Problems of Differentiation of Components of Phraseological Synonymy in the Ingush Language

Kieva Zufira Khadzhibikarovna Doctor of Philology Ingush Research Institute of Humanities, Magas, Russia 367000, Russia, g. Makhachkala, ul. Gadzhieva, 45 zufira.kieva@mail.ru Other publications by this author

Phraseology as a special kind of nomination of properties and phenomena of real reality obeys the general semantic laws of language, entering into syntagmatic-paradigmatic relations with other linguistic units. One of the important signs of semantic consistency of phraseological units is their ability to enter into synonymous relations with other units of idioms.

Despite the presence of a number of works related to the study of phraseological units in the Ingush language (S. U. Patiev, F. G. Ozdoeva, F. S. Arsamakova, O. G. Chapanov, Z. H. Kiev, M. M. Sultygova, etc.), many problems related to systemic relations in the field of phraseology still remain relevant and are a subject of special interest.

The linguistic literature presents various points of view of scientists about phraseological synonymy. Among the existing many definitions of phraseological synonyms, quite capacious definitions are given by Yu. D. Apresyan, V. P. Zhukov, A.V. Kunin, L. A. Vvedenskaya, E. N. Miller, L. P. Zimina, N. A. Kirsanova, I. I. Chernyshev, etc.

At one time, V. P. Zhukov noted that phraseological synonyms function on the basis of a close relationship of structural, semantic and stylistic characteristics. The author believes that the completeness of the analysis of phraseological synonyms can be achieved due to this relationship ^{[8, p. 77]}.

Yu. D. Apresyan understands by phraseological synonyms such idioms, in which, when their core meaning coincides, the shades of meanings that determine the linguistic connection between them differ. Phraseological units of this kind, the author believes, "are capable of replacing each other in a number of strictly defined contexts, where they are used in the same syntactic construction and combined with the same lexical environment" ^{[13, p. 37]}.

            In turn, the definition of phraseological synonyms is given by A.V. Kunin, noting that these are "coreferent phraseological units belonging to the same grammatical class, partially coinciding or completely not coinciding in lexical composition, having common and differential semantic components and differing or coinciding stylistically" ^{[1, p. 127]}.

In modern linguistics, criteria have been developed that justify various classifications of phraseological synonymy. The basis of one of the most common classifications of this kind is the lexical and grammatical aspect. Therefore, the main criterion for determining phraseological synonyms, along with lexical ones, is the identity or proximity of their semantics and, accordingly, the phenomenon of objective reality designated by them.

Phraseological units whose semantics coincide may differ in functional stylistic affiliation, as well as have unequal compatibility. Within phraseological synonymy, there are special types of synonyms, which take into account the similarities and differences in the structure and lexical composition of components, semantic and stylistic relationships of these phraseological units, as well as the way they occur in the language.

Synonymous phraseological units cannot be attributed to linguistic units with the same meaning and capable of easily replacing each other. United by a common meaning, phraseological synonyms express shades of this meaning differently. In the context, it is often possible to replace one phraseologism with another, seemingly without affecting the general meaning, but in reality each phraseologism from the synonymous group gives the phrase a new stylistic or semantic shade, which brings phraseological synonyms closer to lexical ones.

As is known, phraseological and lexical synonyms are differentiated in semantic, structural and stylistic terms. Synonymic series (paradigms) of phraseological units are characterized by greater expressiveness and stylistic uniformity, but unlike lexical synonymic series (paradigms) are more structurally diverse. The peculiarity of the synonymic series of phraseological units is also the fact that the meaning of phraseological units is more complex than the word, which is due to the historical process of their formation.

In general, phraseological synonyms are phraseological units that are identical or have a very close meaning, correlated with the same part of speech, having extremely identical or similar syntactic compatibility, but differing from each other either in semantic shades or stylistic coloring, and sometimes both at the same time ^{[11; 8]}.

