Abstract: This article determines the fundamental principles of the models of the Cosmos of Pythagoras of Samos (c. 570 – 500 BC) and Philolaus of Croton (c. 470 – c. 388 BC). The perception of Cosmos as “beauty” and “harmony” – one of the basic characteristics of Pythagorean approach towards cognition of the world; it “interweaves” with the rational perception of reality. The harmony of beauty is transformed into the harmony of numerical relations. The achievements of Pythagoreans, subsequently become one of the foundations of Plato's astronomical texts, who describes cosmology as exact scientific discipline. Nicolaus Copernicus resorts to Philolaus as his major predecessor. This article is first to analyze the symbolic elements of Philolaus’ model of Cosmos from the perspective of modern scientific knowledge. Based on the conducted analysis, the author advances a hypothesis on the noematic nature of the elements of Philolaus’ model of Cosmos, as well as indicates the significance of transposing the methods of practical geometry onto the theoretical fields of “celestial” space, independent from the direct measurements. The article describes the key principles of the model of the universe of Pythagoras of Samos and Philolaus of Croton; discusses reconstruction of Philolaus’ model of Cosmos by Ivan Nikolaevich Veselovsky and Sergey Viktorovich Zhitomirsky. Analysis is conducted on the continuity of the principles of the models of Cosmos of Philolaus and Nicolaus Copernicus.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of one of the examples of rethinking of the ancient models held in the middle of the XVII century. In particular, based on the example we have discussed, the article demonstrates how in the beginning of the so-called "New Time" took place the transition from "discovery" Cosmos towards its "design”, including "historical" ("previous" or "previously known") models. The article also describes in what distorted way, at times in reconstruction of the previously existed models, by significant achievements of the Greek analytical thought in the XVII century, the basic principles of the depiction of Cosmos formulated by the philosophers of the V –II BC  could be interweaved. The article applies a comparative analysis of the sources related to the subject of research, as well as critical analysis of the previously published works of the Russian and foreign scientists. The author conducts the analysis of the accepted within the history of science interpretation of A. Cellarius’ "Ptolemaic system of the world", which leans on the detailed study of its fragments, for compliance with the basic principles of the models of Cosmos recorded in the written sources. The main conclusion of the article lies in the fact that the examined interpretation of "Ptolemaic system of the world", in essence, does not manifest as image that illustrates the system of Ptolemy's world, but rather represents the synthetic image created in the middle of the XVII century, based on the free imaginative interpretation of ancient sources on one hand, and on the other – the baroque aesthetics. As a result, A. Cellarius’ "Ptolemaic system of the world" becomes a distinct symbol that had completely lost connection with the originally formed by K. Ptolemy image of the world.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the study of ontological possibilities Zoroastrian map of the constellations. Special attention is paid to comparative interpretation reconstructed by P. Apian Zoroastrian map of the sky and the traditional map of the Greek sky. The article also discusses the final stage of formation 12-membered of the Zodiac, is developing the concept of “zodiac recipe.” The article also assesses the graphic reconstruction 1533 as the source, reflecting the essence of the tradition of the constellations formed during the period of cultural contact media astronomical knowledge of Ancient Mesopotamia with representatives zarvanytsia religious traditions.The paper uses a comparative analysis of the sources related to the subject of research, critical analysis of previously published works of domestic and foreign researchers.In the first article shows the possibility of the existence of Zoroastrian map of the constellations and the possibility of its influence on the formation of the Greek tradition of the constellations. The main findings of the article are that the fixation of the Zodiac in his finished (actually today), occurs during the interaction between the Zoroastrian and Mesopotamian culture.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the research of the ontological option for creating zodiacal constellations. Special attention is paid to the formation of the octopartite (prezodiacal) and final duodecimal (zodiacal) models. The latter had been already created during the period of recorded history. In his article Kuzmin develops the concept of 'zodiacal writing' and 'existence writing'. He also touches upon the interrelationships between different zodiacal models and their role in the process of creation of the Cosmos model or so called armillary sphere. In his research Kusmin also provides evaluation of astronomy as an independent scientific and academic discipline. The researcher has used the method of the comparative analysis of sources referring to the subject of the research as well as the critical analysis of previously published Russian and foreign researches. Kuzmin has also made an attempt to re-enact the history of the creation and description of zodiacal constellations based on the critical analysis of Russian and foreign researches. Based on the results of the analysis, the author also tries to answer the question whether there could be pre-zodiacal and zodiacal models of Cosmos. The main conclusion of the article is that duodecimal Zodiac was created as a result of a stepwise process that lasted for a considerable period of time and had started in the VIth century BC. The final stage of the process was recorded during the period of recorded history. At the final stage Zodiac was also 'split' into the two inequal terms, Zodiacal constellations and Zodiacal signs. 

Abstract: The article is devoted to reconstructing the elements of cosmological views in the societies that had existed before philosophy was created. According to the author's hypothesis, the main elements of cosmological views of the preliterate period are illustrated with the ritual of 'sacrifising a horse'. In his article Kuzmin makes an attempt to reconstruct the history of establishment and fixation of the sacrifice ritual (base on both historical-philosophical and archeological sources) as an existential cosmological model of the Bronze Age. The author analyzes how that model was described in writing materials (the Vedas). In his research Kuzmin has used the comparative analysis of textual sources and illustrations related to the subject under research as well as the critical analysis of previously published researches by Russian and foreign scientists. Based on the analysis undertaken in this research, the author considers whether Cosmos models could exist already in the third century BC. The main conclusion of the article is that at the turn of the IVth - IIIth centuries the idea of 'Cosmos originating from the sacrifice of Heavenly Horse' was created. That idea was fixed in the symbols of Northern constellations. 

Abstract: The article is devoted to the research of the ontological possibility of early models of Cosmos. Special attention is paid to the very first model that was created at the epoch 'when the myth reigned' as well as the beginnings of the zodiacal model. In addition, the researcher analyzes the relationship between'new' and 'old' models of Cosmos and whether the initial model (neither 'new' nor 'old' but 'zero' or 'having no precedents' model). In his article Kuzmin also analyzes the definition of metacosmography and ontological possibility of the constellation map at different epochs. In his research Kuzmin has used the comparative analysis of archeological and historical sources that relate to the studied period as well as the comparative analysis of previous both Russian and foreign researches. The researcher attempts to reconstruct early (preliterate) models of Cosmos based on the author's interpretation of published archeological records and critical analysis of prior Russian and foreign researches. Based on the results of the analysis carried out, the researcher offers a new ontological model lof the initial (i.e. 'having no precedents') cosmological model and the first solar-horizon (protozodiacal) model. The main conclusion of the research is that there were self-sufficient semiotic systems of mythologems and signs in the Mesolithic and proto-Neolithic culture and those systems were used to describe the main regularly repeating sequences of celestial events. The latter created the basis not only for early calendars but also for cosmological models.