Perception verbs in the Russian dialects of the Amur region and in the northeastern dialect of the Chinese language of Heilongjiang province

Fan Haixu Postgraduate student, Department of Russian Language and Publishing Industry, Pacific National University 680035, Russia, Khabarovsk Krai, Khabarovsk, Pacific street, 140 362457061@qq.com Other publications by this author

Perception, or perceptivity, is the sensory cognition of the phenomena of the external, material world. According to the "Great Psychological Dictionary", a person's perception depends on his activity: "The perceptual image performs the function of a regulator of actions" ^{[4, p. 75]}.

Within the functional and semantic fields of language, the category of perceptivity is justified in the works of A.V. Bondarko ^{[2, pp. 273-285]}. Perceptivity is considered by him in the general theory of linguistic invariant and its interpretation (variability). In any perceptual act, the following components can be distinguished: the subject of perception; the object of perception; the process of perception; the result of this process is the representation of the object. A prerequisite for the perception process is the presence of the subject of perception inside the situation; for this purpose, Yu. D. Apresyan introduced the concept of "observer" into linguistic usage ^{[1, pp. 64-65]}.

The basis for combining lexemes in the LSG of perceptual verbs is the designation of human mental activity aimed at perceiving the outside world, which "unites a person with the rest of living nature" ^{[1, p. 45]}. The semantic paradigm, according to this scientist, looks like this: ‘to perceive' – ‘to be perceived' – ‘to use the ability of perception' ^{[1, p. 43]}. Thus, the perceptual verb denotes the reflection of the sensory comprehension of the surrounding world in the human mind.

S. A. Moiseeva writes in connection with the subject of the study: "Resorting to metaphor, we can call the verbs of perception "gates" from the world of objective reality to the world of language, they denote the first – arbitrary and involuntary – human contact with the objective world" ^{[5, p. 73]}.

In the Explanatory Dictionary of Russian Verbs edited by L. G. Babenko (1999), perception verbs are included in a large group of verbs of intellectual action. Typical semantics of perception verbs: ‘to perceive something in any way (by sight, hearing, smell) with the help of any external senses’. The basic verb is to perceive. In total, 98 verbal units with the meaning of perception through different senses are recorded in this dictionary ^{[9, pp. 303-310]}.

Perceptual verbs, or perception verbs, are an integral part of the general group of verbs of mental activity and over the past decades have attracted the attention of philologists such as L. M. Vasiliev (1981), A. A. Kretov (1982), Yu. D. Apresyan (1995), E. V. Uryson (1998), N. D. Arutyunova (1999), A.V. Bondarko (2002), E. V. Paducheva (2004), T. V. Popova (2004), S. A. Moiseeva (2006), K. L. Filatova (2009), O. Yu. Avdevnina (2014), M. D. Chertykova (2016), etc.

In L. M. Vasiliev's concept, the verbs of perception are distinguished into an independent group; they are considered in the section "Verbs of mental activity". The author differentiates these verbs by means of perception, dividing them into verbs of visual, auditory perception, verbs of smell and touch ^{[3, p. 67]}. These verbs contain in their semantics specific instrumental semes: to see, hear, smell, touch. However, according to other scientists, the group of perceptual verbs is not limited to these lexemes and their synonyms, since "the perceptual component easily enters the semantics of verbs of various classes" ^{[6, p. 197]}.

V. T. Sadchenko draws attention to the fact that at present "it seems relevant to study the functioning of the language in the aspect of its regional existence" ^{[7, p. 221]}. From this point of view, it is interesting to study perceptual verbs in any group of Russian dialects.

The purpose of our article is to consider how perceptual verbal vocabulary is represented in the Dictionary of Russian Dialects of the Amur Region (SRGP) and the Dictionary of Dialects of Heilongjiang Province (SGPH).

The Dictionary of Russian Dialects of the Amur Region contains 18 verbs and 8 phraseological units with the meaning of visual, auditory perception, smell and touch. Among them, 2 verbs to stir up, to scour and 5 phraseological units have no analogues either in other dialects or in the literary language.