The Ingush language is rich in phraseological synonyms. Compare: Iai loa lurgdoatsash "such that it won't give snow in winter" – cho sholha boakkhargbolash "such that it splits the hair" – fua chura cho boakkhargbolash "such that it takes the hair out of the egg" – "stingy, greedy". The selection of idioms of this kind is based on the concept of semantic proximity of these units.

According to semantic and stylistic features, phraseological synonyms can have the following varieties: equivalent, ideographic and stylistic synonyms.

Equivalent phraseological units include phraseological units that completely coincide in meaning and are interchangeable in any context: Quemata di dallalza (lit. "until the Day of Judgment comes") "about what will not happen in this life" – Iodine hi yuhaderzzaltsa (lit. "until the water (river) flows backwards") "about what will not happen" – tsiska Muiash yallaltsa (lit. "the cat has horns until they grow") "about something that will never happen."

Consider the contextual use of these phraseological units:

1) Bartah ma duvtsalda tso yovmal Kememata di dallaltsa! – aylar Khokhkavennachara kHanz a shelvalanza Volchaalaiga (Bokov A. "Beke kyongash") ^[4].

"May he not humble himself until the Day of Judgment comes! – Alaig said in a hurry."

2) Iododa hi juhaderzzaltsa tsiga ma gIolva hyo! "Well, don't you go

there until the river flows backwards."

3)      Khalnaha shiina "dunen moarshal hilda", "ha y?a hiila","tsiska mu?ash yallaltsa vahalva",– yahash, lovtsash doahash a yist ca hulash, korta egabora tso (Pliev M.-S. "Hala urhe") ^[15].

/ "When women wished him health, a long life, "until the cat has horns," he just nodded his head in silence."

As we can see, these synonymous phraseological units have some differences in lexical and structural composition, but they express the same concept, their meaning is the same ("something that will never come true") and have the same functional style. This phenomenon indicates that these phraseological units are equivalent synonyms.

Ideographic phraseological synonyms express the same concept, but differ from each other in semantic shades. They have distinctive signs of a meaningful or figurative nature and a different internal form: dune Iodillacha denz (lit. "since the creation of the world") – Voorhhie da hana denz (lit. "from the seventh generation") – Shamal DargIa valcha denz (lit. from the moment Shamil arrived in Dargo") "for a long time, from time immemorial":

Consider the contextual use of these phraseological units:

1) Kabulata der sha'ra khabar dat, – alar Hasolta, – istta hiadoag?a er-m, dune ?odillacha denz (Pliev M.-S. "Hala urhe") ^[15]. / "The Kambulat says for a reason," Hasolta said, "so it has been established from time immemorial."

2) Dukkhacha k'ameh bola nah bar shoash vorxxle da hana denz istta bahacha sanna barttainacha tskhan dezale khota a benna k'akhyegash (Pliev M.-S. "Hala urhe") ^[15]. / "People of different nationalities, as if they had lived like this for a long time, worked together in a friendly united family."

3) Shamal Dargiya valcha denz mel hinnar daga ma Doagii tsunna-M. / "He remembers everything from the moment of Shamil's arrival in Dargo."

The illustrated phraseological units have clear stylistic shades and cannot always be replaced by each other. The semantic community "for a long time, for a long time" unites several phraseological units into one synonymous series, each of which brings a special additional shade to the general meaning, i.e. semantic remnants of the generalized semantics of the idiom manifest themselves. The presence of a shade of meaning or an additional meaning helps to semantically clearly distinguish one synonymous phraseological unit from another and choose the most accurate one ^{[2, pp. 4-18; 11; 12, pp. 317-322]}.

Among the varieties of synonymy of phraseological units in the Ingush language, stylistic phraseological synonyms can also be distinguished, characterized by the presence of a common meaning and differentiating connotations: pyida tSoggal mara (letters. "frogs have so many tails") "short mind" – korta bolh besh bang (lit. "my head doesn't work") "does not think" – hyoa boaca corta (lit. "brainless head") "stupid".

