Abstract: This article examines the question of interrelation of the cultural policy with political culture in methodological aspect. Particular attention is given to the circumstance that being a part of political culture, perceived as an acquired by humanity experience of creative solution to the problems of communication and interaction between the subjects of cultural creativity, the cultural policy manifests as the means of achieving the goal indicated above. It is essential to follow these problems in our controversial time, when the entrenched within the social practice economic globalization, requires the search for adequate forms of its universal general cultural realization, capable of simultaneously keeping the distinctness of the separate ethnic cultures. Methodology of the research suggests necessary immersion into the history of political culture that actualizes its lessons. The illustrative material applies the current situation in the Western world, as well as globalization processes of regional character in the Ancient Eastern culture. The author attempts to not only provide the theoretical formulations, but also connect the conceptual assumptions with the actual modern practice, particularly with such tasks as the globalization and modernization of various ethnic cultures within the currently necessary and available limits.

Abstract: This article base on the material of Bible examines the questions that in one or another way align with the globalization and modernization processes, which in the author’s opinion, have been taking place back in the ancient Jewish culture. Moses had given the Commandments to previous generations, which are still followed by the entire civilized humanity. He teaches us how to coordinate the means and goals of social practice in order to make it efficient. As far as Jesus, he discovered for the humanity the new ways of moral and intellectual improvements, as well as indicated the social ideals to the world achieved only through altruism and nonviolence. And most importantly, he is the first out of the thinkers of Ancient East to understand the need for unification of people all over the world on the basis of humanistic principles, which today are applied in globalization politics by both, the believers and atheists. Texts of the Old and New Testaments manifest as the specific examples of reasoning of the socio-philosophical nature. At the same time, the author uses the information accumulated by the historical science. Special attention is given to the examination of the indicated process as a necessary consequence of the religious-political (the times of Moses) and religious-ethical (the era of Christ’s ministry) practice. The article analyzes the similarities and differences of the work of the Prophet and the Messiah. The study of this question was carried out in the aspect of globalization-modernization paradigm.  

Abstract: The matter of the author's research is the circumstances of the travel conducted by Ivan Turgenev and Lev Tolstoy from Paris to a French provincial town Dijon in March 1857. 'Dijon's episode' was an inspiring trip for both writers. In the capital of Burgundy Tolstoy completed his novel 'The Lost Man' (or 'Albert' in the final version), the novel he had been working on for several months. Turgenev also finished one of his 'hunters' stories' ('The Second Day') from his series 'trips to Polesye' in which he outlined contours of a fundamentally different approach to describing crisis phenomena in the Russian village life. The research method used by the author was the 'philosophical and literary local studies' studying intellectual writings in terms of the cultural, geographical and extralinguistic environments of the authors. In this research Kara-Murza presents new materials about the staying of Turgenev and Tolstoy in Dijon and friendship of those two great figures in the Russian literature. According to the author of the article, the trip to Dijon was a direct prologue of Turgenev's 'escape' from Paris to the Lake of Geneva, the homeland of Russo, in April 1857 as well as Turgenev's trips to England, Germany and Italy which in their turn defined a new stage of his creative writing.  

Abstract: The problem of science and the state in society is not new. But the special relevance it has acquired today in the light of changes in the socio-political and cultural situation in modern Russia. Especially when you consider that the problem of the relationship of the state towards science in modern Russia is widely discussed in Russian scientific literature. That is why this topic has been chosen as an object of the current study.The article focuses on the such issues as funding of scientific research; the creation of new research centers; position of academic and University research in the Russian scientific space; criteria of estimation of scientific activity; the level of citation of scientific publications; measures of promotion of the further development of Russian science and the role of government in supporting it.Analyzing this theme, the author has relied on theoretical generalizations contained in the works of Russian researchers. In addition, there has been used the method of sociological analysis, empirical method and statistical analysis based on the data of concrete sociological researches, conducted by Russian scientific and educational structures.Implementation of the problem of relationship of the state towards science in the modern Russian realities will help to clarify the methodological approaches to the definition of such concepts as: scientist in the conditions of market transformation of society, social and professional status of the scientist, the specific criteria of the prestige of scientific work. Moreover, it is to a certain extent will help to study the possibility of changing research policy in order to further development of domestic science.

