Abstract: This article is devoted to the problems of interpretation of “prudential exception” clauses in international trade and investment agreements. The author examines in what cases the relevant international norms can be applied by states in international disputes, as well as in what cases states can avoid international responsibility if the national measures aimed at preventing financial crisis led to violation of their commitments in the field of trade liberalization and protection of foreign investments. The purpose of the article is to study the scope of rights granted to states by such rules in terms of taking measures aimed at protecting consumers of financial services, ensuring the integrity and stability of the financial system, as well as identifying restrictions on the abuse of such rights.
The author makes distinction between “measures taken for prudential reasons” and “prudential measures” and determined procedural and material terms for the application of such exceptions. Author also made recommendations on how to reform the prudential exceptions contained in the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union. The author proposes to improve the procedure of considering investment prudential disputes, by transferring the consideration of such disputes to a special commission, the members of which should be representatives of bodies authorized to introduce prudential measures, both from the state from which the investor originates, and from the state in whose territory the investments are made.

Keywords: good faith, GATS, Treaty on the EAEU, investment dispute, financial stability, international dispute, financial crisis, financial services, prudential measures, prudential reasons

References:
Gatina, D. R. (2021). Prudential carve-out clause in the case "Argentina-Financial Services". International Law, 2, 1- 11
Feldstein M. (1991). Introduction to "The Risk of Economic Crisis". In: Feldstein M The Risk of Economic Crisis. University of Chicago Press.
Morris, CHR (2019). The Law of Financial Services Groups. Oxford University Press.
Smbatyan, A.S. (2015). EVOLUTIONARY INTERPRETATION IN WTO DISPUTE SETTLEMENT JURISPRUDENCE. Eurasian legal journal, 4, 30-34.
Gatina, D. R. (2021). Prudential carve-out clause in Treaty on the EAEU. Comparative analysis with paragraph 2 (a) of the GATS Annex on Financial Services. Legal science, 5, 125-129.
Panel Report, Argentina-Financial services WT/ DS453/R (30 September 2015) [Electronic resource]. Retrieved from https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc .aspx?filename=q:/ WT/DS/453R.pdf&Open=True?.
Yang, A. (2018). The Evolving Prudential Exceptions

Abstract: One of the important elements of international court proceedings is the acquisition of information materials upon which the court makes its decisions. Such information, same as in the context of domestic courts, is called judicial evidence. The constituent documents of international courts contain very meager regulation of acquisition and evaluation of the evidence. The parties to international legal proceeding are the sovereign states, which makes it primarily adversarial. This implies that the parties represent the facts that confirm their positions. However, international courts rely on the principle of jura novit curia (“the court knows the law”), i.e. the parties to legal dispute do not need to plead or prove the law that applies to their case. This problem gains special importance due to the growing number and variety of international courts, as well as the emergence of a number of quasi-judicial institutions; in this sphere, all of them rely on the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice. Certain new trends are traced in the practice of courts and even categories of cases that pertain to human rights.

Keywords: international organization, UN International Court of Justice, proliferation of international courts, judicial practice, powers of the international court of justice, judicial evidence, international judicial process, international justice, human rights, international law

References:
Case concerning Certain German Interests in the Polish Upper Silesia [Germany v Poland] [Merits]. PCIJ Rep Series A ¹ 7, 19.
Case of the Free Zones of Upper Savoy and the District of Gex (France v Switzerland). PCIJ Rep Series A/B ¹ 46.
Case relating to the Territorial Jurisdiction of the International Commission of the River Oder. Judgement of 10 September 1929.
Cassese A. The Nicaragua and Tadic Tests Revisited in Light of the ICJ Judgment on Genocide in Bosnia // European Journal of International Law. 2007, Vol. 18.
Colombian-Peruvian asylum case, Judgment of November 20th 1950. I.C. J. Reports. 1950.
Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission.
Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission (28 April 2004) (12 April 2006). - R. 16 (data obrashcheniya: 05.04.2020).
Faber Case (Germany v Venezuela) (1903) 10 Reports of International Arbitral Awards.
Fisheries Jurisdiction (United Kingdom v. Iceland). Order of Feb. 2. I.C.J., 1973.
Fisheries Jurisdiction Case (Germany v Iceland), Jurisdiction, Judgment 2n

