Citations count: 7
Reference:
TIAN E. —
Relationships Between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Kazakhstan Based on the Example of Cooperation in the Field of Education
// International relations.
– 2018. – ¹ 4.
– P. 8 - 17.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2018.4.27722 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=27722
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Abstract:
The subject of the research is the cooperation between China and Kazakhstan in the field of education from the moment when diplomatic between these two countries have been established. The aim of the research is to provide a review and summarize the main aspects of the educational cooperation between China and Kazakhstan since 1992 till 2018. The author of the article describes the role and place of educational cooperation in the relationship between these two states and analyzes legal acts and regulations that have been issued in the field of education adn signed by both countries. The researcher also analyzes such aspects of their cooperation as the increase in the number of exchange students in China and Kazakhstan, acceleration of the education integration processes in regional organisations and the spread of their languages and culture. The researcher has applied the interdisciplinary approach (history, international relations, etc.) and methods and principles of historical research. This ensured the systemacity, validity and objectivity of research. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author of the research summarizes the facts of cooperation between China and Kazakhstan in the field of education for a 30-year period. This is an understudied theme of research despite the growing cooperation between the countries. As a result of the research, the author concludes that educational cooperation between these two countries have achieved significant benefits, however, there is still a number of problems faced by the countries in the process of their cooperation.
Citations count: 4
Reference:
Belkovets L., Belkovets S.V. —
Five years of “red diplomacy”: Soviet Russia at the international Genoa Conference
// International relations.
– 2017. – ¹ 2.
– P. 60 - 88.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2017.2.19382 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=19382
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Abstract:
The article considers Russia’s participation in the Genoa Conference in 1922 that was some sort of result of five-years’ activity of the Soviet Diplomacy. The research object is the fierce debate about the economic policy of the Bolsheviks, who had initiated a “socialist” experiment in the country, which was getting out from wars and revolutions. The main attention is given to the problem of debt obligations of the czarist and the interim governments, which had been abrogated by the Soviet power. The authors demonstrate how Soviet diplomats defended Russia’s position on this issue in a fierce debate. The authors study the set of historical and legal facts and evaluate them on the basis of the achievements of Russian and foreign historiography. The authors come to positive conclusions about the achievements and losses of Soviet diplomacy in the struggle for the recognition of new Russia by capitalist countries and for the establishment of trade and diplomatic relations with them. The authors estimate the separate treaty with Germany, which helped break diplomatic isolation of Russia.
Citations count: 3
Reference:
Kocherov O.S. —
Mo Di’s Ethics of War
// International relations.
– 2018. – ¹ 3.
– P. 40 - 54.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2018.3.27429 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=27429
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Abstract:
The article considers the views on the war presented in "Mozi", the ancient Chinese philosophical treatise. The relevance of the study is derived from the manifestation of the Mohist paradigm of strategic culture in the modern Chinese foreign policy, in particular, with regard to defenñe of the State and control over problem areas (South China Sea). The purpose of the research is to consider the specifics of ancient Chinese ethics of war in the context of the Western theory of Just War as well as to reveal the importance of Mohist views on war for the modern theory of international relations and China's foreign policy strategy. The material of the study includes "Mozi" text as well as official statements of the modern leaders of China. The study applies both methods of world political science (content analysis, study of documents, case method) and methods of philosophy (dialectical, hermeneutic, pragmatic). In contrast to the "liberal "and "conservative" interpretations of Mo Di's doctrine expressed by researchers of Mohist political philosophy, the author of this article makes a conclusion about the practice-oriented approach of ancient Chinese philosophy and "moral practice" as a criterion of political legitimacy. The author makes a comparison of the Mohist ethics of war with the Western theory of Just War and concludes that they are conceptually close. However, "Mozi" is much closer to the ideas of defensive pacifism due to the specifics of the Mohist ideas about the legitimate actor. Among other distinctive features of Mo Di's political doctrine are the focus on highly sophisticated defence, the idea of "humanitarian protection", humanism and mutually beneficial cooperation as a guarantee of international security. At the current stage, elements of the Mohist ideas about the war and the Mohist paradigm of Chinese strategic culture are manifested in the Chinese defensive concept A2AD.
Citations count: 3
Reference:
Kryzhko E.V., Pashkovskii P.I. —
On the issue of energy aspect of international competition in Central Asia
// International relations.
– 2017. – ¹ 2.
– P. 118 - 127.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2017.2.22126 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=22126
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Abstract:
The research subject is the energy aspect of competition between China, the EU, Pakistan and India in Central Asia at the present stage. The authors show that China is interested primarily in oil resources of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. China and the EU are trying to diversify external energy supply resources to reduce the dependence on the politically unstable Middle East. At the same time, the EU tries to reduce dependence on energy supplies from Russia. India and Pakistan are trying to realize their interests in Central Asia by planning their projects of oil and gas pipelines. The research methodology is based on the system approach. The authors also use the institutional, historical-genetic, socio-psychological and comparative methods. The authors prove that one of the key obstacles of development of economic connections between the states of Southern and Central Asia is the absence of direct transport link. On the other hand, the geographical closeness of India and Pakistan to post-Soviet republics, together with the readiness of Pakistan to open the access to its ports and the vast South-Asian market, are their main advantages.
Citations count: 3
Reference:
Zhao J. —
China-and-Russia Cooperation Within the United Nations at the Present Stage
// International relations.
– 2018. – ¹ 4.
– P. 66 - 72.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2018.4.27931 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=27931
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Abstract:
The subect of the research is the cooperation between the Peoples' Republic of China and Russian Federation within the United Nations as the parties of the bilateral relations that gained a complex and multilateral nature in the XXIst century from their economic cooperation to the support of individual political initiatives offered at international forumas. The author of the article examines contemporary issues of the matter and analyzes the relationship between these two states in regard to the political events that have been taking place in the Ukraine. The researcher focuses on the areas of common national interest of Russia and China within the framework of universal international organisation, the United Nations, and provides a detailed description thereof. At the end of the article the author concludes that the China-and-Russia relations are getting deeper and diverse and despite contradictions and disagreements, the parties follow their contractual and partnership obligations.
Citations count: 3
Reference:
Starkin S.V., Pripisnova E.S., Krivov S.V. —
Energy security issues in US and EU foreign policy: comparative analysis
// International relations.
– 2022. – ¹ 1.
– P. 75 - 89.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2022.1.37120 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=37120
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Abstract:
Energy resources are becoming an increasingly politicized commodity, which at the same time retains special technical and economic characteristics, which complicates the work of the foreign policy leadership. The authors, using a comparative method, conduct a study of the relationship between energy and foreign policy in the EU and the USA through the prism of different cognitive structures used by subjects to assess the landscape of global energy. On this conceptual basis, the authors explore the evolution of the relationship between energy and foreign policy in the EU and the United States: to what extent energy is a useful tool of foreign policy, and, conversely, how deeply the goals of energy policy are embedded in foreign policy. By making such a comparison, the authors identify differences and potential similarities between the EU and the US in this area. Thus, comparing the approaches of the USA and the EU, one can see a tendency towards their convergence. Despite the significant difference in the energy landscape of the EU and the United States, Brussels and Washington agreed that they included a common vision of the global energy architecture in their foreign policy. The use of energy as a political tool, at least in rhetoric, was condemned by both sides.
Nevertheless, at the national level, energy issues in the EU are often determined by the foreign policy considerations of a particular country. It is also worth remembering that LNG exports from the United States to Europe are considered to a certain extent as a means of increasing competition for Russian natural gas, as a way to provide US allies with an alternative and help them reduce dependence on Russia, sometimes even as an energy weapon, but in any case as a very effective foreign policy tool.
Citations count: 2
Reference:
Guzaerov R.I. —
A new era of Turkey's Neighborhood Policy
// International relations.
– 2022. – ¹ 2.
– P. 1 - 17.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2022.2.37854 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=37854
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Abstract:
The article is devoted to the analysis of the strategy of good neighborliness in Turkey's foreign policy. The strategy is aimed at increasing the role of Turkey in the international system. The purpose of the study is to examine the theoretical provisions of the neighborhood policy, to identify the reasons for its transformation from the point of view of Turkey's national interests within the framework of the transformation of the system of international relations and changes in the balance of power at the regional level, as well as to identify new trends within this policy. The methodological basis of the research is the method of system analysis and the historical method, with the help of which the article analyzes the main stages of the development of the "zero problems with neighbors" policy. The author examines in detail the strategy of good neighborliness from the moment of its adoption to the present time. This strategy justifies Turkey's regional leadership. Special attention is paid to the reasons for modernization and transformation of the neighborhood strategy. The author examined in detail the force factor, which became an integral part of the strategy after the failures of Turkish diplomacy and with which Turkey strengthened its influence in neighboring regions. The power policy allowed Turkey to become a participant in regional conflicts, clearly identify its interests and demonstrate determination in their defense. According to the results of the study, it is concluded that Turkey is returning to the original peaceful version of the neighborhood policy. This strategy continues to be a key one in Turkey's foreign policy.
Citations count: 2
Reference:
Mekhdiev E.T., Sodikov S.D. —
Interregional energy projects involving the countries of Central Asia (the TAPI, the TUTAP, Iran-Pakistan, the CASA-1000 projects)
// International relations.
– 2017. – ¹ 3.
– P. 68 - 79.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2017.3.23291 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=23291
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Abstract:
The article analyzes energy projects in electric power and gas industry involving the countries of Central Asia. Particularly, the authors study the reasons, which determine the interest in interregional projects both of the countries of Central Asia and the customers, such as China, India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. The authors analyze the projects’ benefits for the participating countries, and the obstacles appearing during their realization. The research methodology includes such approaches as analysis and synthesis, comparison, the system approach and the historical method. The authors conclude that these projects improve regional energy security in general and energy security of participating countries in particular. Competition between the projects is determined by geopolitical ambitions of China and the USA. The key obstacles of realization of the projects include the lack of financing, technical difficulties and instability in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Russian companies can participate in energy projects of the countries of Central Asia as investors, suppliers of equipment or technologies. Russia can also promote the improvement of regional security.
Citations count: 2
Reference:
Pinskaya M.R., Artem'ev A.A. —
Drawbacks of Indirect Taxation System in the Eurasian Econmic Union and Ways of their Elimination
// International relations.
– 2018. – ¹ 4.
– P. 104 - 111.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2018.4.28433 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=28433
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Abstract:
The subject of the research is indirect taxation in the EAEU. The article is devoted to the issues of improving the mechanism of indirect taxation of cross-border transactions between individuals registered in different EAEU member countries. The purpose of the article is to identify deficiencies in VAT and excise taxation in the Eurasian space, in particular, when carrying out operations through duty-free shops, and to develop recommendations for their elimination. The authors have identified tax consequences for foreign goods when they are placed under the customs procedure of duty-free trade. The methodology of the research is based on a systematic approach, which allows to identify the problems of indirect taxation of foreign trade in the EAEU when conducting transactions with foreign goods in the application of the customs procedure of duty-free trade. The study is designed to fill the existing gaps between theoretical ideas about the principle of neutrality of indirect taxation and practical analysis of the real state of the problem by comparing taxation conditions for goods produced within the EAEU and foreign goods. The necessity of establishing a zero rate of VAT on operations for the sale of goods through duty-free shops has been substantiated. Recommendations of the authors can be offered to the Eurasian Economic Commission for the implementation of the results obtained in the practice of indirect taxation to increase the competitiveness of goods created in the territory of the Eurasian economic space, compared with goods produced in the territory of other non-EAEU states.
