Abstract: The subject of this research is the structural classification of antonyms of the Russian and Buryat languages. The object of this research is the cognate antonyms in the Russian and Buryat languages. The study of structural classification of antonyms of the Russian and Buryat languages allows to deepen understanding on the antonyms of Buryat language. The article examines the question of formation of cognate antonyms on the example of adjectives and verbs in the Russian and Buryat languages. Particular attention is given to determination of specific features in the structural classification of antonyms in the Russian and Buryat languages. The comparative-typological method that includes the approaches of observation, analogy, description, analysis of the obtained information, classification and generalization, became the key method for this research. The scientific novelty consists the first ever structural classification of antonyms in the Russian and Buryat languages from the comparative perspective. The author reveals the common and peculiar moments with regards to structural classification of antonyms of the Russian and Buryat languages. It is established that cognate antonymy in the Russian language is presented more extensively than in the Buryat language.