Abstract: In the center of Paul Ricœur’s article are problems of philosophical anthropology, studied through the prism of antinomicity of human existence. The inner antinomies of a human, in the thinker’s opinion, are the most specific and demonstrative: voluntary and involuntary, action and trial of impact, autonomy and vulnerability, ability and fragility. Paul Ricœur attempt to examine them dialectically, focusing attention on the two-sidedness of human desire, which is rooted in human love for himself, and simultaneously, open to the limitless horizon. In this regard, the philosopher refers to the notions of character and happiness, which testify to the disproportionality of human in practice: character is the individual way of action that is realizes by a human because of his freedom; happiness is the final point, towards which human aims his motivation. Ricœur is a bright representative of the reflexive philosophy that is based on the ideas of phenomenology and hermeneutics, and at the same time, uses in its research the resources of the sciences about human: ethnology, history, economics, sociology, linguistics, etc. In his teaching, the French thinker raises a question about human, his specificity, and wholeness. He examines human reality taking the path from the myth, philosophical formulations of Plato, Pascal, Kierkegaard to Kant, and then modernity. Although Ricœu considered realization of the project of philosophical anthropology the “project of a lifetime”, but rarely used this term.

Abstract: The author pursues correlation between the views of the two prominent representatives of French Age of Enlightenment  of Voltaire and Rousseau regarding all directions of their versatile efforts, as well as determines their equal importance for the European culture. Protection of interests of the entire Third Estate and all nation of Rousseau in some aspects concedes, and in some supersedes Voltaire’s idea of increasing the amount of highly educated people, because it is mostly aimed at establishment of class of the workers that are in demand in modern time. The requirements for realization of the democratic reforms of Rousseau overweighs the orientation towards the enlightened absolutism of Voltaire, but is ahead of its time; protection of sciences and arts of Voltaire is rather equivalent to the Rousseau’s absolutization of morality. The author concludes that the ironic fine humor of Voltaire cannot be placed higher or lower that the deep pathetic reasoning of Rousseau; and religious optimism of Rousseau does not affect the skeptical optimism of Voltaire. Both thinkers are so unlike, but equally important to France and Europe.

Abstract:  
In the context of difficulties, which faces the historical-philosophical research and teaching in post-Soviet situation, this article poses – based in the notion of “event” – the problem  of the “modern” philosophy, “paradigm” that in one or another way continue today, but takes its origins in the past. In this regard, the author’s thesis states that the modern philosophy has two main active-historical “beginnings” – one in the XIX century, the other one in the XX century, to the analysis of which this article is dedicated. Methodologically, this research is based on the multiple Western European (primarily German) historical-philosophical works, as well as is oriented upon the certain philosophical directions of the XX century (especially philosophical hermeneutics), which allows having a significantly new perspective upon modernity alongside the past of the philosophy. The conducted analysis establishes the moments of conceptual continuity of the modern philosophical thoughts, which to the present time finds itself inside the two revolutions in the way of thinking: one such “transformation in thinking” leads from the late Schelling, through Marx, Kierkegaard, and other opponent of Hegel in 1840’s, to Nietzsche and Dilthey; and the other transformation in thinking is associated with even more radical “revolt of a philosopher against philosophy”, namely against identification of the being and thinking and attempts (of Husserl, Heidegger, and other thinkers of the shift in philosophical-humanitarian paradigm in the 1910-1920’s) to have a new perception of the initiate problem of the “first philosophy” in the XX century.
 

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the emergence and development of the existential version of culture. The philosophy of culture as a specific sector of philosophical knowledge occurred in the pas millennium. Certainly a long period of the comprehension of culture as a peculiar phenomenon has preceded the emergence of the aforementioned discipline. The new direction of the understanding of culture originated the appearance of the philosophy of history. Having revealed the various opportunities of the cultural being, the historical knowledge contributed into the conception of adjacent area of philosophical reflection. The introduced into the discourse by Müller notion “Kulturphilosophie” has conclusively formed a new discipline. W. Windelband indicated that the academic philosophy of culture stood against positivism on one hand, and philosophy of life on the other. Nevertheless, it does not undermine the achievements in the area of understanding of culture that have established in positivism, as well as philosophy of life. As a result, the two different approaches towards comprehension of culture have formed. Neo-Kantians, having detected the multiplicity of cultures, turned the efforts towards the search of the universal foundations of culture. As far as the philosophy of culture and existentialism, the representatives of these directions based themselves upon the fact that the understanding of culture is impossible without submerging into the existential experience, as well as the roots of the inner world of a human as a creator of this phenomenon. The author uses the principle of historicism for comparison of the various approaches towards culture.  This allows observing not only the universalities of culture, but also the unusual versions of the cultural creativity. Many researchers believe that neither philosophy of life nor existentialism did not show interest towards culture. However, it is demonstrated that without revelation of the existential practice it is not possible no analyze the specificity of culture alongside the regularities of the historical-cultural process. These ideas are contained in the philosophical heritage of Søren Kierkegaard, whose views are being examined in this article.