Citations count: 2
Reference:
Tolstokulakov I. —
Arctic Policy of South Korea and Russia's National Interests
// International relations.
– 2018. – ¹ 1.
– P. 7 - 17.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2018.1.25241 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=25241
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Abstract:
The subject of this research is the Arctic policy of the Republic of Korea and associated opportunities and challenges for the Russian Federation. South Korea is an active participant in polar researches and has been following its own national Arctic strategy aimed at its national priorities in Arctic zone since 2013. The policy is oriented at transport and economic development of the region and correlates to Russia's interests in attracting foreign investments and technologies to Arctic zone based on a range of parameters. The main research method is the comparative analysis of materials posted on the site of Korean Polar Research Institute. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that it is the first research in Russian academic literature to be based on analysis of original South Korean materials including official documents. Taking into account an increasingly competitive climate in the region, Russia is interested in keeping the existing parity, thus the Republic of Korea could have become one of Russia's allies. The author of the article defines promising areas of cooperation such as development of the icebreaking fleet, creating the gas hub in Korea, and collective exploration of Northern Sea Route (NSR).
Citations count: 2
Reference:
Ezhov V. —
China-Brazil Energy Cooperation
// International relations.
– 2018. – ¹ 2.
– P. 188 - 192.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2018.2.26267 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=26267
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Abstract:
This paper is concerned with the issues of China-Brazil cooperation on the issues under study and the impact of China's energy policy on these relations in the XXI century. In his work the author highlights that cooperation in this area in the early 2000s was extremely limited but in 2007 Brazil became one of the largest South American oil suppliers to China. China is also interested in Brazil in terms of biofuels, as this Latin American state is one of the leading producers and exporters of this type of fuel. The author considers the increasing importance of renewable energy sources for the energy policy and security of the PRC. The author believes that the China-Brazil energy relations were influenced by BRICS which created the necessary cooperative environment for collaboration. The article analyzed the statements that were made at the nine BRICS summits (2009-2017). The methodological basis of the article is scientific methods based on the requirements of an objective and comprehensive factor analysis of the China-Brazil energy relations. The research was carried out with the help of a set of methods and means of scientific knowledge. The author comes to the conclusion that strengthening of cooperation in the energy sector between China and Brazil is caused by a rapid economic growth of China which requires the development of the energy industry. Brazil, in turn, is interested in Chinese investment and technology. The author concludes that the potential for cooperation between the two countries is enormous and that the governments will increase the level of cooperation in the researched field.
Citations count: 2
Reference:
Arkannikov A.A. —
New realia of Russia’s foreign policy as an indicator of intensification of Russia-Latin America relations at the regional level (the case of Krasnodar region)
// International relations.
– 2017. – ¹ 2.
– P. 48 - 59.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2017.2.22347 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=22347
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Abstract:
The present article considers the relations of Krasnodar region with leading Latin American countries. The author gives attention to particular examples of interaction in the spheres of cultural and economic cooperation and outlines the peculiarities of cooperation of state bodies in these spheres. The author focuses on the intensification of economic relations. The author concludes that in the context of the current economic and political circumstances, interaction between Krasnodar region and the countries of Latin America is very promising, and describes the key opportunities of its development. the research methodology is based on such principles as scientific objectivity, reliability, and system analysis used as a complex. The research methodology is based on the system approach, therefore, the processes are studied in their interdependence. The scientific novelty of this work consists in the attempt to comprehensively analyze connections and cooperation of a territorial unit of the Russian Federation with Latin American region after the change of Russia’s foreign policy in 2014. The author outlines the promising directions of cooperation with the countries of Latin America in the spheres of economics and culture and interaction between state bodies.
Citations count: 2
Reference:
Moshkova T. —
Factors of formation of the Russian-speaking community in Israel
// International relations.
– 2017. – ¹ 2.
– P. 16 - 24.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2017.2.23059 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=23059
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Abstract:
The research subject is the peculiarities of the Russian-speaking community in the State of Israel. The author studies such aspects of the topic as the character of ties forming in the community of the Russian-speaking population of Israel. Special attention is given to the factors promoting the formation of a unique identity of the representatives of “Russian Israel”, the main stages of evolution of the Russian-speaking community in the political life of Israel and the formation of the Russian-speaking media space in the State of Israel. It is reasonable to consider the Russian-speaking community as a long-term phenomenon, which at the present time is an important actor on the political stage of the country. The main research methods are the system approach, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the complex analysis of the “Russian Israel” phenomenon on the basis of original sources. The author concludes that among the factors of consolidation of the Russian-speaking community of Israel were territorial localization, preservation of the cultural environment of the country of origin, a special status of the Russian language in Israel and its place in the media space, support for various community symbols and the socio-political development program.
Citations count: 2
Reference:
Pavlov P.V. —
Prospects of development of integration processes within the Eurasian Economic Community in the period of economic isolation
// International relations.
– 2017. – ¹ 1.
– P. 102 - 113.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2017.1.21993 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=21993
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Abstract:
The research object is the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The research subject covers integration mechanisms of interaction between the EAEU member-states, including political, financial, technological, and others. The author studies the modern trends of decrease in trading volumes in the EAEU in particular groups of goods, caused by the sanctions. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of the current instruments of foreign trade activation within the EAEU – the creation of Eurasian technological platforms and special economic zones for the development of innovative sectors of industry. The research methodology incudes the methods of system and statistical analysis, and the method of economic planning and prognostication. The author reveals and substantiates the key role of Russia within the EAEU, and the necessity to search for the new ways of economic strengthening of this integrational association. To strengthen the EAEU’s role in global trade, it is necessary to develop and strengthen cooperation ties between its member-states and increase the mutual trade volume. In future, it will help enter the external markets with joint, more competitive offers, and shift from the resource-based to the commodity structure of export.
Citations count: 2
Reference:
Iuniushkina A.S., Pon'ka T.I., Shapovalova K.A. —
Competition of world powers in Central Asia
// International relations.
– 2021. – ¹ 2.
– P. 40 - 54.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2021.2.35715 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=35715
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Abstract:
This article explores the role of Central Asia in modern conditions, which significantly increases in geopolitical and geoeconomic aspect. Attention is given to the general security challenges of Central Asian countries, as this region requires the coordination of efforts of the leading global actors, as well as Central Asian countries themselves. Security issues associated with vulnerability of Central Asian countries to natural disasters and emergency situations that may occur as a result of territorial disputes, ethnic violence, drug trafficking, and terrorism prevention, fight against extremism underline the need for multilateral cooperation aimed at solution of general problems. The novelty of this research lies in the fact that after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, which changed the world political map, the newly formed Central Asian countries gave acquired statehood on the international arena. Namely during this difficult period, the Central Asian countries were forced to choose their own development path. Russia and China, to certain extent, have confirmed their presence in the region by creating the economic and military integration institutions with participation of Central Asian countries. Therefore, the emphasis is placed on the analysis of interaction between China and Russia in the post-Soviet Central Asia, their role in ensuring regional stability and economic growth. The article also examines the importance of studying the role of the United States and the European Union in Central Asia.
Citations count: 2
Reference:
Kozhin E.G. —
Forum of the “One belt, one road” in formation of the agenda of APR regionalism
// International relations.
– 2019. – ¹ 2.
– P. 56 - 66.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2019.2.29762 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=29762
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Abstract:
The object of this research is the Asia-Pacific institutional regionalism. The subject of this research is the institutionalization of the order in the Asia-Pacific region (APR). This process is being examined through the prism of the initiative on creation of transnational network of transportation routes for the purposes of bridging the Chinese and European markets – the “One belt, one road” initiative (OBOR). The second forum of the “Belt and road”, held in Beijing on 25-27 of April 2019, marked number of achievements and problems forming the agenda and problematic of the APR regional policy, influencing the institutionalization of this regional subsystem. The conducted research is based on comparative analysis, aimed at determining the changes in the regional order and institutional dimension of the APR that emerged in the process of implementation of the “One belt, one road” initiative between 2017 and 2019 (hosting the I and II forums of the “Belt and road” respectively). This work assess the place and role of the Forum of international cooperation “Belt and road” within the structure of institutional cooperation of Asia-Pacific regionalism. The interim results are calculated regarding implementation of the initiative, formulating the key positions of its members, as well as its challenges and contradictions are examined in a broader context of the institutional development of APR. Conclusions are made that are operationally compatible with the prospects and interests within Russia’s foreign policy pertaining to this region.
Citations count: 2
Reference:
Krylov D.S. —
Inclusive security architecture in the Middle East: peculiarities of functioning and Prospects for expansion
// International relations.
– 2021. – ¹ 3.
– P. 1 - 14.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2021.3.36184 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=36184
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Abstract:
This article explores the prerequisites for the creation and peculiarities of functioning of the inclusive security architecture in the Middle East. This system of ensuring and maintaining peace was established by Russia, and currently includes two cross-regional Middle Eastern powers – Turkey and Iran. The author analyzes the potential of involving new actors — Saudi Arabia and Israel – into the functioning of the security architecture. The article employs the method of SWOT-analysis for determining the advantages and disadvantaged of the inclusive security architecture in the Middle East, as well as outlining the major threats and capabilities of the system. The novelty of this research lies in giving definition to the concept of “inclusive security architecture”; assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the inclusive security architecture created by Russia in the Middle East; outlining the major threats and vulnerabilities of the system, as well as the potential attraction of new actors therein. The author also highlights the peculiarities of the key five pairs of conflict relations in the Middle East (Saudi Arabia — Iran, Saudi Arabia – Turkey, Saudi Arabia – Israel, Israel – Iran, and Israel – Turkey), the nature of which Russia should take into account within the framework of long-term planning. The conclusion is made that in the future, the inclusive security architecture may become one of the key pillars of peace and security in the Middle East, and gradually mitigate the conflicts in this region.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Amuhaya C.A. —
International Relations as a field of study in Universities in Kenya
// International relations.
– 2019. – ¹ 1.
– P. 1 - 8.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2019.1.28674 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=28674
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Abstract:
Africa is taking a new centre stage on global issues sparking debates about Africa’s place in international relations. This new interest has led to current researchers addressing the gap especially on its History and its contribution to world politics that is mainly addressed through International Relations. This is so as most was written by past scholars who had a Eurocentric conception and invention of Africa. As such, books like ‘Recentering Africa in International relations” has recently been written generating a lot of discourse in the field. “By way of epistemological critique, we seek to rethink the discipline of international relations by foregrounding the experiences of Africa to historical and ongoing processes of world order and global power, interrogating the power dynamics and epistemological configurations of the discipline and the fetishes of its dominant practitioners.” It is against this backdrop that this article will analyse international relations course in Kenya and fill the gaps in the understanding of the course as a current field of study in the country based on its historical changes. Through this the author will show that Africa and indeed a country like Kenya is deeply embedded in the Western education system and it’s in need of a complete overhaul in order for it to create its own imprint in International Relations.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Ivkina N.V., Trusova A.A., Cherniaev M.S. —
Chinese approach towards the concept of “American exceptionalism”
// International relations.
