "language" synapses in students, i.e. there is a process of overcoming the language barrier and successfully learning foreign vocabulary within the context, which allows students to learn the necessary vocabulary in a short time. According to a study by a Western researcher, Ya. Sun, published in the article "The impact of learning a second language on cognitive development", the use of emotive components in the process of learning foreign languages is essential for the successful development of lexical material. The author emphasizes that emotives of various types – nominatives, associatives, and expressives – play a key role in the formation of new neural connections among students. This scientifically based statement is confirmed by the results of the experiment, where participants who studied through emotively colored text materials showed significant superiority in vocabulary acquisition – 38% higher compared to the control group that used traditional methods. In addition, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) demonstrated the activation of specific brain regions responsible for language processing, which helps to overcome the language barrier [20, p. 814]. The above conclusion is also supported by a number of relevant studies in the framework of linguodidactics. Thus, S. V. Pershutin points out that the study of emotive vocabulary affects the focus and involvement of students in the educational process: "... both during the exercise and after it, students had a clearly visible positive attitude, emotional comfort and high motivation, as evidenced by the reluctance to stop monologue utterance ..." [21, p. 263]. Another Russian researcher E. G. Mironova also confirms the relevance of emotive vocabulary in sports discourse, since "adopting this emotional state, the student not only learns new vocabulary, but also learns to use lexical units in speech" [22, p. 145]. Emotive vocabulary in sports discourse, especially in articles about football, is a relevant object for students to study, as it develops critical thinking and promotes understanding of various linguistic aspects in the context of learning a foreign language, which becomes an important tool for forming a holistic view of the culture of sports and language in general. References
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2. Zhangurazova, L. K. (2024). The Category of Emotiveness in Text as a Linguistic Phenomenon. Philological Aspect: International Scientific and Practical Journal, 03, 1-8. 3. Bolotnova, N. S. (2022). The Concept of Emotiveness by V. I. Shakhovsky in the Context of Research on Communicative Stylistics of Text. Izvestia of VGPU, 3, 197-203. 4. Arutyunova, N. D. (2019). Logical Analysis of Language: Numerical Code in Different Languages and Cultures. 5. Sihombing, N. (2022). Linguistic Instinct (Steven Pinker vs. Noam Chomsky). Journal of Applied Linguistics, 2, 17-22. https://doi.org/10.52622/joal.v2i2.75 6. Polyakova, Y. Y. (2024). Emotiveness and Its Manifestation in the Speech of Russian and American Travel Vloggers. Issues of Psycholinguistics, 1, 22-35. 7. Ananiev, B. G. (2001). Man as an Object of Cognition. 8. Ignatenko, A. V. (2023). Emotive Suggestiveness in Contemporary Chinese Artistic Discourse (Based on Yu Hua's Novel To Live, 1992). Bulletin of KIGI RAS, 4, 1004-1014. 9. Kovecez, Z. (2002). Metaphor and Emotion: Language, Culture, and Body in Human Experiences. 10. Kozhevnikova, E. V. (2024). The Concept of "Emotiveness" and Approaches to Its Consideration in Modern Linguistics. Bulletin of Science, 1, 626-632. 11. Sokolova, E. E. (2024). Turning Psychology "Into the Science of the Living Man...": On the Psychotechnical Nature of Research by A. N. Leontiev's School in the 1940s. Cultural-Historical Psychology, 20(3), 109-118. https://doi.org/10.17759/chp.2024200311 12. Babenko, L. G., & Danilova, V. V. (2024). Conversational Emotive Vocabulary in Russian: A Polyparadigmatic Aspect (Based on the Thesaurus Dictionary Alphabet of Emotions). Scientific Dialogue, 2, 9-34. https://doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-2-9-34 13. Blokhina, T. R. (2024). The Role of Emotiveness in Shaping the Image of a Teacher and Mentor in Russian Linguoculture (Based on Internet Resources). MNKO, 4, 481-484. 14. Demidova, A. A. (2023). Emotive Vocabulary in Political Discourse (Based on the Speeches of Donald Trump and Boris Johnson): Graduation Qualification Work. St. Petersburg State University. 15. Kozhevnikova, E. V. (2024). The Concept of "Emotiveness" and Approaches to Its Consideration in Modern Linguistics. Bulletin of Science, 1, 626-631. 16. Barrett, L. F. (2017). How Emotions Are Made: The Secret Life of the Brain. 17. Stefanovskaya, E. I. (2023). Modern Sports Discourse: Structural and Functional-Pragmatic Aspects. Bulletin of Grodno State University Named After Yanka Kupala. Series 3. Philology. Pedagogy. Psychology, 13(1), 68-76. 18. Litsi, L. (2023). The Power Dynamics of Sports Culture Discourse in the Era of New Media. Frontiers in Educational Research, 6(4), 22-26. https://doi.org/10.25236/FER.2023.060405 19. Snyatkov, K. V. (2007). Television Sports Discourse: Aspects of Communicative-Pragmatic Analysis. Izvestia of A. I. Herzen RSPU, 37, 1-6. 20. Sun, Y. (2022). The Impact of Second Language Acquisition on Cognitive Development. ICMETSS, 809-816. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-45-9_98 21. Pershutin, S. V., & Bevzyuk, I. K. (2022). Emotive Vocabulary as a Factor of Emotional Speech Satisfaction. Problems of Modern Pedagogical Education, 75-2, 259-263. 22. Mironova, E. G., & Kapkova, S. Y. (2022). Features of Teaching Emotive Vocabulary in Educational Institutions (Middle School). In Foreign Languages and Modern Trends in Foreign Language Education: Materials of the VI All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference, Voronezh, April 22, 2021 (pp. 141-145).
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