Existential Constructions in Prose Text by P.A. Oyunsky: A Model of the Beginning of Existence, Events, and Actions

Introduction. This article presents the results of a study of the text of a work of art from the perspective of a functional and semantic approach to the study of language phenomena. The relevance of the research is based on the position on the importance of language and the individual style of individual writers in the history of the development of literary language as a dynamic system based on the structure of the whole ^{[6, 448 p.; 7, p. 278]}. The purpose of the article is to study existential constructions in the Yakut language based on the representation of syntactic models of the beginning of existence, events, and actions. In this case, the model is understood as a sample containing invariants of minimal structural schemes that ensure the completeness of a sentence ^{[10, pp. 64-76; 19, pp. 56-61; 20, p. 6; 21, pp. 46-57]}. The article is based on the theoretical provisions outlined in studies on existential syntactic units ^{[1, pp. 229-238; 2, 198 p.; 8, 25 p.; 9, pp. 149-154; 18, 26 p.; 22, pp. 78-81; 21, pp. 203-206; 24, 22 p.; 25, pp. 115-123]}. The research material is the novels and short stories of P.A. Oyunsky, the founder of Soviet fiction, a prominent statesman and public figure, and a scholar of philology, presented in a collection of his selected works published in 1993 ^{[11, 448 p.]}. The heyday of his work as a poet, writer, and playwright dates back to the 30s of the last century. when, due to the changed socio-cultural situation in the country, fiction acquires a leading position in the system of means and sources of normalization of the Yakut literary language. As P.A. Sleptsov writes, "... the work of P.A. Oyunsky (...) is a fundamentally innovative phenomenon in the artistic and aesthetic thinking of the Yakut people, in their cultural and spiritual development. P.A. Oyunsky had a powerful influence on the development of the modern Yakut literary language. First of all, the development of the most vivid and constant resources of the national language in talented works of various genres (poetry, prose, drama, journalistic and scientific works) had a beneficial effect on the formation and strengthening of the norms of the literary language. The linguistic innovation of P.A. Oyunsky was also manifested in the fact that he expanded the vocabulary, the semantic boundaries of the word, and gave additional functional expression to various layers of vocabulary. The writer proved to be an innovator in the discovery and development of new techniques and ways of using language in fiction, which influenced the development of the stylistic system of the literary language as a whole" ^{[17, pp. 173-174]}. In this study, which for the first time examines models of the existence of an existential syntactic construction using the example of prose works by P.A. Oyunsky, the continuous sampling method is used in the formation of material from lexicographic sources, the modeling method, and the gloss method for presenting illustrative material. The article presents the results of ongoing research on the study of verbs, constructions of being in the Yakut language, and their text-forming function. ^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16]}.

Verbal means of expressing the beginning of existence, events, actions. From the point of view of the functional-semantic approach, the means of expressing the category of being in the Yakut language, a semantic category consisting of various variants of the meanings of existence/non-existence, being/non-existence, presence/absence, can be combined into a functional-semantic field consisting of two parts: a micropole of being, expressed by nominal means of denoting existence/non-existence, being/non-existence, presence/absence, and a micropole of being, represented by verbal means of denoting existence/non-existence, being/non-being, presence/absence. Verbs and verb forms (participles and adverbs), which most specifically indicate the phases of the process of existence/non-existence, being/non-being, as well as constructions with them, represent the core of the micropole of being, expressed by verbal means of denoting existence/non-existence, being/non-being, presence/absence. Verbs and verb forms (participles and adverbs), which are the least specialized in denoting the phases of the process of existence/non-existence, being/non-being, with the least regularity of use in communication, as well as constructions with them, auxiliary verbs of being, gradually moving away from the center, are dispersed from it to varying degrees ^{[15, p. 6-7]}.