– 2019. – ¹ 4.
– P. 14 - 24.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2019.4.31447 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=31447
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Abstract:
The object of this research is the concept of “American exceptionalism”. The subject of this research is the approaches of China towards the problem of formation and development of this concept. The authors meticulously examine such aspects of this topic as the origin and evolution of this concept, as well as its role in the actual discourse in the United States. Special attention is given to the examination of the Chinese views on the concept of “American exceptionalism”, which presents great interest with consideration of the fact the “exceptionalism” is not a new concept for China. The concept of “sinocentrism” emerged even earlier than the concept of “American exceptionalism”. The scientific novelty of this research consists in the fact that this research is first to provide results of a comprehensive analysis of China’s approaches towards the concept of “American exceptionalism”, which is very relevant in light of both countries becoming the largest world powers and rivals in the international arena. Study of the foreign policy of each other therefore becomes a prerequisite for structuring harmonious foreign policy. The main conclusions of the conducted research consists in determination that Chinese authors either critically regard this concept, or with certain suspicion, since the United States use this concept to practically justify their involvement into the affairs of other countries, including military involvement.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Borisova I.I., Borodina M.Y., Gasanov O.S. —
The factor of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in the relations between Iran and Azerbaijan
// International relations.
– 2017. – ¹ 3.
– P. 14 - 26.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2017.3.23673 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=23673
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Abstract:
The research subject is the relations between the Azerbaijan Republic and the Islamic Republic of Iran in terms of the conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia over the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh. The authors analyze the position of Iran prior to the escalation of the situation and during the first conflict on the territory of Azerbaijan SSR. The authors focus on the relations between Iran and independent Azerbaijan in 1991 – 1994 and cessation of hostilities in Nagorno-Karabakh. The paper analyzes the relations between Azerbaijan and Iran in the 21st century. The authors use the methods of historical scientific research, particularly, the principle of historicism, which implies the study of interrelations of two states since the moment of its formation, and the analysis of the Iranian leadership’s position on this issue. The authors also use the chronological method to study sources in chronological order; the method of comparative analysis, and the principle of objectivity, which helps detect the key tendencies of development of Iran’s relations with both aggrieved parties. The set of these methods helps come to the following conclusions: Azerbaijan and Iran, the two countries with access to the Caspian Sea, have been approaching since the collapse of the USSR. There have been certain prerequisites for the creation of a strong geopolitical alliance between secular Baku and Shiite Tehran. But Iran’s position on the Karabakh issue has been quite ambiguous. At the present time, Iran is more pro-Armenian. It considers Armenia as a strategically important partner, thus aggravating tense relations with Azerbaijan. However, the relations between Azerbaijan and Iran depend on the paradigm of regional international problems.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Papoyan A.R. —
The Role of the Armenian Diaspora in Participation of the Republic of Armenia in International Affairs at the Turn of XX-XXI Centuries
// International relations.
– 2018. – ¹ 2.
– P. 128 - 134.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2018.2.25965 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=25965
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Abstract:
The subject of the research is an analysis of the impact of the Armenian Diaspora on international activities of Armenia. The relevance of the research topic is determined by a large number and authority of Armenian communities in the leading countries of the world, as well as by the fact that currently the Armenian diasporas are very active and continue to defend both their interests and the interests of the Armenian people. The author pays special attention, first of all, to Armenian public and charitable organizations. The purpose of the research is to assess the impact of diasporas on international affairs. The author applies methods of historical research in the work: the historical-genetic method is aimed at studying the origin of Armenian diasporas in different countries; the historical-comparative method allows to identify the most significant diasporas and the degree of their influence on political processes in different countries. The scientific novelty of the research is that the contribution of diasporas to the formation of Armenia as an actor of contemporary international relations has been assessed for the first time. Armenian (K. K. Tirabyan, D. Asatryan, V. Cardumyan, T. H. Mkrtchyan, A. Galstyan, L. A. Crtean) and Russian (A. Krylov) researchers have been concerned with this subject. As a source, the article uses the report by D. Helly, a expert on cultural aspects of external activity of the European Union.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Dolgov K.D. —
East African Community. Successes and Failures of Regional Integration
// International relations.
– 2018. – ¹ 4.
– P. 112 - 123.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2018.4.26059 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=26059
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Abstract:
The subject of research in this article is the East African Community (EAC). To date, the Community is represented by six countries: Burundi, Rwanda, South Sudan, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania. The focus of the article is on determining the trend of both economic and political integration after the countries gained state sovereignty. Also, emphasis was placed on the intensity of this tendency manifestation at different stages of the evolution of the commonwealth and the prospect of achieving the political unity of these countries within the borders of a federal state. Based on the principle of historicism and using the method of historical reconstruction, the author identifies the main determinants of integration processes in East Africa. The author also identifies factors hindering the formation of a federation and the formation of a new subject of international law in this region. The application of this method allowed to make a valid conclusion that the formation of a sovereign federal state based on the existing regional economic alliance (EAC) will be hampered, first of all, by the currently manifested and potential tribal and religious conflicts in East African countries. Also, the formation of a federal state is hampered by sociocultural, primarily linguistic heterogeneity and insatiable ambitions of the heads of state and political elites.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Filipović A. —
Vaccine diplomacy during the COVID-19 pandemic on the example of the Republic of Serbia
// International relations.
– 2021. – ¹ 4.
– P. 15 - 31.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2021.4.36719 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=36719
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Abstract:
The global COVID-19 pandemic is unprecedented in scale and scope. The COVID-19 vaccines have not only become an indispensable weapon in the fight against the pandemic but also served as a sign of the technological and scientific prestige of the countries that developed them. While the term "vaccine diplomacy" is not new, it may have become much more relevant in times of global pandemic. The aim of this research is to analyze the vaccine diplomacy of China, the EU, and Russia towards Serbia during the global COVID-19 pandemic. At the same time, the study also presents Serbia's efforts to engage in its own vaccine diplomacy at the global level. The novelty of this research can be seen in a comparative analysis of the efforts of the "vaccine diplomacy" of the EU, China, and Russia towards Serbia. In addition, this research also presents the results of the survey data on Serbian citizens and their perceptions of foreign aid received during the pandemic. It can be concluded that the Chinese and Russian medical aid to Serbia were very well received by the Serbian government, government-aligned media, and the Serbian public. Concerning the aid of the European Union, it was neither significantly advertised by the media, nor was the Serbian public perception significantly changed in the favour of the EU. At the same time, the Serbian government engaged in vaccine diplomacy of its own, to strengthen the ties with Yugoslavia's former allies from the Non-Alignment Movement.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Priymachuk D.V. —
Central Asia and the USA: problems and prospects
// International relations.
– 2017. – ¹ 1.
– P. 90 - 101.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2017.1.20600 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=20600
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Abstract:
The research subject is the foreign policy of the United States in Central Asia in the early 21st century. The author considers such aspects as the factors of activation of America’s policy in Central Asian direction, the role of Central Asia in America’s foreign policy in the early 21st century, and the U.S. diplomacy in Central Asia. Special attention is given to the U.S. foreign policy and its priorities in Central Asia in the second decade of the 21st century. The author applies the methods of historiography, source study, applied political science, system analysis, political analysis and geopolitical expertise. The author specifies the problems and prospects of America’s foreign policy in Central Asia in the early 21st century. The author states that the foreign policy of the U.S. in Central Asia will unavoidably change, and this transformation should be based on the refusal to solve regional problems unilaterally, and on the search for the ways of constructive cooperation with Russia and China.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Goncharov V.V. —
Foreign policy of nation-states and the peculiarities of its formation in the context of globalization
// International relations.
– 2017. – ¹ 1.
– P. 28 - 34.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2017.1.21585 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=21585
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The paper studies foreign policy of nation-states and the peculiarities of its formation in the context of globalization. The author notes that foreign policy of modern states is a complex system, which has undergone significant changes at the turn of the 20th – the 21st centuries under the influence of the processes of globalization of socio-political, state-legal and financial and economic development of national societies and states. Foreign policy of nation-states doesn’t serve their national interests anymore, instead it serves the interests of the global ruling elite. The author applies the formal-logical and historical-legal methods, analysis, synthesis and comparison. Thus, foreign policy of modern nation-states is affected by globalization processes and is a means of reconciling the interests of different elite groups, composing the global ruling elite, used for leveling differences and contradictions between them. Interests of nation-states in this situation are secondary, and are defended by foreign policy only if they don’t confront with the interests of the global ruling elite.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Li N. —
The "One Belt, One Road" Initiative as a Method of China’s Interface with the Countries of the African Continent
// International relations.
– 2018. – ¹ 2.
– P. 104 - 109.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2018.2.26340 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=26340
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Abstract:
The author of the article analyzes the importance of African States for China in implementation of the "One Belt, One Road" initiative. The initiative to recreate the Great Silk Road is an ambitious project that can increase the influence of China on the ongoing international processes. Africa is an integral part of the initiative proposed by the Chinese side. The object of the study is the "One Belt, One Road" initiative as a means of strengthening a partnership between China and the States of Africa. Subject: the main stages of the development of China-Africa cooperation; promising areas of cooperation, the main objectives of interaction; the factors that hamper dialogue on the said initiative. The methodological basis of the study is a principle of historicism which made it possible to study the importance of revival of the Great Silk Road for China. Bearing in mind that the subject of the study is a modern stage, the author used a problem-historical analysis. The author believes that the relevance of the topic is associated with an increasing influence of the People's Republic of China on international relations, more active participation in the current agenda. As for Africa, the continent has the largest number of developing countries, most of the States are developing a strategic partnership with China. The novelty of the study is to consider new opportunities for China to strengthen its positions in oil-producing countries in Africa due to the gradual withdrawal of the US from the energy sector in Africa. According to the author, the above-mentioned facts require a more detailed study. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that China will continue to invest in African countries because of the mutual interest in implementation of the initiative.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Skvortsova E. —
Defense policy of modern Poland from the perspective of the “balance of threat” theory
// International relations.
– 2019. – ¹ 2.
– P. 26 - 46.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2019.2.29586 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=29586
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The goal of this research lies in the comprehensive analysis of defense policy of the Third Polish Republic from the perspective of “balance of threat” theory, which includes such behavioral strategies of the countries as buck-passing (delegating responsibility), balancing, and bandwagoning (alignment with the victor) aimed at ensuring defense capability of the country. The author meticulously examines Poland’s capacity to defend itself, expectations of Polish authorities on realization of national interests within the framework of cooperation with their partners, as well as the problems faced by the country. Analysis of defense policy of the Third Polish Republic in the context of “balance of threat” theory allowed assessing the costs that the Polish government has to deal with as a result of their choice. It is established that rejection of the strategy of “delegating responsibility” meets the country’s national interests to the full extent. The author also questions the advantage for Poland with regards to selecting the strategy of “alignment with the victor” over the strategy of “balancing”. It is proven that the asymmetry in Poland-United States relations is not a lesser problem for Poland than the geopolitical challenges.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Grishina N., Kargovskaia E., Kuznetsova V. —
Challenges and Prospects for Dialogue between Europe and Latin America in Higher Education: Towards a System of Global Interuniversity Cooperation
// International relations.