Abstract: In his research Paleev talks about development of laws and regulations during the Reformation. Academics often underline that the Reformation was the Protestantism. Max Weber believed the Reformation to be the movement that resulted in the origin of the Capitalism. Religious beliefs that contributed to the origin of the Protestantism also formed a new economy and style of life. At the same time, it also had an effect on legal concepts of the European civilization. In fact, the development of new legal views and concepts was quite more dramatic than it seems. Weber's interpretation of the Reformation is often reviewed by today's researchers, however, the latter pay too little attention to so-called counter-reformation movements. The Reformation was not recognized by everyone. Religious movements created new interpretations and concepts of law. That, in its turn, created a complex psychological situation and disagreements oif values. There were social and religious passions around the legal culture. Paleev bases his research mostly on the principle of historicism which allowed to show the influence of Max Weber's ideas not only on the economy and religious beliefs but also development of new legal views of the Christian civilization. In his article Paleev focuses on a difficult situation in Europe when the Reformation created numerous anti-reformation movements and social passions. The author of the article analyzes debates round the religious category of 'salvation'. Martin Luther's concept was often critisized by anti-reformation movements. The author also raises a question about individual behavior that goes beyound the law and religious standards and discuss the idea of Christianity returning to its initial purity as a true essence. The author also emphasizes the need to distinguish between law and religion and proves the independent role of the law. 

Abstract: This article explores the polemic between the renowned enlighteners Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Claude Adrien Helvétius on the question of upbringing.  How does one raise an enlightened member of society? Rousseau believes that teaching should be conducted individually, leaving the student and mentor out in the nature. Helvétius leans towards collective education. But both believe that the upbringing should take place in a village. Rousseau supports the religious and fairly limited upbringing, while Helvétius is against religion and in support of higher education. The specificity in Helvétius’ understanding of human leads him to paradoxes, analyzed by Denis Diderot. The upbringing means of the Age of Enlightenment are being carefully examined for the first time. The author compares the views of Rousseau and Helvétius on the utmost important factors – religious, anti-religious, moral, educational, and professional. A special attention is given to the paradoxes in thinking that result from Helvétius’ understanding of human being. The author provides explanation to the paradoxes as dialectical contradictions intrinsic to Enlightenment.  

Abstract: The new book by E. N. Shapinskaya book “Music for All Times: Classical heritage and Contemporary Culture” is dedicated to the study of the problem of musical heritage as an intrinsic part of human culture. Based on the example of Russian and foreign opera classics, the author examines the philosophical problems of universal character, contained in the great compositions of the past and preserving their importance today. The book simultaneously contains the analysis of the actual place of musical art within modern culture, as well as the substantiated statement on the necessity and irreplaceability of such experience that is given to men by culture and culture alone. At the same time, the author of the book reveals what means used the great masters to cover the problems of the government and its reforms, freedom and responsibility, choice and realization of life’s goal. The material of the book includes not only the theoretical reasoning and author’s conclusions, but also his personal observations, impressions from spectacles and concerts, and recordings of interviews with details of art. The space of musical experience in Shapinskaya’s interpretation appears as space of formation of a concept, and this allows a man to attain an indispensable intellectual and emotional experience, and provides prospects for personal development.

Abstract: The field of philosophical problems generated by the study of the hesychast mystico-ascetical practice is structured into three principal domains: Hesychasm and Phenomenology, Hesychasm and Energy, Hesychasm and the Anthropological Unlocking. The first of these domains is analyzed, in which problems of methodology, epistemology and heuristics of spiritual and philosophical experience are collected. Comparative study of hesychast and phenomenological (intentional) experience demonstrates that these two kinds of experience possess close resemblance and structural parallels. Namely, the triadic structure of the way of spiritual ascension in hesychasm corresponds to three stages of the phenomenological act of the grasping of the intentional object (phenomenological reduction – intentional grasping – noesis). The hesychast principle of soberness (nepsis) is characterized as a specific modus of consciousness, which coincides with intentional consciousness in all principal features.