Abstract: The article is devoted to a retrospective study of human rights monitoring in civil peacekeeping missions of the 1990's, in Haiti and South Africa. The beginning of the 1990's was marked by the transformation of the concept of international UN peacekeeping with the shift towards the protection of human rights. The purpose of this study is a historical and comparative analysis of the monitoring of human rights implementation on two continents – in Central America and in South Africa. Traditionally attention is paid to the point of view of Amnesty International on this issue. In the course of comparative law and the concrete-historical analysis specific characteristics of civil monitoring missions of human rights implementation in the early 1990's are identified. The conducted study is based on a combination of specific historical, comparative, formal-legal and political-legal methods. Concrete-historical analysis of human rights monitoring in the civil peace operations, which originated in the beginning of 1990's, is held for the first time in the Russian legal science. Based on the analysis of a number of international legal acts and documents (the “Agenda for peace”, resolutions of the UN General Assembly and the Security Council, recommendations of Amnesty International) and on the concrete-historical examples of civil missions in the early 1990's the change of UN position and the position of its field missions on the problem of human rights protection is shown and the main directions of its further decision, implemented within later peace operations, are defined.

Keywords: UNMIH, South Africa, Haiti, human rights, monitoring, peacekeeping, United Nations, UNOMSA, OAS, African Union

References:
Zverev P.G. Vooruzhennoe stolknovenie mezhdu Niderlandami i Indoneziey za nezavisimost' Zapadnoy Novoy Gvinei i Sily Bezopasnosti OON v Zapadnom Iriane (1962-1963): istoriya konflikta i ego uregulirovaniya // Vestnik gumanitarnogo nauchnogo obrazovaniya. – 2014. – ¹ 3 (41). – S. 10-14.
Zverev P.G. Monitoring prav cheloveka na primerakh mirotvorcheskikh missiy v Sal'vadore i Kambodzhe // Sbornik statey Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii «Novye zadachi pravovoy nauki i puti ikh resheniya», 20 noyabrya 2014 g. – Ufa: Aeterna, 2014. – S. 37-39.
Zverev P.G. Pravovye osnovy mezhdunarodnogo mirotvorchestva OON // Vestnik Kaliningradskogo filiala Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta MVD Rossii. – 2014. – ¹ 4 (38). – S. 56-59.
Zverev P.G. Suetskiy krizis, Shestidnevnaya voyna i Pervye Chrezvychaynye vooruzhennye sily OON (ChVS OON I, 1956-1967): istoriya konflikta i protsessa ego uregulirovaniya // Vestnik gumanitarnogo nauchnogo obrazovaniya. – 2013. – ¹ 12 (38). – S. 10-16.
UN Department of Public Information, United Nations F

Abstract: This article analyzes the questions of protection, provision and advancement of human rights under the conditions of peacekeeping operations of the 1990’s. It is precisely this period that marked the fundamental change in the very ideology of UN’s international peacekeeping and its integral concept of protection of human rights throughout the peacekeeping missions. The goal of this research is to demonstrate just how and by how much the protection of human rights has grown during the period of transition from the “traditional” support of peace to the “expanded” peacekeeping. A special attention is given to the position of the International Amnesty on this subject. Based on the analysis of a number of international legal acts (“An Agenda for Peace”, The Vienna Declaration and Program of Action) and specific historical examples of UN peacekeeping missions of the 1990’s the author illustrates the change in attitude of the United Nations Headquarters and its field missions towards the problematics of protection of human rights, and the key directions of its further solution that were realized within subsequent peacekeeping missions.

Keywords: UN, Peacemaking, Support of peace, Peacr enforcement, Boutros-Ghali, Vienna Declaration, Human rights, Human rights protection, International amnesty, Internationa law

References:
Zverev P.G. Voennoe vtorzhenie Izrailya v Livan 1978 g., Vtoraya Livanskaya voyna 2006 g. i Vremennye sily OON v Livane (VSOONL): istoriya i sovremennost' // Istoriko-kul'turnye issledovaniya. – 2014. – ¹ 2 (8), may-avgust. – S. 7-12.
Zverev P.G. Indo-pakistanskiy konflikt i Gruppa voennykh nablyudateley OON v Indii i Pakistane: istoriya i sovremennost' // Istoricheskaya nauka. – 2013. – ¹ 4 (7), oktyabr'-dekabr'. – S. 9-15.
Zverev P.G. Kiprskiy konflikt i Vooruzhennye sily OON po podderzhaniyu mira na Kipre: istoriya i sovremennost' // Vestnik Kaliningradskogo filiala Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta MVD Rossii. – 2014. – ¹ 2 (36). – S. 96-98.
Zverev P.G. Konflikt na Blizhnem Vostoke i pervaya mirotvorcheskaya operatsiya OON (ONVUP): istoriya i sovremennost' // Vestnik gumanitarnogo nauchnogo obrazovaniya. – 2013. – ¹ 11 (37). – S. 11-16.
Zverev P.G. Okkupatsiya Izrailem Golanskikh vysot 1974 g. i Sily OON po nablyudeniyu za raz'edineniem (SOONNR): istoriya i sovremennost' // Istoricheskaya nauka. – 2014. – ¹ 3 (10), iyul'-sentya