– 2023. – ¹ 3.
– P. 35 - 46.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2023.3.43956 EDN: VHZQVW URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=43956
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The article analyzes the challenges and prospects for cooperation between Europe and Latin America in the field of higher education. The aim of the paper is to identify the potential for interregional dialogue in the context of globalization. The methodology used is a comparative analysis of higher education systems in Europe and Latin America.
As a result, it is shown that despite the Europeanization of Latin American education, there are still significant differences that need to be taken into account when transferring European experience. The priorities for further interaction – creation of a common educational space and scientific-innovative networks - are outlined.
The results can be useful for developing a strategy of internationalization of education. The novelty lies in the systematic comparison of approaches to the modernization of higher education in the two regions.
The conclusion is made about the need for effective coordination and search for optimal formats of dialogue between Europe and Latin America for the formation of a global educational space.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Sebekin S.A., Kostrov A.V. —
China’s philosophy of war and cyberwarfare: traditional conceptual foundation for non-traditional operations
// International relations.
– 2019. – ¹ 3.
– P. 66 - 81.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2019.3.30872 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=30872
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This article is devoted to the research on applicability of the key principles of the traditional war philosophy of China, such as the tactic of disinformation-psychological effect upon the enemy, principle of benefit, “subdue the enemy without fighting”, “using the weak to defeat the strong”, “attacking weakness rather than strength”, doctrine of “people’s war” and “thirty-six stratagems” towards cyber operations and cyber conflicts. The authors also explore the fundamental ideas of traditional war philosophy used by modern war theoreticians of China in development of theory of cyber/information warfare. Specific examples of implementation of traditional concepts in cyberspace are presented. This topic is relevant and has practical importance, since study of conducting cyber operation in other countries, especially in China with a vast conceptual foundation, is necessary for development of own doctrine for conducting cyber/information operations. The main conclusion consists in the thesis that Chinese doctrine of cyber/information warfare is being actively developed based on the ancient philosophy of war intrinsic to Chinese culture. In one way or another, while searching for solutions to today’s problems, Chinese theory of cyber/information warfare looks for solutions in its historical military practice.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Gorelova L.A. —
Problem of the West Berlin in the policy of the Harold Macmillan’s government (1958-1961)
// International relations.
– 2019. – ¹ 4.
– P. 1 - 13.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2019.4.31266 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=31266
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The goal of this article consists in determining the key approaches existing in Harold Macmillan’s government towards solution to the Berlin issue during the crisis of 1958-1961. This will allow filling in the picture of the British part in the cold war, as well as development of the British-Soviet and the “special” British-American relations. The author defines the object of this research as the foreign policy of Great Britain during 1958-1961, while the subject is the policy of the conservative cabinet of Harold Macmillan regarding the problem of West Berlin. This work represents an attempt to fill in certain gap in the Russian historiography and objectively analyze the policy of Harold Macmillan’s government on regulation of the second Berlin crisis. The scientific novelty of this research is defined by the fact that new documents from British national archive are introduced into the scientific discourse for the first time, which were not previously used in research literature. The main conclusions consists in the fact that British government was searching for a compromise with the USSR in an attempt to resolve the Berlin problem. Position of the conservative cabinet was based on the goal to maintain the unity of the Western Bloc, but in closed discussions, the British government was leaning towards a moderate approach, such as possibility of recognition of de facto East Germany, which corresponded with the general course of Harold Macmillan’s government aimed to betterment of relations with the USSR.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Naumov A.O. —
The Use of 'Soft Power' Technologies Against the Change in Political Regimes During the Arab Spring (the Case Study of the Jasmine Revolution in Tunisia)
// International relations.
– 2019. – ¹ 1.
– P. 114 - 128.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2019.1.23575 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=23575
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The object of the research article is the Jasmine Revolution that took place in Tunisia in December 2010 - January 2011. The subject of the research is the soft power technologies that were used to oust the president Ben Ali. The author of the article analyzes such aspects of the topic as the reasons and prerequisites for the Arab spring in general and the take-over in Tunisia in particular, the cours of the Jasmine Revolution and its consequences for that North African country. The author focuses on the use of the soft power technologies, especially digital technologies, during the Jasmine Revolution as well as the role of Western states, primarily USA. The methodological basis of the research involves the systems, structured functional, comparative legal approaches, historicism, analysis, synthesis, induction, deducation and observation. The author concludes that belonging to the second wave of the Color revolutions, the Jasmine Revolution did not give any benefit to the Tunisian nation. Islamic organisations that came to power as a result of the national discontent in Ben Ali's policy could not manage the country well but only exacerbated the issues that Tunisia had. Instead of true democracy and improvements in social and economic environment, the country faced more problems and challenges. According to the author, the USA was not directly related to the rebellion in Tunisia. However, the Jasmine Revolution was morally supported by the overseas and Western 'soft power' technologies, primarily digital resources (social networks, microblogs, opposition sites) played the key role in the process. On the other side, the White house hoped to reach a conerete geopolitical goal which was the total reformation of the geopolitical structure of the Greater Middle East. Yet, the actual results of the Arab spring in general and Jasmine Revolution in particular differed a lot from what Washington wanted to see.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Trifonova E.D. —
The Role of E. Primakov in Russia's External Policy Through the Eyes of French Researchers
// International relations.
– 2018. – ¹ 4.
– P. 60 - 65.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2018.4.27962 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=27962
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The subject of the research is the role of E. Primakov in Russia's external policy as viewed by French researchers. Trifonova analyzes Frency researchers' evaluations of E. Primakov's activity in late 90s and his influence on Russia's foreign policy in general. She focuses on monographs devoted to the newest period of Russia's history as well as researches of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation in late 1990s - early 2000s. The main research methods include historical, narrative, and comparative methods of historical research. The rationale of the research is caused by the fact that for the first time in the academic literature the author analyzes the views of French researchers on the foreign policy of the Russian Federation of late 1990s. Primakov is a famous scientist and politician who held different state positions, headed the Russia's Foreign Intelligence Service and being assigned for the position of the ministry of foreign affairs managed to fundamentally change the direction of external policy of Russia in early 1990s. E. Primakov managed to spin around the focus of Russia's foreign policy towards the East and post-Soviet countries. That was noted by French researchers, most of them believed E. Primakov to be one of the main makers of contemporary Russia's foreign policy. The main conclusion of the research is that E. Primakov's activity made a significant influence on Russia's foreign policy of late 1990s and development of this policy in recent years.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Andreichenko L., Babieva J.R., Bush N.K. —
Golan Heights as a strategic region of the Near East
// International relations.
– 2019. – ¹ 2.
– P. 161 - 168.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2019.2.29878 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=29878
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The subject of this research is the conflict between Syria and Israel over the sovereignty of Golan Heights, pertaining to US President’s Donald Trump’s decree on recognition of Israel’s sovereignty over the Golan Heights, against the UN’s decision. The Golan Heights were Syrian territory until 1967, when during the Six-Day War they were captured by Israel and later annexed. The annexation, which took place in 1981, was not recognized by the international community – the corresponding UN Security Council resolution denied Israel’s sovereignty over the land. The authors examined the historical stages of the conflict between Syria and Israel over the Golan Heights territory, analyzed its progression, substantiated the reasons for the region’s strategic importance, as well as made conclusions on the potential consequences of Washington’s decision that violated all norms of international law. The scientific novelty of this research consists in the fact that authors employed not only commonly known historical fact, but also testimonies of eyewitnesses of the Judgment Day and citizens of Syrian Golan Heights. Due to these testimonies, analysis is conducted and conclusions are made on why the Golan Heights region carries such strategic importance for both Syria and Israel.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Batchuluun B. —
Mongolia-Russia relations: reality, problems, and prospects
// International relations.
– 2020. – ¹ 4.
– P. 50 - 59.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2020.4.33814 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=33814
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This article explores the modern period in Mongolia-Russia relations. This period starts in the 1990s, when the countries shifted from the socialist path of development and planned economy towards democracy and market economy. Along the way, a decline in the relations turned into a comprehensive strategic partnership. The goal of this research consists in identification of the problems that impeded effective and mutually beneficial bilateral relations, as well as in analysis of the current state and prospects of these relations in the primary areas of cooperation. The author comes to the conclusion that at the present stage Mongolia-Russia relations have traveled the journey from a decline to comprehensive strategic partnership, which is substantiated by active political dialogue between the countries’ leaders; however, the problems remain in trade and economic relations, caused by the absence of initiative from the diplomatic mission of the two countries, noncompliance with agreements, berries and restrictions in the movement of goods. etc. Solution of the aforementioned problems is crucial for fruitful and dynamic development of bilateral relations, and would open prospects for long-term and mutually beneficial cooperation.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Trubachev V. —
The phenomenon of data diplomacy: key terms, research methodology, and current challenges
// International relations.
– 2021. – ¹ 2.
– P. 1 - 11.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2021.2.35783 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=35783
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The key goal of this research lies in presenting the basic terminology and structure of the phenomenon of data diplomacy, as well as in forming the methodological framework based on the empirical manifestations of data diplomacy in the modern context. The subject of this article is the examination of the three semantic concepts of data diplomacy: “data in diplomacy”, “diplomacy for data”, and “data for diplomacy”, as well as the possibilities of their intersection and interaction for achieving political goals. Using the Russian and international political examples, the author describes the manifestations of these concepts in diplomatic practice. The relevance of data diplomacy emerges due to the ongoing technological changes, which provide new instruments and capabilities for traditional diplomacy. The existing gap between the emergence of new technological instruments, namely those related to big data, and their implementation in the traditional diplomacy of any country, requires deliberate attention and development of methodology that allows determining the key trends in transition from traditional diplomacy to data diplomacy. The main results of the conducted research consists in the formation of a framework for studying data diplomacy, as well as outlining the key legal, ethical, and technological challenges and problems of using big data and their impact upon the role and work of a diplomat, as well as interaction of various actors in the international relations. This brings novelty into the Russian scope of works on digital diplomacy, since the aforementioned framework of data and definition of the key challenges based on it have not been previously reflected in the Russian research.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Gromoglasova E.S. —
Humanitarian Aspect of the Great Britain's Foreign Policy
// International relations.
– 2018. – ¹ 1.
– P. 42 - 50.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2018.1.25236 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=25236
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The subject of the research is the analysis of the humanitarian aspect of the Great Britain's foreign policy. The aim of the research is to define conceptual grounds, instruments and conctents of the humanitarian activity performed by the United Kingdom outside its borders. The main research methods include logical terminology and systemic-functional analysis. Using the logical terminology analysis method, the author has defined conceptual framework of the humanitarian aspect of the Great Britain's foreign policy. Using the systemic-functional approach, the author has studied different activities of the Foreign office. Response to extreme situations abroad is defined as the core element of British humanitarian activity. At the same time, the author offers a wider interpretation of that activity as the project of 'soft power' of the United Kingdom in the modern world. The author analyzes 'soft power' strategies of Britain which humanitarian orientation is mostly apparent. This is the policy to expand educational opportunities and promote development of civil society in different countries and regions of the world. The author also analyses what Britain political elite thinks of possible employment of military force based for humanitarian purposes and how the concept of 'Responsibility to Protect' is viewed by the Britain political class. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author evaluates the influence of Brexit on the change of humanitarian contents and values in the Great Britain's foreign policy. The main result of the research is the author's conclusion about negative consequences of Brexit. The author predicts the decline of humanitarian responsibility and role of the United Kingdom in the modern world. The results of the research can be used in the sphere of education. The research is closed up with the conclusion that there is a great number of factors that influence how states define their own 'humanitarian role' on the global stage.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Rastoltsev S.V. —
Three Myths about 'Frozen Conflicts' in Post-Soviet Europe: Critical Analysis
// International relations.
