Abstract: The subject of research in this article are inscriptions 117 and 119 from Ai-Khanum (Greco-Bactria, ΙΙ century BC) according to the numbering of Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum (part 2, volume 1). It is very likely that they are 2 copies of the same text, preserved in different ways. The purpose of the work is to determine the meaning of words τοῦ ἡμιολίου, the inscriptions found in the data, as well as the meaning of the data inscriptions in general, the understanding of which depends on the interpretation of these words. The significance of this kind of work is explained by the fact that the surviving written sources on the economy of Greco-Bactria are extremely brief and fragmentary, and every word in them is significant and weighty for the researcher. The method of work is constant comparative. The study of the considered inscriptions from Ai-Khanum on the basis of comparison with the papyri from the Zeno archive is being carried out for the first time. The papyri considered in the article, in our opinion, contain a number of textual parallels with the Greek-Bactrian inscriptions under consideration. Conclusions of the article: judging by the analogies from the named Egyptian texts, the words τοῦ ἡμιολίου ( literally "one and a half" in the genitive case) are a direct complement to the words ἀπὸ κεραμίων δύο ("from two ceramias") and indicate the overflow into one large vessel of olive oil in the volume of one whole ceramium (small vessel) and half of the second ceramium. At the end of the article, a new translation of the consolidated text of inscriptions 117 and 119 is given. The scope of the results is the source studies of the ancient world, the economic history of Greco–Bactria, the Hellenistic world and the ancient world.

Keywords: papyri, the Ptolemaic kingdom, ancient ceramic containers, olive oil, the economy of the ancient world, ancient epigraphy, Ai-Khanum, Greco-Bactria, Zeno 's archive, the palace treasury

Abstract: Based on previously unexplored treaties and agreements, the article provides an analysis of the non-military mechanism for ensuring Russia's interests in Manchuria against the background of the formation and development of the statehood of the Hulunbuir district, known in the Mongolian-speaking world as Barga. Having played the Russo-Japanese War and lost a number of supporting territories, the Russian Empire took all necessary measures to preserve and strengthen its influence in the region and was able to form zones of preferential interests, thanks to which it managed to control the process of acquiring relative independence of the Barge in a favorable light for itself. The research methods were data collection; thematic monitoring of scientific publications; method of analysis of documentary streams; systematic approach. В В  The main conclusions of the study are that within the framework of the studied agreements, Russian national interests in the Far East were reliably protected. The instrument for this was concessions, which by their legal nature differed significantly from the concessions and settlements created by foreign powers in Eastern China, but could fully ensure the Russian presence and respect for strategic interests. Also among the conclusions is the judgment that the created system has shown its effectiveness, however, following the revolutionary events and the death of the Russian Empire, it could not survive the political crises that came during this period. The Chinese leadership, taking advantage of the turmoil that arose in Russia, liquidated first the autonomy of Outer Mongolia, and then the status of Hulunbuir stipulated in the agreements.

Keywords: economic interests, foreign settlement, concession, Hulunbuir, Barga, Northeast China, Russian-Chinese agreements, Russian-Japanese conventions, international agreement, national security

Abstract: The subject of the research in this article are the toponyms Essentuk, Essentuchok and Essentuki. The purpose of the work is to determine their origin. The author relies on the data of studies of the remains of the Golden Horde mausoleums of the XIV century, carried out in the second half of the XX and the beginning of the XXI century. on the outskirts and in the vicinity of the city of Essentuki, Stavropol Territory. The article takes into account the previously revealed connection between the mausoleums of the XIV century. the valley of the Podkumok River and the Kabardian-Abaza tombstones of the 18th century Cheshane located here. It is also important that during the construction of the Essentuki redoubt at the end of the XVIII century. the main population of the surrounding area were Kabardins and Abazins. In the work, the author applied an integrated approach and used various methods of historical and philological sciences. This allowed not only to speak more definitely about the origin of the toponyms Essentuk, Essentuchok and Essentuki, but also to approach the possibility of further reconstructions of the history of the Central Caucasus of the pre-Russian and Russian eras.As a result of the study, it was concluded that the name Essentuk (in later versions - Essentuchok and Essentuki) comes from the Kabardian phrase Esen tIygu - the edge (region or border) of Esen or Esen. The personal name Esen has a Turkic-Mongolian origin and is only occasionally found in the anthroponymy of the Adygs and neighboring peoples.The scope of application of the results is the history of the North Caucasus, research in the field of toponymy, museum and exhibition and excursion work, the creation of popular science and educational films.