Abstract: The subject of the research is the peculiarities of introduction and perception of existential philosophy in Japan, in particular, the influence of the existential philosophic thought on Siina Rinzo’ works. The authors of the article state that within the Japanese culture a traditional attitude to a human being as a creature deeply involved in the natural and social world had been (at least up to the middle of the 20th c.) opposed to the Western one, taking a human being as an individual withdrawn into himself. Also, a considerable proximity can be found between existential and Buddhist mentalities which had favored the spread of existential philosophy in Japan. However, spreading of Capitalism in Japan led to strengthening of individualistic tendencies in Japanese society. Consequently, the main problem for existentially-oriented Japanese writers became “maintaining and determination of their own Self” (Jiga). The method of research: The empirico-hermeneutic methodology was applied: i. e. the method of correct description and interpretation of original sources; dialectical methodology supplemented with the principle of complementarity. Scientific novelty and conclusions: for the first time in Russian history of literature studies, the original texts both by Siina Rinzo (in the light of existential thought in Japan) and Japanese literature critics, texts by dedicated to Siina had been translated and analyzed; the authors also conclude that Siina’s existential motives are much closer to those of Dostoevsky than to the Western representatives of existentially-oriented literature. The characters in Siina’s works show obvious signs of their creator’s ethical striving which leads Siina to the ideals consonant to be ones of a Catholic representative of existentialism Gabriel Marcel.

Abstract: The paper is devoted to the differentiation of the two variants of social identity – identification (in self-categorization theory) and identity fusion (in self-verification theory). In accordance with the self-regulation of body processes approach to identity, both variants are consequences of different mechanisms of identity formation, equally providing a person with the experience of self-identity and control as the general basis of the identity. The following hypotheses have been made: 1) Idenfitication and identity fusion are interrelated yet different types of social identity formation both in interpersonal domains (families) and ideological domains (countries). 2) Identity fusion (but not identification) with one's family or country is graphically depicted as the 'overlap' of the family circle or the country circle with the Self circle. 3) Both identity fusion and identification with the group have similar features such as the subjective feeling of belonging to the group (subjective proximity of group to Self) and emotions experienced when identification is changed (changes in the group are experienced as a negative but important event related to changes in the Self. In this study of identification and identity fusion with the country and family on samples of students (n1 = 161) and adults (n2 = 123) the authors have confirmed the structural and partly (for the family only) functional differences between these constructs. Both identity fusion and identification with the group are equally associated with indicators of self-identity - subjective proximity of group to "Self" and severity of negative reaction to the change of social identity, including change for better. The results are discussed from the perspective of the possible mechanisms behind the two different variants of identity formation.
 

Abstract: The specify of Japanese culture seen from the ground of the two eminent researches of the matter: T.P. Grigorieva and T. Sugiyama-Lebra (Japanese American) is considered in the article. Prof. Grigorieva argues that the Ultimate Truth in Japan had been perceived immediately, in an “aesthetic” way. It’s a kind of an experience of “Oneness” with the Nature, and deeper – with the Outer Space, born from “Nothingness” – the formless dimension of the Universe. She also argues, that cultural specific depends on often non-articulated “Weltanschauung” and behavioral forms. She assumes, that cultural foundation is something formless, unseen on the “Surface” of life, but existing in any epoch. It may be or may be not textually fixed, but is handed down from generation to generation on “alive”. Cultural behavior of contemporary Japanese is the subject of scientific analyses of prof. Sugiyama-Lebra. She assumes that the traditional socio-cultural order in Japan is under a kind of threat, due to rapid globalization. She finds fault with the destructive position of the widespread post-modern attitude to Culture. A clear view of the process of traditional cultural forms “dissolution”, makes her to conclude that any socio-cultural novelty becomes a kind of danger, unless it takes into account historically-approved forms of social activities.Method of research: the empirico-hermeneutic methodology was applied: i. l. the method of correct description and interpretation of original sources; dialectical methodology, principle of complementarity.For the first time in the history of local Japanese Studies the scientific views of the two eminent Contemporary researchers of the Japanese traditional Culture are analyzed in the article. Both Grigorieva and Sugiyama-Lebra substantiate the importance of preserving the traditional ties that make a socio-cultural order possible. Any kind of progress is possible until these ties are broken. But if we aim at “novelties at all costs”, progress may turn into a post-modern deconstruction not only of the concept “Culture”, but of the very culture itself, which means justification of immorality in practice. Culture cannot be inherited genetically; that’s why every new generation has to learn from the previous ones. Continuity is indispensable for culture. Globalization implying abolishing of ethnos as a quasi-organic entity inclines to a destruction of Culture, the embodiment of Specific features of human activity. It implies rapid “moral obsolescence” of all generations, preceding today’s youth. Nevertheless, the both scientists argue, that traditional habits of work and practical skills make the role of elder teachers urgent.