Consider the contextual use of these phraseological units:

1) Vala vezar hya korta bolh besh bat ainna mel hetar, – dagah velar Hamarza shiina hialha raza boatsash mel hinnareh (Vedzizhev A. "Loamashka darz") ^[5]. / "Let everyone die who thinks that your head doesn't work," Hamarza laughed to himself at those who were previously dissatisfied with him."

2)                 Phida tSoggal mara hyakal dat, Tovsolta, kha a (Pliev M.-S. "Hala urhe") ^[15]. / "And you, Tovsolta, have a frog's tail."

3)                 Niz michab khuvtsa tsun khyoa boatsa korta (Pliev M.-S. "Balan di") ^[14]. / "There is no power to change anything in his brainless head."

The context shows that, depending on which sphere of use the variable component belongs to – literary language or everyday colloquial speech, the stylistic characteristic of phraseology changes. The phraseological units listed above have the same meaning "stupid, stupid", but differ stylistically. This is explained by the fact that if the unit is phyida cIoggal mara (lit. "frogs have so many tails") "short mind" finds its application in the literary and colloquial sphere of communication, then all the other synonymous phraseological units given are used in everyday colloquial speech.

Since phraseological units, unlike words, tend to give a characteristic, emotional and evaluative assessment of the subject of thought, utterance, it is difficult to determine the dominant in the phraseological synonymic series, which most fully conveys the meaning of the series and is least marked in semantic and connotative-stylistic terms ^{[7; 9; 16, pp. 20-25]}.

Indeed, which phraseological unit can be preferred when choosing a dominant in such, for example, synonymous rows with the meaning of ‘die’: Iharten chu waha (letters. "to go to the next world") "to go to the afterlife" – bak dunen chu waha (lit. "went to the righteous world") – kogash bohbe vakha (lit. "keep your feet warm").          

Consider the contextual use of these phraseological units:

1) Naha H?amanna she da volash dol kulg d?at?a ca hîøosh ?aõharten chu viirzar hîíàona hàa da (Bokov A. "Beke kyongash") ^[4]. / "Your father died without touching someone else's property."

2) Senna hyewu of, shiy bak dunen chu d?avaha sag? (Bokov A. "CIiyenna sayre") ^[3]. / "Why remember him, who has gone to the righteous world."

3) Tho-m hyo tsar hy na kogash bohbe vahitav yahash hinnad (Pliev M.-S. "Hala urhe") ^[15]. / "We thought they sent you after your late mother."

In this case, the phraseological turnover with a transparent internal form, which reflects the characteristic typical representations in this environment, should be put in the first place among the synonymic series. The dominant in the synonymous phraseological series is the sign with the widest semantic scope, devoid of connotations and belonging to a neutral style. In phraseology, the word is dominant, since the phraseological turnover indirectly represents a nominative sign with evaluation, expression, emotionality and imagery: mott khaba (lit. "to feed the tongue"), metta doal de (lit. "keep your tongue"), mott lorabe (lit. "control the language") – (kamal sotsade "keep silent" (dominant).

Thus, the process of synonymy as one of the main types of semantic relations of phraseological units is characteristic of the phraseological units of the Ingush language, which plays a significant role in enriching the vocabulary of the language and is a necessary stage on the way to identifying the phraseological picture of the world of the Ingush language.

Phraseological units with synonymous subject-logical meaning, differing in evaluative or stylistic shades, act as a cultural element of the Ingush language. Such elements are stored in a society that "exists within the so-called communicative environment (space), and its functioning ultimately creates a specific cultural state" ^{[10; 6, p. 146]}.

The meaning of phraseological units is closely connected with the knowledge and ideas of native speakers, with the experience gained by the people speaking a particular language, with its cultural and historical events.

Phraseological synonyms that have arisen for the purposes of the nomination open up unlimited possibilities for the formation of accurate, emotionally expressive statements, make speech expressive, rich.