Linguocultural specificity of the formation of German and Russian restaurant names

Dolgopolova Liliya Anatol'evna ORCID: 0000-0003-1327-2454 Doctor of Philology Professor; Department of Linguistics and Intercultural Communication; State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education of the Republic of Crimea 'Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University named after Fevzi Yakubov' Office 41, Bastionnaya str., Simferopol, Republic of Crimea, 295044, Russia -- lilian2000@mail.ru Other publications by this author

Smolenko Vadim Ruslanovich Graduate student; Faculty of Philology; Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University named after Fevzi Yakubov 295000, Russia, Rep. Crimea, Simferopol, lane Academic, 8 smolenko92@bk.ru

Introduction

The globalization processes of recent decades have significantly changed our attitude towards such important areas of life as nutrition, leisure, health, etc., which has led to the growth of new types of activities and facilities that require a special approach to their naming. Among such nominations, there are onyms created as a result of a commercial nomination focused on commercial goals and obtaining a commercial effect ^{[6, p. 4]}. Creating such a name is a creative process that is of interest to a wide range of specialists, including cultural scientists, sociologists, historians, marketers, and linguists.

The functional uniqueness of commercial names has contributed to the emergence of specialized types of ergonyms such as firmonyms, commerconyms, temonyms, officionyms, etc. ^{[1, pp. 153-154]}. In recent decades, there has been a special interest in the formation and functioning of names of public catering facilities, which are considered as trapezonyms ^{[2, p. 154]}, trophonyms, restoronyms ^{[3, p. 73; 4, p. 63]}, etc.

The names of food establishments are the object of a fairly wide range of linguistic studies devoted to restaurant discourse ^{[5; 6]}. The restorationsof individual cities are in the center of scientific interest. Special attention is paid to the key principles and trends in their construction ^[7], the specifics of their formation in multicultural regions of the Russian Federation ^[8] and semantic motivation ^[9], methods of word formation ^{[10; 11]}, etc. At the same time, we note the lack of knowledge about the formation of names of catering establishments in various linguistic cultures.

The relevance of the research is determined by the growing interest in studying the methods and mechanisms of commercial nomination, demonstrating unrelenting innovative processes and ways of word creation. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time the analysis of German- and Russian-language restoronyms of individual historical centers is carried out in order to identify the universals of intercultural differences in their formation.

The purpose of this article is to establish the features of the formation of German and Russian restoronyms, which will reveal the specifics of creating a commercial onym in various linguistic cultures. The following tasks were set in accordance with the goal: 1) to characterize the features of the historical and cultural background of the formation and functioning of restoronyms in the central part of Berlin and Moscow; 2) to identify the types of nomenclature names of the analyzed catering establishments; 3) to identify the universal and national features of the formation of Berlin and Moscow restoronyms.

The object of research consists of restoronyms as names of catering establishments. The subject is the semantic and word-formation features of the German- and Russian-speaking restoronyms of the historical centers of Berlin and Moscow, the choice of which is determined by the importance of the capitals of Germany and Russia as historical, cultural and multiethnic megacities, where establishments, on the one hand, represent the deep-rooted traditions of national cuisine, on the other hand, reveal modern trends in the development of food culture. It should also be noted that the population of Berlin and Moscow is multiethnic, which is also reflected in the multinational nature of the catering establishments.

The practical material of the study was data on restaurants in the center of Berlin and Moscow from electronic resources. speisekarte.de ^[12] (935 titles) and Restoclub (2596 titles) ^[13], which contain restoronyms and accompanying information clarifying the specifics of the institution.