In the stories and novellas of P.A. Oyunsky, the following genesis verbs and their derived forms are found, belonging to a subgroup of the lexico-semantic group of verbs of being with the meaning of the beginning of existence, events, actions: toroo 'to give birth, to be born, to be born', uoskee 'to be born, to come from something, to occur, to be born from somewhere, grow up somewhere.’ It has been revealed that of these, the most commonly used verb is uoskee 'to be born, to come from something, to originate from somewhere, to grow up somewhere'. Example:

Sanyyr sanaa sylaaska uoskuur ebit ^{[11, p.192]}.

Think-PP.PRES thought heat-DAT arise-PRES-3SG PRTC

"A thoughtful thought arises in the warmth, it turns out."

In the above example, the verb hoskae 'to be born, to come from something, to come from, to be born from somewhere, to grow up somewhere', denoting the beginning of existence, is used together with the particle ebit ' is shown, as it turned out, ' expressing the speaker's belief in the reliability, evidence of the reported thought, in the syntactic position of the predicate. In the texts under consideration, participles and adverbs are also often found, derived from verbs with the semantics of the beginning of existence, events, and actions.

The verbal means of expressing the beginning of an event, action in the prose texts of P.A. Oyunsky are also analytical constructions (the adverbial participle na -an+ the service verb), formed with the help of the service verbs bar- (toon bar - "to begin to freeze", buolan bar - "to begin to be"), er- (suuyan er- "to begin to wash"). Example:

Onton ihitten ulam-ulam imeirbit kurduk toon barda, ukka tiiyen ittibite, taha irdein ahsin kuluk otto, dae, ebii uoraannaakhtyk toutalaan barda [p. 85].

ADV interior-POSS.3SG-ABL ADV-ADV get carried away-PP.PST POST freeze-CVB.PAST AUX.V-PAST-3SG fire (hearth)-DAT reach-CVB.PAS bask-PP.PST-3SG exterior-POSS.3SG bask-PP.INF-3SG-ACC POST shadow AUX.N-POSS.3SG INTJ ADV coolness-PROPR-ADV freeze-ITER-CVB.PAST AUX.V-PAST-3SG

"Therefore, from the inside, more and more, as if enthusiastically, began to freeze, when he warmed up by going to the hearth, the more he warmed up from the outside, the more he began to freeze with coolness from the shady side."

This example shows the repeated use of an analytical construction (the adverbial na -an +the service verb) with the service verb bar- within a complex sentence in the syntactic position of the predicate (toҥon barda 'begins to freeze ', toҥutalaan barda 'begins to freeze'), which indicates the dynamism and repeatability of the beginning of the event.

Let's look at another example.:

Syyr namyhanyy miiginen tiiskin suuyan Erdeҕiҥ dii ^{[11, p. 78]}.

Gorka low-POSS.3SG-ADV I-INS tooth-POSS.2SG-ACC to clean-CVB.PAST AUX.V-PP.INF-2SG PTCL

'As if I'm a low slide, you start brushing your teeth with me.'

In this sentence, the analytical construction (the adverbial na -an+the service verb) with the service verb er- (suuyan erdeҕin 'you begin to clean') indicates the beginning of an ongoing action. Next, let's consider the syntactic models of the beginning of existence, events, and actions in the Yakut language, which have verbs of being in their structure.

Verbal means of the category of being in syntactic models of the beginning of existence, events, actions. The study of syntactic constructions that make up the text of the prose works of P.A. Oyunsky allows us to identify the following basic scheme of the model of the beginning of existence, events, actions:

N(PP / PPex) Vex,

where N is the noun in the main case, PP is the participle, PPex is the participle formed from the genesis verb with the semantics of the beginning of existence, Vex is the verb of being. The basic verbs of the lexico-semantic group expressing the situation of the beginning of existence, events, actions, can act as a predicate of the constructions of this model (toroo 'to give birth, be born, be born', uoskee 'to be born, to come from something, to come from, to be from somewhere'). The typical semantics of the model is "to begin (to begin) its existence, to appear (to appear), to become (to become) existing; to begin (to begin) to carry out any actions, to be performed, to occur" ^{[3, p. 367]}. The following actants are involved in this situation: 1) a subject represented by a noun in the main case, a participle derived from an existential verb with the semantics of the beginning of existence, event, action; 2) an existential predicate expressed by the verb of the beginning of existence, event, action. In the model under consideration, the subject can be represented by a noun, a participle, denoting an animated person.