Abstract: The article tells us about the creative life of a famous Russian author and scriptwriter Valery Zalotukha (1954 - 2015). In his creative writing Valery Zalotukha raised nettlesome social issues. Our newsperson had a meeting with Elena Lobachevskaya in order to discuss the creative life of a famous writer and outline unquestionable achievements of his writings including his novel 'The Candle' and his script for the film 'A Moslem'. 'A Moslem' was an important film at the time of its creation and it still remains important today. The psychological conflict in the film was caused by the fact that a Russian soldier who had been captured by Muslims came back to his home village. The values he adopted were startingly contradictory to the village traditions of excessive drinking and blunt and cruel behavior. In his conversation Khayrutinov used such elements of the genre as an interview. The main ideas of existential philosophy, in particular, Viktor Frankl's views were touched upon by the interlocutors. For the first time in the Russian academic sources the history of writing the novel 'The Candle' is presented. The interlocutors also discussed how the idea of the script 'A Moslem' was created which had a documentary basis. Valery Zolotukha saw the TV news telling about the soldier who became a Muslim coming back home to his mother. The interlocutors also discussed the origin of the documentary film 'The Angel of the Russian Church Versus the Father of All Nations'. The idea of the film is closely connected with the words from Alexander Pushkin's 'Boris Godunov' when the tzar asks a fool for Christ to pray for him and the fool answers 'I can't pray for Herod'. The interlocutors also gave their evaluation of the movie 'The Priests'. Moreover, they touched upon the topics Valery Zalotukha was concerned about but unfortunately had no time to reveal. 

Abstract: The subject of this research is the legal concept of Max Weber, who among such classics of sociology as Karl Mannheim and Vilfredo Pareto, dedicated more attention to the problems of law and morality. When the scholars thought of the reason why capitalism emerged in the West, the came to the conclusion that it is all because of our “greed for gain”. German philosopher believed the “strive for entrepreneurship”, as well as the most financial profit, in its essence has nothing to do with the capitalism. This strive is characteristic to all social groups and professions of all times, and all over the world, where is a slight chance to make more profit. Similar naïve ideas about the essence of capitalism belong to those truths, which should be rejected once and for all back at the initial stage of studying history of culture. According to Weber, the cause of emergence of capitalism is the protestant ethos – a specific code of moral ideas that are connected with poetization of labor, asceticism, and moral purity. The article is first to analyse Weber’s legal ideas and their correlation with morality. The author demonstrates how the ascetic Protestantism affected the modern entrepreneurship. One of the main components of the modern capitalistic spirit and spirit of the entire modern culture – the rational lifestyle based on the idea of professional calling – appeared from the spirit of Christian asceticism.

Abstract: This article is prepared based on the report made on the First Altai Forum “Codevelopment of the Society, Human, and Nature in the Context of Dialogue of Civilizations” (Altai Republic, May of 2014). This research discusses the principles of the attitude towards the environment and ecological problematics, contained in the foundations of the Christian doctrine, as well as those established in the world of Eastern Christianity. The reframing and reconceptualization of the notion of anthropocentrism in its correlation with the notion of theocentricism and christocentricism is being conducted. The precise identification within the range of all types of anthropocentrism of those which corresponds with Christianity and Orthodoxy, leads to a new perspective on the issue of “Christianity and ecology”. It is demonstrated that in the paradigm of Christian anthropocentrism, designation of a human includes a certain cosmic mission – activeness, turned onto the entire created world and aimed at transformation of its being. Further analysis reveals that this cosmic mission is isomorphic in its essence towards the ministry of a priest who performs liturgy, and therefore can be interpreted as a “cosmic liturgy”, the ideas of which were expressed by Maximus the Confessor back in the VII century. Based on that, the conceptual links between the ecology and asceticism are being determined.

Abstract: The author of the present article studies the sources of the origina historiosophical and historico-literary concept offered by Nikolay Karamzin (1766–1826) and described by Russian researchers (from Prince Pyotr Vyazemsky to Pyotr Struve) as 'liberal conservatism'. The author of the present article assumes that the prehistory of the 'Creation of Karamzin' (Yu. Lotman's expression) can be found during the period when Karamzin studied in Professor Iogann Shaden's private board school in Moscow (1778–1782). The school was located in the very center of the the Foreign Quarter of Moscow. In fact, it was Karamzin's first 'journey to Europe' 10 years before his well-known traveling through Europe in 1789–1790. Paradoxically, young Karamzin found his 'first Europe' not in the West but in Moscow as an integral part of Russian life. The author of the present article analyzes new materials about the life and studies of Karamzin in the Foreign Quarter of Moscow as well as images of European literature Karamzin was raised upon. Special attention is paid to a German philosopher, moralist, poet and fable writer Christian Gellert. Later in 1789 Karamzin visited places in Leipzig where Christian Gellert had been. For the first time in the history of Russian philosophy and cultural studies the author of the present article proposes a hypothesis about Nikolay Karamzin standing at the origins of Russian 'Christian liberalism' (culture-centered but not political teaching). According to the author of the present article, Karamzin's 'spiritual will' of 1826 is another proof of this hypothesis.   