To achieve this goal, the methods of semantic analysis were used to interpret the nomenclature types of catering establishments and establish a connection between the restoronym and the institution designated by it; the method of component analysis to identify the most productive word-formation models of restoronyms and comparative analysis, which helps to identify similarities and differences in the formation of German- and Russian-language names of catering establishments. The theoretical basis of the research consists of works in the field of ergonomics as one of the sections of modern onomastics by N. V. Podolskaya ^[14], I. T. Vepreva ^[15], I. A. Tortunova ^[11], M. Perea ^[16] devoted to the description of linguistic and linguopsychological foundations of ergonyms. The results of the study of a special type of ergonyms were taken into account – the names of catering establishments representing various criteria for their classification and methods of education, O. Y. Bryukhova et al. ^[5], S.A. Pitina ^[10], M. N. Romankevich ^[9]; linguistic and cultural aspects of naming by N. M. Galimullina et al. ^[8], as well as works by G. N. Starikova and Hoang Thi Hong Chang, which substantiate the choice of a special term such as a restoronym ^{[3; 4]}.

Research and results

The restoratives of the central part of Berlin (Mitte Berlin)

The first restaurant in Berlin was opened by permission of King Friedrich Wilhelm I in Lustgarten in 1721 and was named after the area. Soon the Royal on Berenstrasse, the City of Rome on Unter den Linden, the Arnoldi on Kronenstrasse, the Mirka on Taubenstrasse and others opened ^[15]. Today, there are over 6,000 catering establishments in the German capital that offer traditional German dishes to residents and guests of the city, as well as cuisine from other ethnic groups living in Berlin. Many of their restaurants and cafes, primarily located in the historical part of the city, are important cultural and social centers.

For three centuries, there has been a tradition of creating a restoronym, reflecting the peculiarities of the attitude of restaurateurs and Berliners themselves to such establishments. The overwhelming majority of the restaurant's name includes identifiers: Gaststube 'restaurant' "Schlögl's Altberliner Gaststube", Kantine 'canteen, buffet' "Chipperfield Kantine", Kaffeestube'coffee shop' "Kaffeestube im Nikolaiviertel", Bar 'bar' "Relax Bar", Lokal 'cafe, snack bar' "Lokal", Wirtshaus 'tavern' "Hofbräu Wirtshaus", Brauhaus 'brewery' "Brauhaus Georgbraeu", Schnitzel'schnitzel' "Schnitzel Mitte", Fischrestaurant 'fish restaurant' "The Fish". In some cases, multiple identifiers are used, such as Cafe und Restaurant 'cafe and restaurant' "Cafe und Restaurant Spreeblick", Schank U. Speisewirtschaft 'diner and restaurant' "Sophieneck Schank U. Speisewirtschaft».

In restaurants with foreign cuisine, the appropriate forms of catering establishments are used: Rotisserie (French) 'snack bar' "Rotisserie WeinGrün", Cr ? perie (French) 'pancake house' "Cr ? perie im Nikolaiviertel", Brasserie (French) 'brasserie' "Ganymed Brasserie und Krustentier", Trattoria (Italian) 'restaurant, tavern' "Trattoria Piazza Rossa", Ristorante (Italian) 'restaurant' "Ristorante Porta Nova", Tapas Bar 'tapas Bar' "Tapas y mas", Restaurant-Sushibar 'restaurant-Sushibar' Izumi Restaurant-Sushibar, Steakhouse 'steakhouse"MAREDO Steakhouse Berlin Unter den Linden" and others.

The accompanying texts use the classifier as an index of the restaurant's national cuisine. The list we are analyzing is dominated by German-speaking cuisine marked deutsch ‘German (restaurant)' "Mutter Hoppe", "Restaurant Fischer & Lustig"; regionales 'regional' "Zur letzten Instanz Restaurant", "Restaurant Esszimmer", berlinerisches 'Berlin' "Zur Gerichtslaube", "Alt-Berliner Wirtshaus", bayerisches 'Bavarian' "Erdinger Am Gendarmenmarkt", ö sterreichisches "Einstein Unter den Linden" and others.

