Abstract: This article is dedicated to a relevant scientific problem, within the framework of which the subject of research is the factors that limit the reproduction of juvenile potential of the modern Russian economy. The goal lies in determining the structure of juvenile potential, diagnostics of its key elements, and formulation of basic recommendations that contribute to implementation of the juvenile potential as a factor of innovation development. Besides the general scientific methods, the research employs the factor analysis and analytical capabilities of the “Statistica” software product. Assessment is give to the state of the key elements of juvenile potential. Special attention is turned to the role of higher education system in the reproduction of human potential of the future economy. The conducted analysis revealed both positive and negative trends, namely the problem of imbalance in the age structure of juvenile potential, which negatively affects the prospects for the sphere of education and job market. The article outlines the conditions for increasing the level of juvenile potential of the Russian economy, as well as substantiates its importance in ensuring the progressive socioeconomic development of the country in the strategic perspective. The authors’ recommendations can be valuable in elaboration of state programs and documents that determine the strategic prospects for the economic development of the Russian Federation and its regions. The scientific novelty is defined by the fact that the theoretical provisions of the concept of juvenile potential are currently at the stage of formation.