1. Verbs with the meaning of visual perception, for example: to look – 'to look': "I look into the bushes, I take a stool"; to stare – 'to look': "I hung up in the house and everyone stared at them"; to see – 'to look, to see': "I lived a lot, I saw a lot"; to go through – ‘check carefully, review anything’: "You go through here"; take a look – 'look, take a look': "Let's go home with Mukhina, take a look – there's no one, and run home." The above five verbs of visual perception with the semantics of 'look, see'; in the SRPG there are also verbs of visual perception with the semantics of 'lose the ability to see', for example: darken – 'go blind': "Mother darkened, but heard well"; abyss – 'lose the ability to see': "And now, girls, eyes completely disappeared"; to go blind – 'to lose sight, to go blind': "It is better to die young than to go blind now."

Visual perception verbs are used in everyday situations, for example, the lexemes to visualize/visualize in their second meaning 'to find, to see': "We mowed wheat during the day, saw good grass, let's mow it at night"; in another sense, they are synonymous with the verb to keep an eye on: 'to keep an eye on someone-something-L., to look after (usually children)': "You need to show the little ones, you can't do it without supervision"; "I'll live with Valya, but only show them here" / "I'll look after myself."

The dictionary entries of the SRGP reflect situations from real life when the subject sees or observes an object – another person or object: to cheer up – 'look displeased': "The neighbor turned her eyes on me out of discontent." The verb has a perfect appearance, has a double control: to brighten (what) eyes, to brighten (at whom) at me.

There are some polysemous verbs with the meaning of visual perception in the SRGP, not all of whose semes are perceptual, for example: the first meaning of the verb to blink is 'to see' ("Somewhere I blinked it here") is perceptual, and the second meaning is 'to tear with your hands' ("Let's go, blink cannabis") is non-perceptual; observe – 'to look, to observe someone, something, to take care of someone, something' ("Let her observe the children, do not shoot"), except for the seme 'to look', the other semes of this verb are non-perceptual; in the verb to slip - 'to overlook, not to see, to miss, to make a mistake' ("And I did it myself") only the seme 'not to see' is perceptual, the rest are non-perceptual.

2. Verbs with the meaning of auditory perception

L. M. Vasiliev draws attention to the fact that, since "the object of auditory perception is only sounds, the considered class of verbs is closely related by association with the field of sound. The object position in constructions with verbs of auditory perception is occupied by the names of sounds or their sources" ^{[3, p. 66]}.

In the materials of the SRGP, 3 verbs with the meaning of auditory perception and non-perceptual meaning are recorded. For example: the verb to catch has, in addition to the seme of auditory perception, ‘to hear’, and the non-perceptual seme ‘to collect’: "You'll catch a lot of words there"; one sema is 'listen' from the first meaning of the verb to hear – 'follow someone's-L. advice, instructions; listen’ is a perceptual seme, the rest of the semes from the first meaning and the second meaning of the verb to hear – ‘is used when addressing someone. At the beginning of speech, conversation’ are non-perceptual; the verb to smell has three meanings, the first meaning of the verb to smell – ‘to recognize by feeling, to feel, to feel' – refers to the second meaning of the verb to smell is 'to hear (about auditory sensations)' ("My ears hurt – now I don't smell anything") – are perceptual, the third meaning of this verb – ‘to be familiar with someone; to call’ - is non–perceptual.

3. Verbs of smell and touch

In the Russian literary language, perception with the help of the olfactory organs is indicated by the verbs to smell and smell. But the first verb is a book verb, and in the context of a dialect or dialect, it can be replaced by verbs to feel, smell, notice, even hear (when the seme ‘hearing’ is neutralized).

In the materials of the SRGP, the verb to smell is recorded, which has the meaning of 'smell, smell': "How it smelled of this gasoline."