Restaurants with the internationales 'international' classification "Restaurant Sphere im Fernsehturm", "Checkpoint Restaurant & Bar 85", italienisches 'Italian' "Sagrantino, bocca di bacco", franz ö sisch "Entrecote – Restaurant et Brasserie", spanisches 'Spanish' "Restaurant Esperanza", mediterranes 'Mediterranean" are also widely represented.' "Restaurant Chateau Royal", amerikanisches 'American' "The Brookly", etc.

The gastronomic traditions of Asian countries are conveyed in the accompanying texts by the general classifier asiatisches 'Asian' "Nhat Long Restaurant", or indicating a specific country: chinesisches 'Chinese' "Ming Restaurant Peking Ente", vietnamesisches 'Vietnamese' "Restaurant Shi-Mai, Vietime", Thai ndisches 'Thai' "Thai Ha", japanisches 'Japanese' "Sushi Club – Mitte", koreanisches 'Korean' "yamyam - Korean Cuisine".

Less common are restaurants with the classifier indisches 'Indian' "INDIA CLUB Berlin", arabisches 'Arabic' "Casalot Restaurant", tkisches 'Turkish' "Restaurant Efendi", mexikanisches 'Mexican' "Tex-Mex Cantina", israelisches 'Israeli' "MontRaw", syrisches 'Syrian' "Yarok", russisches 'Russian' "100 Gramm", griechisches 'Greek' "San Éna", etc.

The classifier may include information about current trends in nutrition: veganes 'vegan' "Anna Koschke Restaurant" and vegetarisches 'vegetarian' "Momos – Organic Veggie Dumplings"; locations: Cafe in Mitte 'cafe in the city center' "factory girl", the level of service and sophistication of cuisine Gourmet-Restaurant 'gourmet restaurant' "Lorenz Adlon Esszimmer" and others.

In the structural aspect, German-language restoronyms are mainly phrases where, in addition to identifiers, various kinds of onyms are actively used, such as:

- place names indicating the location of the restaurant: "Hopfingerbräu am Brandenburger Tor", "Gaffel Haus Berlin an der Friedrichstraße", "Restaurant im Hamburger Bahnhof", "Augustiner am Gendarmenmarkt", "Crêperie im Nikolaiviertel Bistro Restaurant";

- the name Berlin or its derivative (Alt)Berliner: "Altberliner Restaurant", "Schlögl's Altberliner Gaststube", "ALEX Berlin am Alex", "Bolt's Berliner Steakhaus", "Die Berliner Republik";

- personal names: "Sophieneck Schank U. Speisewirtschaft", "Mutter Hoppe", "Berliner Marcus Bräu", etc.

Among the special cases, we highlight the use of the names of popular German dishes in the restoronyms: "Curry at the Wall" and "Sauerkraut". In the first case, we are talking about the Berlin cult snack Currywurst ‘currywurst, sausage with curry’, in the second – about a traditional German dish, which includes sauerkraut.

The name of the establishment may also include the brand of beer offered as a drink: "Hofbräu Wirtshaus", "Berliner Marcus Bräu", "Hopfingerbräu am Brandenburger Tor", "Brauhaus Georgbraeu".

We also note a single case of the restoronym "Der Hahn ist tot!", reproducing the name of the famous French canon of the early twentieth century, popular in German-speaking regions.

There are three trends in the formation of the names of establishments with foreign cuisine:

- restoronyms representing international cuisine are formed, as a rule, in English "Checkpoint Restaurant & Bar", "THE REED" or a combination of English and German: "Katz Orange Restaurant-Bar", "CHIPPS am Gendarmenmarkt";

- the names of establishments with European cuisine have names created in the language of the restaurant's specialization, most often in Italian: "Trattoria Piazza Rossa", "Trattoria Pizzeria San Nicola", "La Via del Muro", etc.; French: "Sucre et Sel", "Entrecote-Restaurant et Bras", "La Bigoudene", Spanish: "El Colmado", "Bodega iberica";

- the names of establishments representing non-European cuisine are formed in German / English with the addition of lexemes indicating the national character of the dishes, for example, Chinese restaurants "Ming Dynastie Jannowitzbrücke", "Restaurant Peking Ente", "Liu Chuan Chuan Xiang & Nudelhaus"; Indian "Indisches Restaurant ASMAN", "Buddha Indisches Catering"; Vietnamese "Restaurant Shi-Mai"; Thai "Van-Long Restaurant"; Korean "yamyam – Korean Cuisine", etc.