– 2018. – ¹ 4.
– P. 82 - 94.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2018.4.28227 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=28227
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The object of the study is unresolved and intractable conflicts in the post-Soviet space in Europe. The subject is the stereotypical views that have emerged in the scientific literature and analytics during the study of these conflicts. First of all, from a critical point of view, the term “frozen” conflicts is analyzed, which is applied to unresolved conflicts, mainly in the post-Soviet space. In modern studies of frozen conflict, as a rule, not enough attention is paid to the terminology and the ratio of different levels of settlement, while the role of certain factors is often exaggerated. The methodology of this article is based on the principles of analysis and synthesis, historicism, comparison, objectivity and system, with which the author identifies the stereotypes that exist around the notion of “frozen” conflicts and revises them. A number of persistent myths that are associated with this term are being questioned: the very definition of conflicts of this kind as “frozen”, the crucial role in resolving a conflict of one of the levels - internal or external, as well as the idea of separatist regions as non-viable and insolvent quasi-state entities. More balanced and reasonable alternatives are offered to existing stereotypical approaches to the study of such conflicts. As a result, it is concluded that the revision of existing ideas about intractable conflicts can provide a more adequate assessment of the current situation and prospects for their resolution.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Amuhaya C.A., Moraru N. —
European migration security moral dilemma: case study of migration flows between 2015 and 2019
// International relations.
– 2020. – ¹ 1.
– P. 18 - 29.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2020.1.32142 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=32142
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Whenever any state’s sovereignty is threatened, its first instinct is to protect itself. In 2015, the European Union was in the spotlight, recording unprecedented numbers of migrants, and as a result, refugee camps deteriorated to deplorable conditions. Illegal migration was perceived as a security threat in Europe, and member-states were forced to take measures that compromise the very foundation of the European Union. Suddenly, their policies were fuelled with anti-immigration sentiments; anti-immigration operations and agreements between the EU and migrants’ countries of origin were conducted and signed, as well as tougher border security policies were put in place, including fences. This resulted in record-low numbers of illegal migration by 2019. This article will analyze European Union’s foreign policy on illegal migration between 2015 and 2019, while underscoring the extreme measures that some states within the EU took to mitigate migration. This research highlights the moral dilemma posed by many Human Rights Organizations, putting into question Europe’s moral compass and values. A conclusion is made that in the matters of security, states are willing to take a moral backseat in order to safeguard its security and position in the global system.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Iuniushkina A.S., Shapovalova K.A., Kudakaev R., Pon'ka T.I. —
Positions of China and the United States in Indo-Pacific Region
// International relations.
– 2020. – ¹ 2.
– P. 34 - 54.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2020.2.33069 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=33069
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This article examines the main factors of the emergence of Indo-Pacific Strategy, the balance of powers between China and the United States in the Indo-Pacific Region, and their investment policy into contiguous countries of the region. Special attention is paid to contradictions between China and the United States in the region, as well as the impact of D. Trump’s Indo-Pacific Strategy upon U. S. relations with China. The article explores the main integration structures of Indo-Pacific Region, goals and tasks set before them. The novelty of this research is defined by fact that in incipient competition between the two countries for the leading positions in Indo-Pacific Region is traced in the advanced by China concept “One Belt, One Road” and U. S. strategy of “Free and Open Indo-Pacific”. The author comes to the conclusion that currently there is no unified integrated interregional authority that is capable of solving the entire range of problems faced by the countries of Indo-Pacific Region. However, the United States gradually lose its leading position in the region, yielding to PRC. China’s domestic reforms, aimed at improvement of interregional financial and economic ties, contribute to creation of a positive image of the country and strengthening of PRC’s position in the Indo-Pacific Region.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Degterev D.A., Butorov A.S. —
International Status of Post-Soviet Countries: Traditional and Relational Approaches to Hierarchy Assessment
// International relations.
– 2018. – ¹ 4.
– P. 95 - 103.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2018.4.28233 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=28233
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This article is devoted to the analysis of the status of countries of the post-Soviet space in the system of international relations, studied in the framework of the traditional approach (in the context of the neorealist paradigm of the TMO) and relational (in the context of the constructivist paradigm). The article has applied the quantitative methods of analysis of the international potential of the post-Soviet countries, developed in the framework of the information-analytical system "Eurasia Index". These techniques allowed the operationalization of the main approaches to the assessment of international status and make a comparative analysis between the two approaches. For the traditional assessment of the aggregate potential of the countries of the post-Soviet space, the additive composite index of the national potential of D. Singer (the project "Correlators of War") and the Global Firepower Index are used. Within the framework of the relational approach, a network of embassies of foreign countries accredited in the countries of the former Soviet Union is analyzed, as well as a network of embassies of the countries of the former Soviet Union abroad. The findings allow to clarify the existing ideas about the international hierarchy that has developed in the framework of the post-Soviet subsystem of international relations. Of particular interest is the analysis of the dynamics, as well as the identification of discrepancies between the two methods of calculation, traditional (resource-based) and relational that is based on the international recognition of the country and the network of its diplomatic missions.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Adebayo K., Briggs E.M. —
International Relations as a Field of Study in Nigeria
// International relations.
– 2019. – ¹ 1.
– P. 129 - 139.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2019.1.28929 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=28929
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Abstract:
This paper responds to an existing demand to take Africa as a continent out of a place of exception and marginality while placing it at the center of international relations and world politics. The rapid growth of the study and research of international relations in Nigeria is commendable as it challenges the structural and epistemic biases of International Relations that render the contributions of the continent invisible. The relevance of this paper is to provide and maintain means of information upon international relations questions in Nigeria and to promote the influence of Nigeria on the African continent and beyond.This study adopts data collection and a descriptive summary, as well as the use of secondary data analysis.The scientific novelty consists in the entrance of new knowledge of data obtained by analyzing materials on the researches and prospects made by Nigeria government and privately owned institutions and universities to enhance Nigeria’s stand in the international arena. As accounted for, International Relations study and its related courses are being taught and researched in 31 Universities in Nigeria.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Dyduck C. —
International Relations as a Field of Studies in Universities in Senegal
// International relations.
– 2019. – ¹ 1.
– P. 39 - 42.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2019.1.28992 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=28992
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Africa occupies a new focal point in global issues, causing debate on the place of Africa in international relations. This new interest prompted scientists to fill a gap in the scientific contribution between the role of Africa in contemporary world affairs and its history. Thus, the following article wishes to highlight how international relations are studied and presented in the universities of Senegal to show how Senegalese researchers have created their own style in analyzing this area. The current article provides an overview of the current situation of international relations research in Senegal and how its history has influenced it. In addition, the author will show that Africa, and indeed a country like Senegal, is deeply rooted in the western education system and needs to be completely revised in order to create its own imprint in international relations.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Pashkovsky P.I. —
Problem of participation of the Soviet representative and legislative power in the foreign policy of the country
// International relations.
– 2017. – ¹ 1.
– P. 123 - 129.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2017.1.21953 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=21953
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Abstract:
The research subject is the problem of participation of the Soviet representative and legislative power in the foreign policy of the state in 1917 – 1991. The paper describes the approaches of different scholars. The author shows that during the Soviet period, the impact of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the foreign policy of the state wasn’t decisive. Foreign policy was formed and realized by a narrow group of people, the key representatives of the ruling elite, and in the postwar years – within the Central Committee of the Communist Party, which had enough authorities, information and expert resources. In the result of reforms of “perestroika”, the role of the Supreme Soviet in the foreign policy of the state increased. In 1989 – 1991 this institution had performed important international political and diplomatic actions to realize the course, adopted by the first Congress of People’s Deputies. Those actions led to the significant changes in the USSR positioning on the international stage and its relations with particular countries, and determined the subsequent transformation of the international system. The research methodology is based on the system approach. The author applies institutional, historical and genetic, and socio-psychological methods. The author proves that during the mentioned period, the general trend of the Russian state functioning had been manifesting itself: the defense and foreign issues were controlled not by the head of the executive power, but, generally, by the supreme leader. His milieu, consisting of the most influential politicians of that period, played a decisive role in decision making in the sphere of foreign policy.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Kryzhko L.A. —
Transformation of the Foreign Policy of Egypt in the Early 1950s and the Problem of Egypt-Israel Relations
// International relations.
– 2017. – ¹ 1.
– P. 155 - 163.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2017.1.22138 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=22138
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Abstract:
The author considers the main causes and peculiarities of the process of transformation of the foreign policy of Egypt in the early 1950s. The chronology of the study is determined by the beginning of the new stage of the conflict between Egypt and Israel, prompted by political events in Egypt in 1952 and the subsequent rise to power of G. Nasser. Egypt aspires to leadership in the Arab world; it takes the central place in the conflict between the world powers in the Middle East. The topicality of the research is determined by the process of Egypt’s choosing the guarantor of its foreign policy among the world powers. The research methodology is based on the system method. The author applies the historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods. The author focuses on the process of Egypt’s foreign policy shift towards the USSR. This reorientation was the result of Egypt’s understanding of the hopelessness of the negotiation process with the western countries in the sphere of trade, economic and military cooperation. The author proves that the world power’s intentions to serve their own national interests promoted tensions between the parties to the conflict.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Viver V.N. —
Eurasian Integration in Terms of the Conservative Academic Discourse of the USA
// International relations.
– 2019. – ¹ 1.
– P. 59 - 73.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2019.1.28994 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=28994
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Abstract:
Against the changes in the lobal world order and current nature of Russian-American relations, it is important to analyze the attitude of the USA expert community towards Russia's initiatives in the Post-Soviet region. America's position towards Russia and Eurasian processes have been traditionally developing as the fight between different points of view, particularly conservative and liberal trends in external policy of the USA. This research implies the analysis of the positions of conservatives on Russia and Eurasian processes in the America's discourse. The object of the research is the American foreign political discourse and the subject of the research is their position on the Eurasian integreation in the sphere of intellectual products of academic research institutions. The research is based on the constructionist paradigm and fills in the gaps in understanding the nature and specifics of the position of the expert community on integration processes in the region. The scope of scientific issues is determined by the contradictory nature of the problem when the importance of Eurasian macroregion is declaerd for the global foreign policy of the United States while there is no attention or serious research of integration initiatives involving Russia. The research has demonstrated the critical perception of American expert of any initiatives of consolidated post-soviet states around Russia that see the regional projection of The Kremlin's global targets to reformate the West-centered world structure and develop the multi-pole world order. Russian experts take integration initiatives as attempts to restore the Russian Empire and explain foreign policy as the 'imperial thinking' of Russian elite. The results of the research can be of use in application analysis of American foreign policy issues and study of international processes in the Eurasian Region.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Denisenko V.A., Barantseva O.E. —
Russia - ASEAN: Innovations in Education and Opportunities for International Cooperation
// International relations.