Abstract: Relatively little has been written on the role of trauma in conceptions of the unconscious. This paper explores Freud's conceptions of the unconscious, comparing his ideas with the original French notion of "double conscience" and exploring their implications for technique. Whereas Freud's concept of the unconscious mainly depends upon the theory of internal drives, Ferenczi attributed the central role to trauma, shifting the focus to the individual in the context of personal relationships. The comparison is illustrated with the case study. The main method used by the author of the article is the thorough study of the notions of the unconscious, trauma and double conscience in the works of philosophers, writers and psychologists. The author contrasts the views of Freud with the views of Ferenczi on the conception of the unconscious. As a result of his investigation the author of the article comes to the conclusion, that the very power of Freud’s evocations of unconscious forces and conflicts minimized relationships, cultural values, history, transgenerational trauma, and whatever can be viewed as “external reality”. Ferenczi, on the contrary, attempted to save psychoanalysis from being a delusional system, because he emphasized the external reality of trauma that splits identity and creates suffering.

Abstract: The present article is devoted to the historical and contemporary aspects of the interaction between the two bases of European and Russian culture, philosophy and philology, word and concept. Noteworthy that the author analyzes her own experience as a philologist, philosopher and interpreter and draws parallels between her own intellectual 'journeys' into philology and philosophy and researches of the philosophers whose works she translated into Russian and thus introduced into the Russian culture. The research is focused on such issues as understanding, interpretation, translation and untranslatability. These are important issues both for philology and philosophy at the 'linguistic turn'. The author proves the status of philology as the sphere of research that preserves its integrity despite appearance of new special disciplines that deal with the text analysis as well as a classical university discipline that provides broad-based knowledge about cultures unlike modern narrow and pragmatically oriented teaching of languages. In her research the author has used methods of historical philosophical and historical cultural analysis as well as intellectual biography. All these methods are focused on analyzing the epistemological aspect. The results of the research include expansion of philosophy's framework of categories and concepts as a result of a new concept of translation that involves not only linguistic and cultural, but also philosophical aspects. The author outlines some new prospects for the relationship between philosophy and philology in contemporary culture as a result of a wider interpration of cognitive and communication practices including interpretation of translation as knowledge and interpretation of knowledge as 'translation', i.e. the transfer of meaning.

Abstract: The subject of the article is the research of the process of developing new cultural policy which is a component of the transition period of Russian society from socialism to capitalism. The research reveals illustration and consequences of the transition period in policy, economy, and culture. The researcher observes general decline in the cultural level, bringing down of the high level of culture to the level of service sector and consumption, degradation of moral, aesthetic and legal environments in society. Social and economic context of developoing a new cultural policy is also analyzed in the article. The negative consequences of culture and art commercialization are given. The legal basis of cultural policy is shown. The basic models of cultural policy are described. The author of the article researches cultural policy in individual sectors of culture. The author also focuses on the analysis of cultural and business partnership. The methodology of the research is based on the systems approach that allows a comprehensive consideration of the object under study and on the comparative analysis of cultural policy of the post-Soviet Russia versus cultural policy of the previous Soviet period. The scientific novelty of the article is caused by the fact that, first of all, the author represents one of the first researches in that field in which the development of tje new cultural policy in the post-Soviet Russia is considered comprehensively and profoundly. The scientific novelty is also determined by the fact that the research is conducted in a wide international context considering and at the same time enriching accumulated theoretical groundwork in that field. The author of the article also provides an original and partially new definition of cultural policy. The researcher comes to the conclusion that so far the transition period has been causing more losses than benefits and that the efficiency of the cultural policy will depend on the attraction of new business entities. At the end of the article the author concludes that commercialization is the main threat for culture and art. 

Abstract: The subject of the research is the evolution of cultural philosophical views in Russia. Russian philosophy of culture has solid philosophical traditions. Generally speaking, Russian philosophy has a wide scope of cultural and philosophical issues such as culture and civilization, cultural diversity, equality or hierarchy of cultures and hierarchy of values in culture. Throughout the XIXth century spiritual attitudes and dominating worldview tendencies had been changing. Russian philosophy underwent the periods of Romanticism in the 20s - 30s of the XIXth century, Slavophilism and Westernism of the 40s- 50s and passionate nihilism and materialism of the 60s. In the 70s Vladimir Solovyov started his preachment about the universal all-encompassing unity and integral knowledge. In the second half of the century the development of the social thought was associated with the Narodniks movement. Even though those were absolutely incompatible prerequisites, the philosophers had the same goal to teach a man his own ways of life based on the principles of human nature. In the course of her research Spirova has used the methodology of history research. In addition, she based her research on cultural and philosophical classical works that connected cultural issues with the overall process of social progress. For the first time in the academic literature the author of the article examines Russian traditions developed in the sphere of philosophy of culture. The author shows that in Russia philosophy of culture often preceded European philosophy in stating particular issues of historical development. Long before Oswald Spengler, Nikolay Danilevsky raised the question about cultural diversity and historical fate of different cultures. Konstantin Leontyev discovered crisis processes in culture long before that topic was acknowledged by European philosopher. The author of the present research also demonstrates diversity of cultural philosophical themes in Russian philosophy. 