The names of the central part of Moscow

The Moscow restaurant industry began to actively form at the end of the last century with the arrival of a number of representatives of American catering such as McDonald's, Pizza Hut, etc. Over time, catering establishments representing Russian cuisine and cuisine of other nations appear in the Russian capital. As the analysis shows, today Moscow catering establishments offer not only varied and high-quality food, but also an atmosphere of pleasant pastime.

According to G.N. Starikova and Hoang Thi Hong Chang, Moscow catering establishments have a significant list of identifiers. It features traditional types of establishments such as a bar, restaurant, pancake house, snack bar, etc., as well as exotic luncheries, ceviceries, cidreries, etc. ^{[3, p. 74]}.

Unlike the Berlin restoronyms, these identifiers are in most cases not part of the name. In rare cases, the restoronyms use the indexes Restaurant 'restaurant' "Dacha Restaurant", bar "Chisto Rostovsky bar", Chaihona 'Chaihona' "Vasilchuki Chaihona No. 1", Lounge 'lounge' "Tangiers Lounge Pokrovka", Bistro 'bistro' "Fish of Dreams Bistro", etc.

Information about the nomenclatural type of establishment and its features is usually provided in the accompanying text, where identifiers such as restaurant are most often found, less often bar, for example, "Khitrovka. Spacious restaurant at the hotel in Pevchesky Lane", "Summer Punch. Bar from comedian Sergey Orlov"; identifiers of foreign language origin – osteria "DeLaura", lounge "Everest Siberia", brasserie "Brasserie Kuznetsky Bridge". There are also complex names consisting of two identifiers: lounge bar "Timeless", restaurant-bar "Bread and Wine"; identifier and classifier: bar-bar "People in Blue", karaoke bar "Eugenic", etc.

The classifiers are markers of national or regional cuisine: the European restaurant "Veranda 32.05", "Secret Place", the Mediterranean "Butler"; the Italian "DeLaura", the Greek "Lúwo". Local cuisine is represented by the Russian restaurant Bunker-42, the Siberian Sibiryachka and Bullfinch, the Buryat-Mongolian Orda, and the Rostov Purely Rostov Bar.

The southeastern regions are represented by the Georgian restaurant "Kubdari"; the Chinese "Mr. Lee", Turkish "Marmaris", etc. We also note the few restaurants with American "Nebar", "Smoke BBQ" and Mexican cuisine "Arrurru", "tacobar", etc.

At the same time, the list of Moscow restaurants includes restaurants with the "author's" classification. On the website, they are marked as belonging to the Novikov Group "Magadan on Red" network organizations. October", "Pro.Khinkali", "Fish Dreams", etc.; Restaurant Group ORIGIN "Lúwo", "Zoica", Ginza Project"Butler" or individual restaurateurs "Summer Punch. Comedian's bar by Sergey Orlov", "Mendeleev Bar & Music. Trendy cocktail bar by Oshi Izakaya", "Avero mio. Vera Sadovnikova's Italian Restaurant, etc.

Classifiers can be accompanied by additional markers indicating the degree of comfort: premium restaurant "Sansa", cozy restaurant "Pro. Shashlik"; attractiveness: stylish restaurant "Window", elegant restaurant "Lele Kitchen & Wine", atmospheric restaurant "Yurt", beautiful restaurant "Parable", etc.

A foreign language is often used to create a restoronym. First of all, we are talking about restaurants representing the cuisine of other countries or regions. Thus, the names of European restaurants in Moscow are often served in English. These can be easily recognizable phrases Secret Place ‘secret place', 7 Sky ‘seventh heaven'; Smoke BBQ menu specialization ‘barbecue with smoke'. The names are also widely used in Italian: Pepe Nero ‘black pepper', French: Bon app café ‘bon appetit'.