– 2019. – ¹ 1.
– P. 51 - 58.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2019.1.29209 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=29209
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The article is devoted to the opportunities of cooperation between Russia and Association of South East Asian Nations in the field of education under the conditions of innovations and transformations of the educaitonal environment. The authors of the article provide a description of the modern stage of integration processes in education in the ASEN states, analyze the main global trends in education, analyze Russian innovative epxerience in education, outline the main issues that arise in the process of implementing innovative technologies in the Association member-states' system of education, describe promising areas for educational cooperation between Russia and ASEAN and etc. The nature of the research has determined the use of general research methods (analysis, synthesis and systems approach). In addition, the authors have also applied the interdisciplinary approach. The authors analyze changes that have taken place after innovations, especially digital technologies, have been implemented in Russia's and ASEAN states' educations. They also provide examples of the most successful projects and emphasize the need to activate the educational cooperation between the Russian Federation and ASEAN countries including that through the network communication of the leading universities. The authors conclude that the development of the research centers is one of the most promising areas for international cooperation for Russia and ASEAN states. They underline that successful network communication would extend the scope of collective researches on topical practical and fundamental issues as well as the scope of application of innovative methods in teaching Master Degree and Doctor Degree students.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Adebayo K. —
Russia’s Assistance to Nigerian Economic and Educational Development(1999 – 2019)
// International relations.
– 2020. – ¹ 2.
– P. 1 - 8.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2020.2.32716 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=32716
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Abolishing poverty and ensuring improvement of educational development indicators have been described as some of the objectives for international assistance. This study seeks to comprehend the role of Russia in the development of the African continent’s most populous country, Nigeria, the factors that limited their success and the opportunities for increasing effectiveness of such efforts. Russia intervention in Nigeria economic and educational development took a new turn after Nigeria returned to democratic rule in 1999. The existence of the largest Russian investor (RUSAL) in the Nigeria, the investments of LUKOIL in Nigeria which currently exceeds $450 million, and other well-known Russian companies, including the largest Russian producer of agricultural machinery "Rostselmash", have all made impact in Nigeria economic development. However, the major problem of this duo cooperation lies in the legal ratification of their framework. In Educational sphere, this study ascertains that yearly, more than 100 Nigerian students are given the opportunity to study at Russian universities through Russia-Nigerian intergovernmental agreements. To date, more than 10,000 Nigerian specialists have been trained in Russia. The study drew upon both modernization and dependency theories in advancing understanding on the subject matter. The study employed qualitative method of data collection. Data was analyzed using content analysis.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Tishkov S.A. —
The activities of the UN multi-component peacekeeping missions aimed at the improvement of professional potential of police officers of post-conflict states
// International relations.
– 2017. – ¹ 2.
– P. 107 - 117.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2017.2.19995 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=19995
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Abstract:
The activity of the UNO and other actors of the world politics aimed at peacekeeping in the context of restoration of states, which had undergone the active stage of internal armed conflict is the important research subject of Russian and foreign scholars.
This article considers the experience of the UN peacekeeping missions, the specificity and the problems of improvement of professional potential of police officers of post-conflict states in the context of guaranteeing the rule of law and reforming the national law-enforcement institutions as elements of regional and international security strengthening. The author compares the measures realized by the UN peacekeeping missions in Kosovo, Liberia, Timor-Leste, Sudan, Mali, Haiti, South Sudan. The scientific novelty consists in the complex analysis of the problem under study based on the current documents of the UN and OSCE, works of Russian and foreign scholars, and the personal author’s experience of participation in UN peacekeeping activities. The author formulates the proposals, which can be used during UN peacekeeping missions and OSCE field operations in the activity aimed at the improvement of professional level of national police service of post-conflict states, and for the system of improvement of qualification of internal affairs officers of the Russian Federation for them to participate in peacekeeping missions.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Gevorgyan A. —
Conceptual Picture of Turkey's Foreign Policy after the JDP Came to Power
// International relations.
– 2018. – ¹ 4.
– P. 1 - 7.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2018.4.27291 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=27291
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In his article Gevorgyan explains the meaning of the main foreign policy concepts applied by Turkish government after the Justice and Development Party came to power. The researcher analyzes the main doctrines that played the crucial role in the development of the foreign policy of Turkey as well as all new ideas of the implementation of foreign policy and the main concepts Turkish government bases its geopolitical targets on. Gevorgyan demonstrates the historical and political content of Ottoman heritage which became an important factor of domestic and foreign doctrinal evolution of Turkey. To analyze the aforesaid issues, the author has applied the following research methods: historical method, systems approach, problematic/chronological, coomparative analysis. Analysis of Turkey's foreign policy is possible only when there is a proper analysis of concepts that make the foundation of the policy. Recent fundamental changes in the global affairs including the Greater Middle East have activated Turkey's foreign policy and have created the need to study doctrinal bases of this policy. To predict further foreign 'practical' policy of Turkey, it is necessary to analyze associated foreign policy doctrines. Foreign policy processes that followed the JDP's coming to power as well as analysis of such concepts as 'strategical depth', 'central state', 'problem-free neighborhood', 'energy hub' demonstrate that active foreign policy of Turkey has a well-defined conceptual basis, thus foreign policy realities are generally based on the concepts that give another view of Turkey's foreign policy and were offered by the JDP.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Gbadebo A. —
The influence of Afrocentrism on Nigeria's Foreign Policy:from Independence to the Present Day
// International relations.
– 2018. – ¹ 4.
– P. 18 - 28.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2018.4.27810 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=27810
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The foreign policy of Nigeria has indisputably proven some homogeneity with the concept of Afrocentrism. Facts have shown that the country’s foreign policy has been very consistent in considering Africa as a centerpiece in spite of successive administrations and the varied systems of government it has experienced. Outlines, principles and objective embedded in the policy from the time of the first Prime Minister Tafawa Balewa who ruled from 1960 when Nigeria gained independence from the British, to the present administration of President Muhammadu Buhari have remained, owing to the country’s faithfulness to contributing to Africa’s development. In this accord, Nigeria has clung to the strong holds of self-determination and self-government in matters that touch its relationship with other countries, both regional and sub-regional. Having adopted the policy of non-alignment, Nigeria has stood in resistance to the external influence while maintaining diplomatic relations with them and concentrated on the integration of African countries. At the period of the country’s shift from Afrocentrism as core to its foreign policy to the direction of “Citizen Diplomacy” then to investment and economic co-operation, Nigeria never lost focus on African unity, economic diplomacy and decolonization of neighboring states. The present article reveals the details of Nigerian foreign policy, its influence on the country itself and Africa as a whole.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Claure Quiroga M. —
The Territorial Dispute Between Bolivia and Chile
// International relations.
– 2018. – ¹ 4.
– P. 73 - 81.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2018.4.27813 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=27813
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The article is devoted to the development of the Bolivian-Chilian territorial conflict. The subject of the research is the Bolivian-Chilian relations providing that Bolivia does not have access to the sea. The aim mof the research is to analyze the history of the problem, how it evolved and current state as well as to evaluate possible variants of the further solution of the matter and Bolivia gaining access to the sea. To achieve the research aim, the researcher has analyzed the regulatory basis of the Bolivian-Chilian relations considering the Bolivia has all rights to claim coastal areas. The research methodology includes methods of historical research, in particular, to analyze the evolution of the conflict, the author has applied the historical genetic method which has allowed to analyze the problem from the point of its origin till presence. Moreover, to accumulate and systematize empirical data, the author has applied the method of case analysis. In conclusion, the author states that long history of the problem makes it more difficult to find the solution, however, Bolivia has alternative solutions of gaining access to the sea and Bolivian government should consider these alternatives in case there aren't better resolutions of the Bolivian-Chilian dispute.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Sorocinova M. —
Public diplomacy of Slovakia: concept, objectives and mechanism of foreign policy
// International relations.
– 2019. – ¹ 2.
– P. 109 - 118.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2019.2.29833 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=29833
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This article is dedicated to determination of certain definitions of the term public diplomacy, as well as examination of the question of its establishment and specific concept in the conditions of Slovak Republic. The author analyzes the advantages and factors of public diplomacy of Slovak Republic from geopolitical and historical perspectives in reference to the current foreign policy of the country. The article consists of three sections: the first analyzes the understanding of public diplomacy by Slovakian experts; the second provides the analysis of the concept of nation branding as a foundation of public diplomacy of Slovakia; the third explores the mechanism and peculiarities of Slovakia’s current public diplomacy. Research methodology is based on the methods of political science, namely; systemic analysis that allows viewing the phenomenon of Slovakia’s public diplomacy in the context of international relations and foreign policy; as well as documental analysis that determines the attributes and peculiarities of Slovakia’s public diplomacy according to the official sources. The conclusion is formulated on which state interests are met due to the public diplomacy and nation branding of the country. The author identifies the factors of public diplomacy of Slovak Republic that impact its advancement overseas. The scientific novelty consists in examination of the current political situation in Slovakia and different perspectives on the country’s foreign policy by the representatives of state authorities, as well as citizens.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Kocherov O.S. —
Chinese strategic culture and “Tao Te Ching”
// International relations.
– 2019. – ¹ 4.
– P. 31 - 47.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2019.4.31678 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=31678
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The subject of this research is the Tao political philosophy of the ancient Chinese text of “Tao Te Ching” as a source of Chinese strategy. The author expounds three aspects of the Tao philosophy: administrative (perception of ideal form of government and political legitimacy), military-diplomatic (preferred types of interaction with other actors and stance on war as a political instrument), and geopolitical-geocultural (perception of culture in its place in the world and correlation of cultural mission with beingness of other actors withing the framework of certain world politics configuration). The scientific novelty of this research consists in a complex analysis of the “Tao Te Ching” texts as a potential paradigm of Chinese strategic culture. “Tao Te Ching” preaches noninvolvement as a method of government and criteria of political legitimacy, defensive pacifism and world politics model of global community of smaller states. A conclusion is made on the importance of study of the influence of Tao paradigm upon the strategy of Chinese national movements for solution of the problem of political strategic agency.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Filipović A. —
The impact of right-wing populist parties upon national policy with regards to the Russian Federation: the case of the Progress Party (Norway) and the Danish People's Party
// International relations.
– 2020. – ¹ 3.
– P. 18 - 53.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2020.3.32336 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=32336
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The goal of this research consists in determination of impact of the Progress Party (Norway) and the Danish People's Party upon the policy of their national governments with regards to Russia. The Progress Party used to be member of the Norwegian government coalition from 2013 to 2020, while the Danish People's Party supported the Danish coalition governments from 2015 to 2019. The analysis of the origin, ideologies, political agenda, and policy of the parties give a more accurate explanation on their position towards Russia, as well as defines the level of their political willpower in influencing the government policy thereof. Research methodology is comprised of content analysis used in examination of the official documents of the Progress Party and the Danish People's Party, comparative analysis used in considering political programs of both parties, as well as various election results and other corresponding data. The conclusion is made that both parties have considerable impact upon the state policy of their countries with regards to the Russian Federation. Moreover, both of them demonstrated no political interest in making Russia the key vector in their foreign policy programs. Being neither of Russophile nor Russophobic nature, their presence in the government did not become the reason for deterioration or improvement of relations with Russia.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Makulov S.S. —
Russian Print Media of 1922 - 1941 about Soviet Union - Italy Relations
// International relations.