Abstract: The article is devoted to numerous connections between medicine and psychology. Medicine has long been considered to be the sphere in which psychology gained a very broad practical implementation. In his research Paleev describes the three factors that are important for studying diseases. Until recently genetic heredity seemed to play the prevailing role in the origin of diseases. The human genome mapping offer better opportunities for healing people and avoiding genetic predisposition to particular diseases. However, in his article Paleev demonstrates that we should not overemphasize the role of the genetic factor. Quite often diseases have the physiological basis. The role of the psychological factor is also enormous. So called psychogenic diseases are a proof of that. These diseases are mostly studied by psychiatry. In this regard, the researcher notes that analysis of anamnesis (disease history) involves consideration of psychologically important events that took place in a patient's life. Psychology helps an individual to structure his life experience and to explain it to the surrounding world. In his research Paleev focuses on the history of medical practice and employs materials of medical psychology, psychiatry and psychoanalysis. He bases his research on the fundamental provisions of modern humanities. Appealing to various kinds of psychotherapy, the author of the article reasons  about the social status of psychotherapy. He also draws a distinction between psychiatry and psychoanalysis and emphasizes the difference between the fates of these sciences in our country. Special attention is paid to peculiarities of psychosomatic diseases. Touching upon the unity between body and soul, the author of the article also stresses out the fact that body and soul are inseparable elements of human personality. In his article Paleev also raises the question about the emerging role of psychotherapy in medical practice. 
 

Abstract: The paper is focused on P. Ricoeur's interpretation of the personal narrative self-identity problem developed within the framework of his hermeneutical phenomenology and his understanding of the unity of identity and selfhood in the process of creating a reflexive image of 'Self' that appeared in the dialogue with analytical philosophy. Based on that, the authors of the article discuss particular features of Ricoeur's polemics with different versions of the objectivist approaches to personality and personality expression in language acts, actor and action from the point of view of semantics and pragmatics that were created within the framework of analytic philosophy and in fact led to some kind of liquidation of 'Self' desite the unique unity and timely existence of Self. In their research the authors have applied the hermeneutical strategy to interpreting the theme as well as a wide range of methods that are used in historical and philosophical analysis. The novelty of the research is caused, first and foremost, by the fact that the authors demonstrate peculiarities of the constructive dialogue that was established by Ricoeur with the leading representatives of contemporary analytical philosophy in the process of creating his own personal narrative self-identity doctrine. The program of the synthesis of analytical philosophy and hermeneutics offered by Ricoeur may be evaluated as a sufficiently valid and realizable approach when applied to the problem of the narrative identity as the expression of personal life unity.

Abstract: The object of the research is the political sphere of the society and politically motivated behavior of the actors of polilitical activity. The subject of the research is the problem of conflict resolution in the political sphere associated with the contradictory value content of socio-political actions. The conflicts of this kind are a natural condition for the functioning of the political sphere and they are directly dependant on different social-political interests and political decision-making purposes. The subject of the research, as it is known, always contains some degree of idealization associated with the identification of the parts of an object under research. This is achieved by the authors of the article through considering well-known ethical concepts and analysis of these concepts from the point of view of absolutist and utalitarian approaches. At the level of decisions concerning particular political actions, the subject under review is a specific model of the decision making process based on the methods suggested in Western literature. The methodology is based on the application of the systems method of social researches, comparative analysis, history of ethics and analysis of contemporary ethical concepts as well as step-by-step and value-analytical concepts of the political decision making process under particular circumstances. The novelty of this research is based on the consideration of the political decision making process in relation to global processes in the development of society and peculiarities of the modern political system. The authors of the article demonstrate that political interests are not always associated with the protection of the interests for the majority of society members, but often represent the interests of particular groups. For this reason, participatory democracy is not only a mean of limiting such manipulations, but is also a remedy to make a certain ethical influence on politics based on the principles of openness and discourse. This is one of the ways to discover the value content of political decisions as well as to resolve value conflicts in this sphere. The authors of the article also offer a number of models for resolution of value conflicts through analysis of their actual value content. These models are to be considered and analyzed further. The authors also show that it is possible to range priorities in applying either absolutist or utilitarian approaches to the political decision making process. 

