Abstract: The author discusses the current state of legal regulation of fisheries in the Russian Federation and relations related to the use and conservation of aquatic biological resources. It provides an overview of the main legislative framework in this area and the specifics of its implementation. The author highlights the main types of fishing activities. Special attention is given to the challenges facing the industry and measures taken to address them. One particular issue discussed is violations of regulations related to amateur fishing, which can lead to depletion of aquatic biological resources and pollution of aquatic resources. The importance of preventing adverse consequences for the fishing industry caused by external factors is emphasized, using the example of measures taken by the Russian Federation to limit fish imports from Japan in 2023. It is noted that the Russian fishing industry is currently undergoing a process of global modernization. A significant part of this process is the mechanism of investment quotas. The author analyses various points of view on this project. Some argue against it, while others support the favorable outcomes of the investment quota mechanism. It is noted that, even a partial implementation of the program would lead to an improvement in the equipment state of the industry. The article review the current state of legal regulation of the fisheries complex of the Russian Federation, the use and protection of aquatic biological resources. The author provides a description of the main regulatory framework in this area, highlights the main types of fishing and the specifics of their regulation at the legislative level. Special attention is paid to the problems of the industry and the measures taken to solve them. Conclusions and suggestions for improving the considered gaps in government regulation are formulated.