When creating a restoronym, a hybridization method is used, implying a mixture of different languages/ alphabets. The hybrid may contain foreign and Russian words: "The Bull", "Timeless Chistye Prudy", "Brasserie Kuznetsky Bridge". The Russian word can be transliterated: "The Pivo", "Dukh Passionate".

Let's note the trend of using the abbreviation Pro. from English professional: "Pro.Khinkali", "Pro.Shish Kebab", borrowed from the field of digital technologies, where Pro. indicates a high degree of professionalism of the institution.

The restoronyms widely use godonyms indicating the location of the institution: "M2 Organic Club Patriarchal", "Tangiers Lounge Pokrovka", "Brasserie Kuznetsky Bridge", "Khitrovka", "Dukh Strastnoy", "Food Hall Market on Maroseyka", Timeless Chistye Prudy"; oikonyms "Purely Rostov bar"; oikonym and the godonym is "Magadan on the Red October", proper names "Evgenich", "Babel", "Zoika", "Vasilchuki Chaihona No. 1", "Mendeleev Bar & Music". Most often, these are the names of famous personalities or literary characters. So the restoronym "Evgenich" is associated with the singer Sergey (Evgenievich) Zhukov, popular in the 90s, from the band "Hands up", according to whose branded recipes visitors are offered author's tinctures. The Babel restaurant is positioned as an institution with Odessa flavor and specialization in Black Sea cuisine.

The numbers "M2 Organic Club" are also used in the names of restaurants. Patriarchs", "Bunker-42", "Veranda 32.05". They may carry additional information, indicating a connection with another object: M2 is included in the name of "Farm M2", Russia's first organic farm; or indicate an unrealistic date, as 32.05 'May 32'.

A number of restoronyms have the form of communicative constructions. The presence in the term "Purely Rostov bar" of the lexeme purely functioning in the criminal environment as "really, really" outplays the well-known expression "Rostov-Papa".

The nickname "No fish" reflects the peculiarities of the restaurant's cuisine, specializing exclusively in meat dishes. The lexemes of the name "Sibiryachka and bullfinch" are associated with both the regional specialization of the dishes and the interior, where the "window" partitions with bullfinches and the signature dessert "Bullfinch" are presented.

Let's restrain the remark "Hello! We like pasta!", which, due to the sign of colloquial speech, has a special fascinative power ^{[2, p. 168]}, is made in the form of a rhyme: hello– pasta. The pasta token focuses on the profile status of a restaurant with Italian cuisine.

There are also non-identifying synonyms such as "Everest Siberia", "Miracle Yudo", "Window", which do not correspond to the profile of the institution and are ambiguously perceived by customers.

Conclusions

The analysis of the material allows us to draw a number of conclusions.

- the word-making of Berlin and Moscow restoronyms is represented by a wide list of names, which use various lexical and graphic means, communicative constructions and hybrid combinations that allow identifying the naming object as a catering establishment;

- it is common for the formation of restoronyms to use a list of domestic and foreign identifiers defining the nomenclature type of the institution, and classifiers indicating the national nature of the services provided, as well as the use of various types of onyms in restoronyms, including godonyms and astonyms specifying the location of institutions;

- the difference between the formation of Berlin restoronyms is the inclusion of an identifier in the name, the absence of an indication in the accompanying text of the degree of comfort and attractiveness of the institution, membership in network organizations and the author's cuisine;

- Moscow restoronyms have a more significant list of identifiers and classifiers of various semantics; they demonstrate the widespread use of English in the names of restaurants with domestic and foreign cuisine, as well as various types of hybrid nominations.

In general, the analysis shows that the ergonomicon of Berlin and Moscow catering establishments has a well-coordinated system of restoronym education, which uses traditional and innovative ways of word creation.

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