Abstract: The article contains analysis of various issues regarding interpretation of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982, which were faced by the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) in the course of dealing with the cases on immediate release of seized vessels and their crews. The main part of the problem is dealt with based upon the judicial practice of the International Tribunal for the Law of the sea. The author uncovers the main tendencies in the judicial practice of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, novelties and norm-making of this judicial body on the issues of immediate release of the seized vessels and their crews. The author studies the issues of confiscation (of a fishing boat in cases on unlawful fishing in an exclusive economic zone), bails and material guarantees, grounds for the seizure of foreign vessels in an exclusive economic zone, procedural issues regarding admissibility of claims for the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (namely,  presence of a real connection between a vessel and a protecting state, the need to exhaust the local legal remedies, presence of sufficient evidence).

Keywords: international law, the UN Convention, International Tribunal, law of the sea, judicial proceedings, interpretation of international disputes, judicial precedent, judicial decision, bail, confiscation

References:
The "Volga" Case (Russia v. Australia) (Prompt Release), Judgment of December 23, 2002, 6 Int'l Trib. L. of the Sea Rep. of Judgments Advisory Opinons and Orders 10-41 (2002), available at http://www.itlos.org/start2_en.html
Louise Angelique de La Fayette, Saiga Cases. Para. 12. www. mpepil.org.
Mezhdunarodnaya konventsiya ob areste sudov, Zheneva, 12 marta 1999 g.
The "Monte Confurco" Case (Seychelles v. France) (Prompt Release), Judgment of December 18, 2000, 4 Int'l Trib. L. of the Sea Rep. of Judgments Advisory Opinons and Orders, 86-117 (2000), available at http://www.itlos.org/start2_en.html
The "Juno Trader" Case (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines v. Guinea-Bissau) (Prompt Release), Judgment of December 18, 2004, 8 Int'l Trib. L. of the Sea Rep. Of Judgments Advisory Opinons and Orders 17-92 (2004), available at http://www.itIos.org/start2_-en.html
The "Grand Prince" Case (Belize v. France) (Prompt Release), Judgment of April 20, 2001, 5 Int'l Trib. L. of the Sea Rep. of Judgments Advisory Opi

Abstract: The article concerns the nature and complications of international justice. The author studies specific practices of international courts regarding resolution of international legal disputes.  The author also pays attention to the issue of non-enforcement of judicial decisions of the international courts and the measures, which the international courts take in order to avoid this problem.  The author writes that resolution of international legal disputes, as well as provision of consultative opinons, form the main function of the international judicial institutions. The meaning of this function is to assist normal relations between the states, and it is aimed at having a real influence upon the international relations. In the opinion of the author to resolve an international legal dispute is to restore normal neighbourly relations between the conflicting states.  Law serves as means and not a goal in this process. Of course, a body resolving a dispute should not go outside the boundaries of law, but an overly formal approach towards its functions may finally lead to loss of the very meaning of its existence.

Keywords: international law, international court, judicial proceedings, judicial process, dispute, decision, consultative opinion, enforcement of judicial decisions, international relations, pacification

References:
Sazonova K.L. K voprosu o sootnoshenii mezhdunarodnykh prestupleniy gosudarstva, norm jus cogens i obyazatel'stv erga omnes v sovremennom mezhdunarodnom prave // Pravo i politika.-2013.-9.-C. 1175-1181. DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2013.9.9410.
R. A. Gurbanov Evropeyskaya sudebnaya set' i Evroyust kak osnovnye sub'ekty sotrudnichestva organov pravosudiya gosudarstv-chlenov ES v sfere ugolovnogo pravosudiya. // Mezhdunarodnoe pravo i mezhdunarodnye organizatsii / International Law and International Organizations.-2011.-4.-C. 113-120.
V. A. Oganesyan Resheniya mezhdunarodnykh sudov po pravam cheloveka kak osobyy istochnik razvitiya i soblyudeniya printsipov ugolovnogo pravosudiya // Mezhdunarodnoe pravo i mezhdunarodnye organizatsii / International Law and International Organizations.-2012.-1.-C. 65-71. G.G. Shinkaretskaya. Iz'yatie iz kompetentsii sudebnykh uchrezhdeniy del, otnosyashchikhsya k vnutrenney kompetentsii gosudarstva // Pravo i politika. – 2010. – ¹ 3.
R. A. Kalamkaryan. Mezhdunarodnyy sud OON kak administrativno-pravovoy organ mirovogo so