Abstract: This article examines international legal norms, principles, and mechanisms for protecting aquatic plant ecosystems in the high seas within the framework of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Agreement on Marine Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction. It examines the specifics of their legal status in the international legal system, the relationship between the subject of regulation, scope, and legal force, and the effectiveness of the marine environment protection mechanisms enshrined therein. Particular attention is paid to identifying gaps in legal regulation, including the lack of specialized norms aimed at protecting aquatic flora, as well as assessing the potential of the ecosystem approach and spatial management measures to ensure the conservation of marine ecosystems. The research methodology is based on the application of general scientific and specialized legal methods to analyze the international legal mechanism for the protection of aquatic plant ecosystems in the high seas within the framework of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Agreement on Biodiversity. Analysis, synthesis, and the comparative legal method are used to identify conflicts and assess the novelty of legal regulation. The scientific novelty of this study lies in its comparative legal analysis of the provisions of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Agreement on Marine Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction, as they relate to the protection of aquatic flora. The article formulates and systematizes the key characteristics of aquatic plants, allowing us to identify the range of objects subject to legal relations for their conservation and protection. Aquatic flora is considered an independent object of legal protection within the structure of marine ecosystems, whose legal status in international law is characterized by uncertainty and the lack of specific regulation. Additionally, the paper reflects the position of the Russian Federation regarding the Agreement on Marine Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction, including arguments related to the risks of restricting access to biological resources and the potential duplication of international regulatory mechanisms.

Keywords: marine plant ecosystems, marine protected areas, biodiversity, Maritime law, The BBNJ Agreement, International waters, UNCLOS, ecosystem approach, plant protection, network of protected areas

Abstract: Particular attention in this work is devoted to the philosophy of international law. The author points out that in light of contemporary conditions, new challenges, threats, and risks, the changing world order, and the formation of a new multipolar world, new modern international relations are being established, which impose new demands on contemporary international law and its scientific understanding. Specifically, these factors include the emergence of new inter-state and intra-state conflicts, the ongoing manifestations of the financial crisis, the development of new information technologies and their destructive impact, the aforementioned processes of globalization, and the opposing trends aimed at protecting national identity in legal, political, economic, and cultural spheres. In this regard, the relevance of this topic is determined by the significance of the philosophy of international law for legal doctrine. This study is based on the provisions and principles of a dialectical approach, general scientific and specialized research methods in the field of socio-humanitarian sciences, as well as specific techniques and methods for studying the history of legal and political thought. The use of structural analysis methods has allowed for the identification of key issues in the philosophy of international law. The author concludes that contemporary philosophy of international law is a well-established interdisciplinary science in domestic scholarship, which has developed in an interdisciplinary space due to the growing awareness of the specificity of the subject field of international law. Today, the main task of the philosophy of international law is to ensure dialogue and to construct a new framework for international instruments for the prevention and resolution of disputes, to develop common methodological principles applicable to the analysis of various international phenomena and legal systems, as well as to form common views in the field of international law, issues regarding the nature of the cognition of legal reality, and the potential possibilities of law. At the same time, the metaphysical nature of relationships contributes to the development of international law as a science and a branch of law within the domestic legal system, possessing a philosophical form of theoretical international legal consciousness, since it encompasses legal, economic, and political views, as well as ideas and principles of international morality, which have philosophical foundations.

Keywords: international law, international organizations, philosophy law, philosophy, philosophy of international law, the new world order, theory of law, the transformation of law, The doctrine, the concept of law

Abstract: The article is dedicated to the analysis of the problems of international legal and domestic regulation of user authentication in the context of countering cybercrime, anonymity, and artificial intelligence technologies. The approach taken by legislators in the Russian Federation is analyzed. Special attention is given to the transformation of threats, stating that traditional threats in the form of anonymity are replaced by threats arising from the use of artificial intelligence technologies. The subject of the study includes international legal and national norms regulating user authentication and the application of artificial intelligence technologies, as well as the associated threats and mechanisms for countering cybercrime. The aim of the research is a comprehensive study of international legal problems in countering cybercrime in the context of the development of artificial intelligence technologies and the formulation of proposals to improve user authentication mechanisms. The research methods used include formal-legal, comparative-legal, systemic-structural analysis and synthesis, as well as legal modeling. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the formation of a comprehensive international legal approach to the regulation of user authentication in the context of the development of artificial intelligence technologies, under which authentication is justified as an independent element of the mechanism for countering cybercrime; the transformation of the institution of anonymity under the influence of AI, which enhances the possibilities of concealing and simulating digital behavior, is identified; the use of the principle of proportionality as a key criterion for the admissibility of authentication procedures is proposed; and the potential for using the UN Convention against Cybercrime (Resolution 79/243) to develop additional international legal mechanisms, including setting limits on the use of AI for user identification purposes, is justified. As a result of the conducted research, it is established that the development of the digital environment and artificial intelligence technologies leads to a qualitative transformation of the nature of cyber threats, which in turn requires the adaptation of existing international legal mechanisms. It is substantiated that the current models of user authentication do not fully meet the requirements of proportionality and personal data protection, and do not sufficiently take into account the cross-border nature of digital threats. In this regard, the Convention 79/243 gains particular importance as it establishes an updated normative basis for international cooperation in the fight against cybercrime. The conclusion is made about the necessity for further development of international legal regulation, including the development of unified approaches to the legal status of artificial intelligence technologies.

Keywords: authentication, hybrid methods of influence, cybercrime, international law, international regulation, messenger, user, Internet, consistency of wills, artificial intelligence technologies