In the prose texts of P.A. Oyunsky, the model of the beginning of existence, events, actions has in its structure the following existential verbs denoting the beginning of existence: toroo 'to give birth, to be born, to be born', uoskee 'to be born, to come from something, to come from somewhere, to grow up somewhere', or forms (participles and adverbs), derived from them.

The verb toroo is to give birth, to be born, to be born. The following meanings are indicated in the "Great Explanatory Dictionary of the Yakut language": 1) to give birth to a baby, a cub, to give birth to a baby, a cub, to give birth (about a woman, a female animal); 2) to be born as a result of childbirth, to be born (about a person, an animal); 3) to appear, to arise, to be born (about something new); 4) to appear, it can be observed again in the sky after the disappearance (about the new moon) ^{[5, pp. 556-558]}.

In the texts under consideration, the adverbial part formed from the specified verb is stated together with the adverbial part derived from the verb hoskae 'to be born, to come from something, to originate from somewhere, to grow up somewhere', in the sense of 'to be born as a result of childbirth, to be born (about a person, an animal)' as part of a complex predicate represented by an analytical construction (adverbial to -an+functional-service verb) with the functional-service verb aac 'to pass, to pass, to pass by someone or something; to cease, disappear, cease; to overcome any difficulties, to cope with difficulties ':

Bu mannyk urduk utoo olokhho Diriҥ oidookh, modun sanaalaakhtar, utoo yryahyttar, uluu kapseennytter toroon-uoskeen aahyakhtara ^{[11, p. 186]}.

It's such a tall kind deep intelligent-3PL powerful intent-PROPR.3PL the good singer-3PL the great storyteller-3PL to be born-CVB.PAST to happen-CVB.PAST to pass-FUT.3PL

"In this kind of high, kind life, deeply intelligent, with powerful intent, kind singers, great storytellers will be born and appeared."

In these examples, the use of paired combinations of adverbs formed from the verbal verbs toroo 'to give birth, to be born, to be born', uoskee 'to be born, to come from something, to come from somewhere, to grow up somewhere', as part of a complex predicate, strengthens the semantics of the beginning of existence.

The model of the situation described in the above example can be represented as follows:

N CVBex.PAST CVBex.PAST Vex,

where N is a noun in the main case, CVBex.PAST is an adverbial adverb derived from the verb of being with the semantics of the beginning of existence, Vex is the verb of being.

The following actants are involved in this situation: 1) a subject represented by a noun, a participle in the main case; 2) an existential predicate, expressed by the verb of the beginning of existence, events, actions. In the example under consideration, which is based on the specified model, subjects are indicated by animate nouns and participles, the predicate is expressed by a combination of paired adverbial parts formed from verbs of being with the semantics of the beginning of existence (toroon-uoskeen 'born-appeared', uoskeen-tuon 'appeared-born') and verbs of being with the semantics of the cessation of being aac 'to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass, to pass to pass by someone or something; to stop, disappear, cease; to overcome any difficulties, to cope with difficulties.

The verb uoskee is 'to be born, to come from something, to originate from somewhere, to grow up somewhere'. The Great Explanatory Dictionary of the Yakut Language contains the following meanings: 1) to appear, to arise as a result of something, to originate from something; 2) to be fruitful, to multiply; 3) to originate from someone, from somewhere, to be from somewhere, to grow up somewhere ^{[4, pp. 504-505]}.

1. In the prose texts of P.A. Oyunsky's works of fiction, the specified verb occurs in the predicate position in combination with the modal particle ebit:

Sabieskay was siriger, ulahit-baahynai uluu-modun saarystybatygar, Yldyys oorbut wat tynnaah, Timir kielileh, uyadyan korbot ukulaat Timir etteh Bassabyyk baartyya ihiger, suha timiriger buor sistaryn kurduk, bolguonu uullardakha kuhaana saah buolan hoҥnorun kurduk, ereideh-buruidaah, er soҕotoh, Opposustaan Bootur dien uoskaebit ebit ^{[11, p.172]}.

