Abstract: The turn of the 19th to the 20th century marked a period of industrialization and urbanization that significantly impacted social and economic dynamics. Moscow, like other metropolises of the time, experienced rapid urban population growth, creating a demand for both housing and commercial spaces. In this context, studying the emergence and development of income properties is highly relevant as it sheds light on how urban spaces, society, and human relationships to housing transformed under the influence of economic and social changes during this period.
This research examines and analyzes the role and place of income properties within the urban housing system, assessing how accessible life in such buildings was for city dwellers, the economic foundations behind their emergence, and the impact of their construction on Moscow's architectural landscape. The conclusion offers a summarized evaluation of the economic, social, and cultural significance of income properties in Moscow. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the underexplored history of Moscow's income properties from financial-economic and social perspectives. Firstly, analyzing financial-economic aspects allows for a deeper understanding of investment mechanisms in urban real estate and their influence on market formation. Investigating the motives and financial strategies of owners and investors in income properties can illuminate the reasons behind the success or failure of such ventures, as well as their role in the city's economic development. Secondly, exploring social aspects enables an examination of issues related to social mobility, population structure, and social changes occurring within the context of urban development. These topics broaden our understanding of the city's social history.
Studying these relationships will introduce previously unpublished materials into circulation, systematizing existing data based on diverse sources of information.

Abstract: The subject of this study is apartment buildings in Moscow during the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, and their significance in the context of the urbanization and industrialization of the city. The research aims to investigate the architectural features, functional characteristics, and socio-economic impact of these apartment buildings on the urban landscape. Special attention is paid to the quantitative and qualitative growth of these structures, as well as their contribution to addressing the issue of housing shortages in light of rapid urban population expansion. The focus of the study is on apartment buildings in Moscow during this period. The article examines specific examples of these buildings, their architectural design, construction stages, ownership, and occupancy. Attention is given to analyzing how these buildings were integrated into the city's infrastructure and influenced Moscow's appearance. The research employs diachronic, statistical, and chronological methods. The novelty of this study lies in its exploration of the previously understudied history of apartment houses in Moscow from a financial, economic, and social perspective. Apartment buildings played a significant role in Moscow's urban life. On the one hand, they provided housing for different segments of the population, making housing more accessible and helping to solve the problem of housing shortages. It was common to rent a room or apartment. On the other hand, apartment buildings became not only a social, but also an economic phenomenon. They were attractive for investing capital and contributed to their proliferation. The success of constructing such buildings led to the formation of joint-stock companies that focused on building apartments. These companies invested in real estate projects, expecting to generate significant profits from renting out apartments. The emergence of these companies indicates that the residential real estate market was a lucrative business.