4. Phraseological units with the meaning of perception

Stable combinations expressing different types of perception are often used in the Russian dialects of the Amur region:

a) phraseological units with the meaning of visual perception, for example: to throw in the eyes – 'to look, to cast a glance': "She will throw her eyes like! Then I squinted my eyes"; I couldn't see with my eye – 'not once': "I don't know her, and I haven't seen her with my eye"; to see a trace for myself – 'it's bad to see (about poor eyesight)': "I've become old, I only see a trace of myself, I don't go far anywhere";

b) phraseological units with the meaning of auditory perception, for example: to instruct the ear – ‘to listen’: "I'm poking around here, I'll put my ear up, I hear songs"; to prick up my ears – 'strain your ears, listen carefully': "He'll pop his ears and go. I saw the beast, the goat is standing, its ears, you see, it's stuck up";

c) phraseological units with the meaning of smell and touch, for example: n abros d hom – 'to smell (about the smell)': "He throws the spirit, and the dog runs to the spirit, to the squirrel"; x wat (grip) d hom – 'act on the sense of smell (about the smell)': "Hut he will build, he will take away the pipe, so that the spirit of the beast is not enough"; to give a fuck – 'to hear, to smell': "But he had the courage and went, so you can hear that btkat."

Figure 1.Classification of perception verbs in the SRGP

In the "Dictionary of Dialects of Heilongjiang province" there are only 18 verbs with the meaning of perception, but all these verbal units relate only to the group of visual perception. Among them, 2 verbs denote the neutral semantics of visual perception: [ch?u] – to look; [ch?uji?n] - to see.

Next come the 9 verbs of visual perception with the semantics ‘to look with displeasure’: [b?i d?ng] and its synonym [b?i l?ng] – idiom, the literal translation of which is ‘to look at people of the white eyeballs’ which means ‘dissatisfaction with the others’; [b? d?ng] and its synonyms series [b? l?ng] and [l? l?ng] – ‘fasten (to cast) a glance at someone’, [h?ng l?ng] – ‘evil to cast (throw) a look at someone’; [h?u l?u] – ‘to tend (to cast) a glance at anyone of discontent’, synonyms of this word are verbs [w? g?u] and [w? g?].  According to emotional perception, these 9 verbal units express a negative, negative assessment. The model by which statements are constructed is also common: the subject is dissatisfied with the object of perception.

The value of the remaining seven verbs of visual perception are more diverse, although the verbal units not so much 2 of the verb with the semantics of ‘carefully to observe, to watch’: [bi?o] – ‘closely watch watch’, [b? cu? y?n zh? ?r] – ‘to observe a fixed gaze’; 2 verb with the semantics of ‘degree of inspection’: [li?] and its synonym [lu] – ‘fast to see anything’; 2 verb of visual perception with the semantics of ‘watch with a purpose’: [d y?n] – ‘smerit look’, in translation into Russian language is a sustainable combination; [s?o d?] – ‘look around, look askance’; 1 verb of visual perception with the semantics of ‘watch with a kind of desire’: [b? w?ng] – ‘closely watch with a kind of desire’.

Figure 2.The spread of perception verbs in the SGPH

The material showed that verbs and phraseological units with the meaning of visual perception in the SRGP prevail over other groups (17 lexemes), verbs and phraseological units with the meaning of auditory perception, 5 and 4 verbs and phraseological units with the meaning of olfactory perception were recorded.

Figure 3. Classification of perception verbs in the SRGP as a percentage

In SGP have lexical equivalents of verbs of visual perception of the "Dictionary of Russian dialects of the Amur region": verbs with neutral semantics 'see, look': to sagledati to bitching, seeingand [ch?u], [ch?u ji?n], verbs with semantikos 'to look with displeasure': usbinit and [b?i d?ng], [b?i l?ng], [b? d?ng], [b? l?ng], [l? l?ng], [h?ng l?ng], [h?u l?u], [w? g?u], [w? g?] are equivalent.

Perceptual vocabulary, being the result of direct human interaction with the world, connects the world of objective reality with the expression of this world in the language of human communication. We have considered ways to verbally master the category of perception by different ethnic groups. The dialect material gives an idea of the ethnic identity of the field of verbs of mental activity.