Keywords: buildings-cheshane, mausoleums, the rate of the Golden Horde khans, written sources, archaeological data, Essentuki, Essentuk, origin of toponyms, North Caucasus, Essentuki Redoubt

Abstract: This article, based on the new research paradigm of the history of post-reform Russia, gives assessment to the role of public organizations in the course of establishment of civil society as one of the crucial elements of this phenomenon, which is aimed at laying the groundwork for personal development. Perm Governorate became one of the leading centers of civil development; the events held under the full support of Zemstvo institutions and municipality received a nationwide coverage. Using the examples of the work of Ural medical institutions and academic communities, the author reveals the process of their gradual engagement into the civil society system, and elicits their civil potential. Attention is turned to the high level of social coverage of the events held by public organizations, which is associated with the peculiarities of their composition, with the leading role played by democratic elements of the participants. The novelty of this research lies in the fact that this article is first the within Ural historiography to give assessment to the level of effectiveness of the delivered events, as well as determine the peculiarities of participation of Ural intelligentsia in the work of educational and enlightenment societies. Emphasis is made on the common features of public organizations, which allow assessing their work as a manifestation of own social activity, as well as formation of favorable conditions for personal development. The conclusion is substantiation on the significant influence of public organizations and associations on further development of the elements of civil society in Ural, creation of essential prerequisites for social development of the territories, and engagement of active social elements into the system of civil relations.

Keywords: society of doctors, public libraries, local governments, Alexander II reforms, civic activism, Perm province, public organizations, civil society, extracurricular organizations, system of extracurricular work

Abstract: The subject of this research is the activity of central and, specifically, local authorities aimed at ensuring conditions for public health and well-being in Vladivostok and Primorskaya Oblast in the early XX century. The goal is to determine the key problems pertaining to provision of urban amenities to the city and region, and the measures taken by the authorities to resolve them. Research methodology is based on the analysis of archival documents and a combination of special historical methods, such as problematic-chronological, comparative-historical, and classification. The author also used the materials from Primorsky State Archive, including cases of Vladivostok City Administration, reports of Vladivostok State Duma, and cases of the Military Governor of Primorskaya Oblast. In the conditions of modernization of the early XX century, including Stolypin's resettlement policy, the unpreparedness of suburbs of the Far East to mass population by foreign and Russian citizens became evident due to the absence of basic conditions of urban civilization. The conclusion is made that local authorities, relying on support of the central administration, undertook measures for ensuring favorable living conditions in the region. Leaning on examination of the previously unstudied archival documents, the author concludes on ineffectiveness of measures undertaken by the local authorities. The acquired results of can be applied in the current activity of local authorities, as well as in teaching historical disciplines universities, including such discipline as the History of the Primorsky Krai (in the department of Humanities at Pacific State Medical University). The experience accumulated demonstrates the effective solution for multiple issues.

Keywords: demography, resettlement, hygienic, public health, improvement, local government, modernization, living, hygiene, public health care

Abstract: This article examines the little-studied problem of periodization of the history of museology. The author describes the existing approaches of various scholars towards periodization, conducts their critical analysis, and offers original concept. The recommended model of the development of museology is based on the criterion of evolution of state power in the country. The subject of this research is to determine the peculiarities of museum construction in Saint Petersburg (the emergence of new profile groups, changes of social functions, impact of government policy upon museology) during the imperial, Soviet and presidential periods. The proposed methodology does not repeat any of the previously proposed periodization, which defines the novelty of this work. The recommended periodization, first and foremost, would allow conducting comparative analysis of the history of museum construction in different regions, both horizontally – each period, and vertically – between the periods; secondly, it is universal tool for all researchers in solution of research tasks and problems of museology; thirdly, it provides broader regional coverage – for identification of specific, common to certain areas, processes of the development of museology, as well as for introduction of regional material into the overall trend of museum development in Russia.

Keywords: museum network, criteria of periodization, periods of museum work, concept, method, museum history, museums of Saint Petersburg, periodization, stages of museum development, museum boom

Abstract: This article is dedicated to examination of the role of Parliamentary Assembly in development of the Union State. The goal is to trace the parliamentary activity in the Union State throughout the entire time of its existence, the objectives that were pursued, their transformation, and change of conditions for their accomplishment. This topic is especially relevant in the current context. A new milestone has passed in the history of Union State: December 2019 marked twenty years since its creation. Agreement on the formation of Parliamentary Assembly of the Community of Belarus-Russia Union State was signed earlier, in 1996. The novelty of this works consists in comprehensive and detailed analysis of different stages in formation of Parliamentary Assembly, which allows describing their role in further consolidation of the Union State. The scientific problem of this article can be articulated as follows: Parliamentary Assembly is not just a legislative institution that formulates the agenda for development of the Union State; it is also a platform for a continuous dialogue between Russia and Belarus. Therefore, examination of this government institution in an urgent scientific problem that allows revealing the key aspects of evolution of the Union State. As the resources for this article, the author explored the legislative acts of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation, legal information from official portals of the Union State and the Parliamentary Assembly. This underline the need for further development of parliamentarism in Russia-Belarus Union State for the purpose of improvement and strengthening of relations between the countries in the current conditions of international transformation. The article is based on most relevant documents pertaining to Russia-Belarus relations for the period from 1991 to the present.

Keywords: legislative act, Belarus, budget, parliamentarism, post-Soviet space, integration, Union state, Parliamentary Assembly, transformation, session