Soviet power land-POSS.3SG.DAT worker peasant great mighty kingdom-POSS.3SG.DAT Ilyich create-PCP.NPST.3SG fiery spirit-PROPR iron womb-PROPR bend-CVB.PAST AUX.V-PRES.NEG.3SG red-hot iron body- PROPR Bolshevik party POST plough iron-POSS.3SG.DAT earth stick-PCP.PRES.3SG.ACC POST dummy-ACC melt-CAUS.COND.DAT the bad thing is POSS.3SG defecation to be-CVB.PAST to separate-PCP.PRES.3SG.ACC POST suffering-PROPR guilt- PROPR well done lonely Opposustaan Bootur POST to appear-NPST.3SG PTSL

'On the land of Soviet power, in the great, mighty kingdom of the worker-peasant, inside the Bolshevik Party created by Ilyich with a fiery spirit, an iron womb, a red-hot iron body, as if the earth sticks to the iron, as if if you melt an iron block, the bad melts like excrement, a suffering, guilty, lonely fellow Opposustaan Bootur appeared, It turns out to be.

In this example, the modal particle ebit, used together with the verb hoskae 'to be born, to come from something, to come from somewhere, to grow up somewhere', expresses the reliability, evidence of the reported fact - the beginning of existence.

2. The verb uoskee 'to be born, to come from something, to originate, to be from somewhere, to grow up somewhere' in the texts under consideration is also used in the form of the subjunctive mood.:

Elbot ogoydonon, kahtibat kaskillanen, samnybat sargylanan us sakha ukuoh ete, tuoh ete ^{[11, p. 18]}.

To die-PP.PRES.NEG luck-REFL.INS degenerate-PP.PRES.NEG the future-REFL.INS crumble-PP.PRES.NEG well-being-REFL.INS three sakha arise-PP. SBJV.3SG Vins-PRET.3SG to be born-PP.SBJV.3SG Vins- PRET.3SG

"Having immortal luck, a non-degenerating future, indestructible well-being, three Sakhas would have arisen, would have been born."

In this example, the verb hoskae 'to be born, to come from something, to originate, to be from somewhere, to grow up somewhere' is represented in the position of a predicate, set forth by an analytical construction consisting of a combination of the participle on -yah and the form of the past categorical tense from the insufficient verb –e (uoskuoh ete 'would arise'), indicating the possibility of the beginning of existence (appearance) in the future .

3. In the texts under consideration, the adverbial formed from the verb uoskee 'to be born, to come from something, to come from, to grow up somewhere' is stated together with the adverbial derived from the verb toroo 'to give birth, to be born, to be born', meaning 'to be born as a result of childbirth, to be born (about man, animal)':

Bu gyollooh kun siriger wol oo, er kihi biirde uoskeen-toruon aahar ^{[11, p. 93]}.

This is happiness-PROPR sun earth-POSS.3SG-DAT boy child daredevil man alone-ADV happen-CVB.PAST be born-CVB.PAST pass-PRES.3SG

'In this happy sunny land, a child is a boy, a daredevil, well done, having appeared and been born, every day passes.'

In the above example, paired adverbs derived from the verbs uoskee 'to be born, to come from something, to come from, to grow up somewhere' and toroo 'to give birth, to be born, to be born', meaning 'to be born as a result of childbirth, to be born (about a person, an animal)', denoting the beginning of existence, are given as part of a complex predicate represented by an analytical construction (adverbial to -an+functional-service verb) with the functional-service verb aac ' to pass, to pass, to pass by someone-something; to cease, disappear, cease; to overcome any difficulties, to cope with difficulties ' in the syntactic position of the predicate.