– 2018. – ¹ 1.
– P. 1 - 6.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2018.1.25024 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=25024
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The present article is devoted to how Soviet Union - Italy relations were described by print media of 1922 - 1941. Despite hostility between Bolshevists and Fascists, political relations between Moscow and Rome were rather pragmatic at the interstate level during the aforesaid period. That was reflected in publications and articles of Soviet print media of those years. Facts of effective cooperation between the USSR and Italy in different spheres were frequently underlined, however, aggressive foreign policy appetences of Rome were critiñized. The author based his research on the principles of historicism and objectivity and used the methods of historical genetic analysis and content analysis. As a result of his research, Makulov introduces a number of publications of Soviet print media of 1920 - 1930 on the milestones in the history of development between Moscow and Rome and concludes that Soviet Union - Italy relations were described by print media in a more neutral and reserved way than other aspects of internal and external policy of Mussolini.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Kondrashov L.D. —
German Anti-Americanism after the End of the Cold War
// International relations.
– 2018. – ¹ 2.
– P. 164 - 167.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2018.2.26306 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=26306
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The article is devoted to manifestation of anti-Americanism in Germany after the end of the Cold War. The relevance of the topic is determined by the fact that the USA and Germany today are allies and leaders in many areas despite all the controversy. The author pays special attention to the positive development of relations which are sometimes replaced by a negative attitude towards Washington. In addition, the author closely examines the position of Berlin on two key issues: operations in Afghanistan and the United States’ abandoning the Kyoto Protocol. The historical method was used in the course of study of the German policy in the sphere of economy, which allowed the author to trace the evolution of conceptual foundations of the modern approach of the German government to the way out of the crisis of 2008. Also, the author used a structural method to study the German-American cooperation, which allowed him to determine the origins of relations problems between the countries in the cultural and investment spheres. The author comes to the conclusion that German anti-Americanism, escalated especially during the reign of Bush Jr., has not disappeared in recent years, but changed the nature and became somewhat softer. As a result, it can be concluded that Washington's aggressive foreign policy can generate new negative manifestations of anti-Americanism in German society in the near future.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Gavrilenko N.V. —
“Fear” as a disintegration factor: conceptual view on British-European relations in light of Brexit
// International relations.
– 2023. – ¹ 2.
– P. 18 - 35.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2023.2.41052 EDN: RHRVVW URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=41052
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The article aims at contributing to discussions on British national identity and its impact on the state’s foreign policy, with British-European relations used as an example. The author provides a concept of “fear” within the constructivist approach as a tool to explain withdrawing from the integration organisation. According to it, the logic of state’s behaviour can be explained with the help of four impulses that cause fear for one’s own identity. These are generalised categories that make it easier to analyse and describe actions taken by actors while interacting with their counteragents. Given the results of the research on British-European relations, one can conclude that deeper integration and gradually empowered supranational bodies provoke conflict between national and transnational identities. For fear of being deprived of its identity, which is of paramount importance, the United Kingdom was trying to securitise the threat by leaving the Union. Accordingly, the concept of “fear” facilitates defining reasons why politicians turn to politicising a problem and developing a security scenario, which is Brexit when it comes to British-European relations. Yet, it doesn’t guarantee identity restoration and can only aggravate internal issues, which is proved by the case of Great Britain.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Ivanova N.E. —
Methods of foreign students from Europe and Latin America recruiting on the example of Peoples' Friendship University of Russia
// International relations.
– 2024. – ¹ 1.
– P. 61 - 68.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2024.1.69911 EDN: GIMETK URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=69911
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This article considers the ways of international students recruiting in Russian universities using as an example the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba. As a leading university in the fields of working with international students RUDN University uses a variety of ways to attract students from Europe and Latin America. The aim of the work is to identify commonalities and differences in working with international students from Europe and Latin America, taking into account the peculiarities, level of economic and social development of the regions, their native languages and planned field of studies among applicants. The methodology used in the article is a comparative analysis of the methods of recruiting European and Latin American citizens to study at the RUDN University. In addition, the comparison uses the real practice of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba in recruiting international citizens from Europe and Latin America. The results of consideration show the effectiveness of the RUDN University methods used in the recruiting of European and Latin American students, as well as usefulness in their further implementation. The novelty lies in the comparison of the methods of international applicants recruiting from two regions – Europe and Latin America – for studies to RUDN University. The author concludes that it is advisable to operate Russian language centers, profile classes, resource centers, hold Open Olympiads to recruit talented young people to study at the RUDN University. It is also possible to continue working with recruiting companies and participation in international fairs. The possibility of introducing existing practices not only into the Russian, but also into the global educational space is being considered.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Degterev D.A., Timashev G.V. —
Concept of multipolarity in Western, Russian and Chinese academic discourse
// International relations.
– 2019. – ¹ 4.
– P. 48 - 60.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2019.4.31751 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=31751
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The key research focus of this article is the emergence and further development of the multipolarity concept in international relations academic discourse in the United States, Western Europe, Russia and China. Initially, the term was rooted in Western IR school, and was elaborated as an attempt to counter-balance USSR in the context of bipolar world. The article also covers the modern practice of using multipolarity discourse in Western international political science. Particular attention is paid to the formation of the concept of multipolarity in the Russian Federation and in the PRC in the post-bipolar world. Academic discourse of multipolarity is presented in close link to the practical dimension of the foreign policy concepts of the countries mentioned in this study. The re-emergence of multipolarity was closely associated with changes in the balance of power and an attempt to overestimate the role of superpowers in the world. The consistent development of the theoretical basis of the concept was carried out until the end of the Cold War in the framework of the Western school of IR. In Russian and Chinese studies, multipolarity mostly acts as an image of the desired world order. In recent years, a number of Western scholars have recognized the objective nature of a multipolar world and the need for strategic adaptation to its realities.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Akarashov I.S. —
Is India a Great Power?
// International relations.
– 2017. – ¹ 4.
– P. 80 - 86.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2017.4.24797 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=24797
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The article analyses the modern status of India in the international arena. Over the past few years India and its economic potential are attracting close attention of world politicians and researchers. The changes that have occurred in recent years are perceived by analysts as transition of India from the status of the Regional Power to the status of the Great Power. The purpose of the study is to explore India's potential for becoming the Great Power in the future. The following tasks were set in accordance with the purpose: to highlight the key achievements of India in various fields, to consider the challenges lying ahead for India, compare the views of historians and political scientists on India's current status in the international arena, and analyze the initiatives of the Indian government to improve the indicators of the country. The author uses the so-called "Theory of factors" as a methodological basis to explain social development by the influence of political, economic, social and other factors [1. - P. 80.]. This approach has enabled us to give the most substantiated answer to the main question of the article, i.e., related to the factors evidencing that India can become a Great Power. In addition, a comparison method was used to analyze the scientific approaches for determination of the status of India in the international system. The scientific novelty of the study lies in a comprehensive analysis of the criteria for greatpowerness of India. On the basis of the results of the analysis, the author concludes that India has a number of factors that allow some scientists today to suggest that India is a Great Power. However, for general recognition of this status, it must address a number of economic, political and social problems the country faces today.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Abramov R.A., Strel'chenko S.G., Derevyanko S.V. —
Competitiveness of the Innovative Systems of the Union State for the Purpose of Economic Security in the World
// International relations.
– 2017. – ¹ 4.
– P. 55 - 73.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2017.4.20727 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=20727
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The subject of the study is institutional and economic relations influencing the development of competition among national innovation systems in the post-Soviet space aimed at ensuring economic security in the global world. The subject of the research is innovative systems of the Union State. The authors claim that intensity of competition at the turn of the 21st century was conditioned by unevenness of economic and social development expressed in disparity of the development not only of separate countries but also of regions and industries through different capital accumulation rates. In this context, the formation and implementation of effective competitive strategies by international companies and states in order to ensure their high competitive status is a priority task of international policies of almost all developed countries of the world. The authors consider such aspects of the topic as competitiveness determined by the criterion of effectiveness of any economic entity. The level of NIS competitiveness also determines the world economic positions of countries. The use of methods of theoretical analysis (induction and deduction, general-to-specific and specific-to-general analysis, theoretical comparison, comparison and generalization) along with targeted-programme method allowed to analyse the existing approaches and techniques for the study of various aspects of innovative systems integration of neighbouring countries with the aim of identifying, finalizing and developing new approaches to exploration of NIS competitiveness and development effects. Methods for empirical information procession and analysis (grouping, comparison, index, correlation and regressive analysis) allowed to obtain new reliable indicators on the development and functioning of the NIS of neighbouring countries. Scientific novelty of the research: it was shown that the forms and methods of state management in the field of scientific and technological activities are not properly regulated at the regional level. The evident trends clearly indicate that there is still no effective system of promotion of innovative activity of economic entities at the regional and state levels, and therefore there is a need in a special wide system of regulators of this process to revitalize the innovative activities. The authors offered a mechanism for promoting the innovative activity of economic entities which should operate at all levels - from government to local authorities. The article also proposes a system of innovative activity financing from all possible sources. The concepts of competitiveness of national economy are of great practical importance for the development of programs improving national competitive advantages, as well as developing its export base at the national and regional levels over the long term. The places occupied by the regions of the Union State in the ratings of authoritative international organizations clearly demonstrate their non-competitiveness. A prerequisite for overcoming the crisis, for integration and solution of the national security problems is the development and implementation of global strategic architecture for improvement of its international competitiveness.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Zabirov D.V. —
Cooperation of the Central Asian Countries in the Fight Against Terrorism within the Framework of International Organizations
// International relations.
– 2018. – ¹ 2.
– P. 158 - 163.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2018.2.25815 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=25815
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Abstract:
The article focuses on collaboration of the Central Asian countries in the fight against the terrorist threat. The author analyzed the existing legal framework for the fight against terrorism, international law documents, as well as the UN conventions and revealed some legal shortcomings that prevent the international community from working together to fight effectively against this global evil. The author notes that the concept of "international terrorism" has no universally recognized definition, which explains the ineffectiveness of efforts to cope with it. The article states that terrorism is most active in the conditions of permanent political instability, weakness of state institutions, as well as in the period of economic crises, which is typical for the countries of Central Asia. The methodological basis of this article consists of several methods of scientific knowledge. The author applies the method of content analysis to study the legal system in the field of dealing with the terrorist threat in the framework of separate States of Central Asia, as well as in the framework of international organizations. Cognitive mapping is used to identify the range of the regional and global threats associated with terrorism. The historical approach to the study of the problems of international relations helps to determine the historical context of the origin and implementation of terrorist activities in the Central Asian region. The author explores the activities of such terrorist organizations as "Islamic State", "Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan", "Islamic Jihad" and shows their connection with some regional and global terrorist organizations such as "al-Qaeda", "Taliban". The author reveals the goals of these organizations - destabilization of the situation in the region, creation of Islamic States. The article reveals the reasons why the Central Asian region has become one of the most vulnerable regions to the terrorist threat.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Nikez A.Y., Nwalie G.A. —
Nigeria’s Sub – Regional Diplomacy: Nigeria’s role in promoting West African Institutions
// International relations.