The models of the situations described in the above examples can be summarized in the following schemes:

1. N Vex-NPST.3SG PTSL,

2. N PPex-SBJV.3SG Vins-PRET.3SG,

3. N V-CVB.PAST V-CVB.PAST V-PRES.3SG,

where N is a noun in the main case, Vex is the verb of being uoskae 'to be born, to come from something, to come from somewhere, to grow up somewhere', denoting the beginning of existence, in examples 1 and 2, as well as the verb toroo 'to give birth, to be born, to be born' in In the example, Vins is an insufficient verb -e (ete), RRex is a participle derived from the verb of being with the semantics of the beginning of existence, CVB.PASTex is an adverbial participle, derived from the verb of being with the semantics of the beginning of existence. The following actants are involved in these situations: 1) a subject represented by a noun in the main case; 2) an existential predicate expressed by a verb of the beginning of existence, or a form derived from a verb denoting the beginning of existence, events, actions. In the examples under consideration, which are based on this model, the subjects are represented by animate nouns, the predicate is expressed by a combination of an existential verb denoting the beginning of existence with a modal particle, an analytical construction consisting of a combination of the participle on –yah and the form of the past categorical tense from the insufficient verb –e (үөө эт эт эт этвозвозвоз)))))), paired adverbs, formed from verbs of being with the semantics of the beginning of existence (uoskeen-tuon 'having appeared-having been born') and verbs of being with the semantics of the cessation of being.

Conclusion.In the stories and novellas of P.A. Oyunsky, the following genesis verbs and their derived forms are found, belonging to a subgroup of the lexico-semantic group of verbs of being with the semantics of the beginning of existence: toroo 'to give birth, to be born, to be born', uoskee 'to be born, to originate from something, to originate from somewhere, grow up somewhere.’ Of these, the most commonly used verb is uoskee 'to be born, to come from something, to originate from somewhere, to grow up somewhere' and verb forms derived from it. In the texts under consideration, participles and adverbs are also often found, derived from verbs with the semantics of the beginning of existence, events, and actions. The verbal means of expressing the beginning of an event, action in the prose texts of P.A. Oyunsky are also analytical constructions (the adverbial participle na -an+ the service verb), formed with the help of the service verbs bar- (toon bar - "to begin to freeze", buolan bar - "to begin to be"), er- (suuyan er- "to begin to wash"). The study of syntactic constructions that make up the text of P.A. Oyunsky's prose works makes it possible to identify structural schemes of models of the beginning of existence, events, and actions in which subjects are described by animate nouns and participles, the predicate is expressed by a combination of paired adverbial parts formed from verbs of being with the semantics of the beginning of existence (toroon-uoskeen 'born-appeared') and the verb of being with the semantics of the cessation of being (aac 'to pass, to pass, to pass by someone-something; to cease, disappear, cease; to overcome any difficulties, to cope with difficulties'); a combination of the genesis verb, denoting the beginning of existence, with a modal particle, as well as an analytical construction (a combination of the participle in words and the form of the past categorical the tense of the insufficient verb is e (үө эт эт эт эт эт эт ' ' ' would be)).

Symbols

2 is the second person, 3 is the third person, ABL is the initial case, ACC is the accusative case, ADV is the adverb, AUX.N is the service name, AUX.V is an auxiliary verb, CAUS is an incentive, COND is a conditional mood, CONJ is a conjunction, CVB.PAST – (past) adverbial on –an, DAT – dative case, INTJ – interjection, INS – instrumental case, ITER – iterative (multiple-multiple form), JUS.SG – imperative 3 l. units, N – noun, NEG – negative verb form, NPST – past tense, PASS – passive voice, PAST – recent past tense, past categorical tense, PL – plural, PP – participle, POSS – possessive name, affiliation, POST – postposition, PP.INF – infinitive participle, PP.PRES – present-future participle, PP.PST – past participle, PRES – present-future tense, PRET – recent past categorical tense, PROPR – proper, PRTC – particle, SBJV – subjunctive, REFL – reflexive, SG – singular, FUT – future tense, Vins – insufficient verb -eh, Vex – verb of being.

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