– 2023. – ¹ 1.
– P. 1 - 11.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2023.1.39208 EDN: IYUGVQ URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=39208
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Abstract:
The study examines Nigerian subregional diplomacy: study of Nigeria’s role in promoting West African Institutions The study focuses on Nigeria’s relations with West African institutions such as the Lake Chad Basin Commission, the Gulf of Guinea Commission and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The authors consider in detail Nigeria’s national interests vis-à-vis West African institutions and Member States. To achieve the objective of the study, the authors pay particular attention to Nigeria’s bilateral relations with neighbouring States and cooperation with African institutions. The study is based on the theory of political realism, which implies constant competition among States defending their national interests. In the process of studying this problem, the authors apply institutional, analytical and problem-chronological methods.
The main conclusions of the study are the establishment of Nigeria’s role in the settlement of border and territorial disputes, which enabled the state to interact and cooperate with its neighbours, the importance of Nigeria’s contribution to the peacekeeping of the region, Identifying the stability of Nigeria’s foreign policy towards both Africa as a whole and neighbouring States, analysing the main problems of the West African region, which is the basis of Nigeria’s subregional diplomacy: insecurity, political instability and economic imbalance. Moreover, the authors provide critical analysis of Nigeria’s institutional cooperation. The relevance of the study is due to the growing political and economic influence of Nigeria on the African continent.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Danilov V.D., Shevchenko Y.N. —
Russian language in the post-Soviet space through the eyes of young researchers from Russia and Kyrgyzstan: apology for pragmatism and new opportunities for the dialogue of cultures
// International relations.
– 2020. – ¹ 3.
– P. 54 - 66.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2020.3.30020 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=30020
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Abstract:
This article is dedicated to an overview of the International Youth Forum “Russia and the Turkic World: The Outlook of Youth from Russia and Kyrgyzstan” through the lens of relevant problems of international cultural and humanitarian cooperation in the space of former Soviet Union. This event, organized by the Saint Petersburg Society of Russian-Turkish Relations in the Area of Science and Culture with the support of the Presidential Grants, can be rightfully considered the first relations international event of such format in history of modern Russian-Kyrgyz relations. The Forum was held for two days (April 26-27, 2019) on the platform of Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University named after Boris Yeltsin (Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan). In the center of authors’ attention are the key issues, priorities and objectives of the foreign language and cultural policy of the Russian Federation in Central Asia. The indicated problematic deserves careful attention of the global expert-analytical community in the conditions when the region in question has become an intersection of foreign policy and strategic interests of an entire number of states that hold leading positions in the modern system of international relations.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Barabanov O.A. —
Activities of International Institutions to Negotiate about the Status of Kosovo and Metohija
// International relations.
– 2018. – ¹ 1.
– P. 18 - 41.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2018.1.25298 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=25298
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Abstract:
In his research Barabanov describes participation of international actors (EU, USA, Russia) in negotiations regarding the status of Kosovo, reveals the mechanisms of that participation (Control Group and The Three formats) and emphasizes the prevailing role of external forces (but not Serbians or Kosovans) in the process. The author of the article describes a chronological order of negotiations regarding the status of Kosovo, analyzes the main documents that define vectors of these negotiations and contain relevant provisions on the final regulation of the issue. The author studies new reference sources and analyzes the problem from the point of view of universal history applying interdisciplinary approach and comparative method. Barabanov pays special attention to the definition of the status of Kosovo by representatives of Euro-Atlantic actors and their views on international participation in the region. The author demonstrates how the leaders tried to change it based on the Bosnian model which would mean the transfer of functions from United Nations to EU and NATO. The author reveals the unilateral and biased attitude of the West to the problem of the status of Kosovo. Western states try to structure the negotiation process so that the United Nations Security Force recognizes the independence of Pristina. The author of the article offers some original ideas (including the idea about the intermediate role of 'Contant Group Guidelines Regarding Regulation of the Status of Kosovo' that views the question about the status of Kosovo as debatable. The conclusions made by the author based on associated documents evidently prove that the thesis about Ahtisaari plan corresponding to the Resolution of the United Nations Security Force No. 1244 as well as facts of violations from the side of Western countries that later recognized self-proclaimed independency of Kosovo and their international rights.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Wang L. —
The Economic Aspect of Relations between China and Belarus
// International relations.
– 2018. – ¹ 2.
– P. 168 - 177.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2018.2.25886 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=25886
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Abstract:
The development of relations with the People's Republic of China, one of the fastest growing economies in the world, is a priority of the foreign policy of the Republic of Belarus. The prospects for cooperation between the two countries as well as the benefits they will receive are obvious: new products distribution markets for the PRC and investments for Belarus. The subject of the study is Belarusian-Chinese relations. The object of the study is the economic aspect of bilateral relations. The purpose of the study is to determine how the economic ties between China and Belarus are developing, to identify the interests of the countries in bilateral cooperation with each other. The following tasks were set in accordance with the purpose: to study the legal framework of relations between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Belarus, to consider the aspects of economic cooperation between the parties, to analyze other aspects of cooperation, such as political, cultural, educational, social, etc. The author used two methods as a methodological basis: a historical-chronological method to explore the formation of relations between the two States, and a problem-chronological one to study some aspects of interaction, as well as historical processes in their gradual development. The analysis allowed the author to draw a conclusion that Belarusian-Chinese economic relations are developing dynamically, and the countries also conduct an intensified political dialogue. Investing in Belarusian projects, penetrating the Belarusian markets, the PRC, in turn, carries out active expansion not only in the Republic of Belarus, but also in the CIS on the whole.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Wang S. —
Confucius Institute and Chinese Teaching Abroad in the Context of Public Diplomacy of China
// International relations.
– 2018. – ¹ 2.
– P. 90 - 97.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2018.2.26634 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=26634
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Abstract:
The subject of the study is public diplomacy of China. Public diplomacy as one of diplomacy forms is increasingly attracting China's attention. This form of diplomacy refers to various methods of external communication (with the exception of government diplomacy) including bilateral exchanges between the government and the people. The aim of public diplomacy is to promote a better understanding of the values and institutions of the home country, as well as to enhance its image in the eyes of the international public opinion, which in turn has an influence over the policy pursued by foreign governments towards this state. The author discussed the relations between the Confucius Institute and public diplomacy of China using the methods of analysis, observation and description. The main conclusion of the study is that the Confucius Institute is directly related to public diplomacy of the PRC, moreover, it can be considered its important component. The Confucius Institute and the Chinese language teaching abroad are an important element for the access of Chinese culture to the world, as well as a powerful platform for public diplomacy.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Trifonova E.D. —
Energy vector of Russia’s foreign policy of the 1991-2010 in the EU and in the post-Soviet space in analysis of the French researchers
// International relations.
– 2019. – ¹ 4.
– P. 25 - 30.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2019.4.31600 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=31600
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Abstract:
The subject of this research is the energy vector of Russia’s foreign policy in the European Union and in the post-Soviet space during the period of 1991-2010. This article represents an attempt to fill in the gap of French historiography and analyze the role of energy in Russia’s foreign policy through the prism of French researchers. This article explores the assessments of French authors regarding Russia’s energy policy in the European Union, as well as post-Soviet space. Special attention is given to the energy policy of the Russian Federation in the Caspian region. Preference is given to a number of French monographs on foreign and energy policy of the Russian federation from the late 1990s to early 2000s. The relevance of this research is substantiated by the fact that for the first time French works are analyzed on the subject of energy vector of Russia’s foreign policy. The main conclusion of the conducted research consists in the fact that according to the opinion of majority of French researchers, Russian Federation uses energy as an instrument of its foreign policy, attempting to first return, and then strengthen its status as the energy state.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Iuniushkina A.S., Shapovalova K.A., Katkova E.Y. —
U.S. – China trade war as an attempt to regain global leadership
// International relations.
– 2021. – ¹ 2.
– P. 55 - 68.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2021.2.35748 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=35748
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Abstract:
Confrontation between the two most economically developed countries and the advent of coarse trade wars has disturbed the international arena in 2017. One of the causes for such contradictory relations is presidency and election campaign of Donald Trump, who actively advocated the need to change the structure of relations between the United States and China. This article is an attempt to get a grasp on the origins of contradictions, trace the chronology of the development of trade wars, and carry out a comprehensive analysis of the methods and instruments used by the governments of both countries to resolve the conflict. The key goal of this research is to determine the main causes underlying the trade-economic rivalry between China and the United States, as well as the prerequisites for the emergence of trade wars between the countries. Special attention is given to the U. S. – China contradictions during the presidency of D. Trump. Methodological framework is comprised of theoretical methods of analysis, synthesis, and comparison, as well as systematic approach for examining the key challenges emerging in the trade relations between China and the United States, and mechanisms for overcoming them. In the studying the in-depth motives of the modern conflict, the authors referred to the power transition theory, which clarifies the origins of contradictions between the countries. The novelty of this work consist is consideration of the current stage of U. S. – China trade war, which continues despite the outbreak of the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. The conclusion is made that the contradictions between PRC and the United States are of compound, and thus, not limited by contradictions in the trade-economic sphere, which conditions for long-run conflict.
Citations count: 1
Reference:
Krylov D.S. —
Offensive and Defensive Models of US Foreign Policy in the Middle East
// International relations.
– 2022. – ¹ 3.
– P. 1 - 18.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0641.2022.3.38757 EDN: UNFDVQ URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=38757
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Abstract:
The article is devoted to the analysis of the US foreign policy in the Middle East. The study analyzes the military-political, energy and information aspects of the offensive and defensive models of the Middle East policy of the United States at the present stage. The purpose of the study was to examine the results of the implementation of expansionist and exploitative geopolitical projects of the United States in the Middle East, taking into account the influence of the information factor and the Russian-American confrontation in the region. The methodological basis of the study is a systematic approach. The historical approach, statistical methods, event analysis, case-study method, analysis, comparison, induction and deduction were also applied. The novelty of the work lies in considering the offensive and defensive models of the US political course in the Middle East and the results of expansionist and exploitative geopolitical projects in specific regional situations. Attention is paid to the consequences of Washington's offensive foreign policy on the example of the invasion of Iraq and the occupation of Syria. The article considers the defensive model of US policy in the Persian Gulf with an emphasis on US-Saudi relations against the background of the visit of the US president to the region in July 2022. Examples of Russia's successful creative policy in the Middle East are given. The conclusion is made about the destructive nature and low effectiveness of both offensive and defensive models of the US geopolitical strategy in the Middle East. Against the background of Washington's weakening influence on regional processes, the sovereignty of states is gradually increasing, and it becomes possible for them to pursue an independent political course. The turn of a number of traditional Middle Eastern partners of the United States towards Russia and the system of multipolarity world order proposed by Moscow is becoming more and more noticeable. A change in the balance of power in the Middle East region in the future may lead to a gradual decrease in information influence and a deterioration in Washington's image, with a very likely continuation of conflict interaction between Russia and the United States.
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