Abstract: In this article the author attempts to examine the phenomenon of ethnos from the perspective of the philosophical comprehension of a human. Ethnos represent the form of social union of people. In this regard, it is relevant to study historical paths of ethnos within the framework of social philosophy. However, it is quite difficult to understand the inner strength and “resilience” of this phenomenon without the use of philosophical-anthropological knowledge. Despite of the multiple forecasts concerning the near end of ethnic formations and their dissolve in the global flow, the experts face the “stubborn” preservation of “call of the blood”. Finding themselves in the new historical realm, ethnoses attain an unexpected identity, but it certainly does not end up zeroed out. The core of this article is the general philosophical comprehension of human nature. This work represents the first attempt within the post-Kantian philosophy to examine the basic characteristics of ethnos through the prism of philosophical anthropology; it allowed expanding the horizon of philosophical reflection regarding the ethnic issues, and re-analyzing a number of topics on ethnic knowledge.

Abstract: The past decades in Russia have seen a sharp confrontation between liberal and conservative values and attitudes. Liberally orientated politicians that came to power in 1991 in many respects determined the social course as well. But the conservative attitudes gradually came to the foreground in the society. The article discusses causes of the change of the previous course, analyses specific conservative values in Russia. The globalist aspect of this phenomenon is pointed out. The novelty of the article is related to an attempt at showing political and sociocultural shifts in the public consciousness of Russia and comparing them with analogous cultural orientations in other large countries, first of all, China and USA. The author demonstrates that despite the similarity of common conservative strivings in modern politics, they have differing aspects associated with the real political and economic situation.

Abstract: The subject of the present research is the concept of the infinite in Plotinus's philosophy acts. Plotinus undertakes comprehensive and multilevel consideration of concept infinite, applying it both to a matter, and to number, and to life. Thus, the problem infinite in Plotinus' teaching can be considered in three aspects: first, infinity as the matter in intelligible and sensual worlds, secondly, infinity as an infinite number (an infinity problem in the Mind), and in the third, the problem of infinity of the One. In this article the author focuses on the first question. The main method of research is the comparative historical-philosophical analysis of texts of Plotinus, Aristotle, Simplicius and other ancient authors. Similar research in domestic science is undertaken for the first time. It is shown that Plotinus offers a new positive understanding of the infinite which was absent in thought of the classical era in Platon's and Aristotle' teachings relying on Pythagorean tradition. Plotinus declares infinite a necessary metaphysical element of both the intelligible world (Mind and Soul), and sensually perceived Cosmos.

Abstract: The paper follows E. Cassirer’s exemplary study (Philosophy of the Enlightenment, 1932) of classical aesthetics making in the 18th century as a kind of a pattern, a model of forming of a branch in the humanities. Philosophical experience of that time is valuable and interesting because it had been formed before the emergence of positivism and the specific “matrix” that became later a notorious concept of science and “the unified scientific method”. During the Enlightenment the priority of rational knowledge is being established and the humanities, aesthetics in particular, do not loose their value as an independent, special type of scholarship. This considerably enriches the category of “subject” in the theory of cognition where it is for ages considered as an utmost abstraction — the transcendental subject — the main condition of true knowledge. Classical aesthetics aim to turn the very sensory into an object deserving cognition along with rational knowledge. This lays the foundations of knowledge in the humanities as an independent type of learning which has its own ontology and, as a consequence, its own principles, methods, methodology, philosophical premises and history. First of all, it is an interpretation of a special role and the nature of subject and object as abstractions of another level, a philosophic-empirical one, where they are presented in cultural, historical and social contexts, in the system of values and social norms. Cassirer’s views are under scrutiny to see how he treats ideas of N. Boileau-Despréaux, J. Goethe, Voltaire, D. Diderot, G. Lessing, I. Kant, A. Shaftesbury, and also an explanation of systematic aesthetics by A. Baumgarten who turns to G. Leibniz’s and Ch. Wolff’s ideas.

Abstract: In his article Aliev makes an attempt to look at the general, special and universal mechanisms of transformation of the different political cultures in terms of political globalization.Political studies of the transformation of political culture in the globalization process are of particular importance because the transformation of different political cultures in the process of political globalization may lead to unexpected results.The political culture of the modern world in the society of global relations contains elements of traditional political culture of each particular state.The concept of "political culture" is investigated within the framework of the various sciences. It should be noted that the concept of political culture is used in the current political science to understand what distinguishes the political cultures of different countries. This article attempts to light the essence of political culture, and in particular the problems of its formation in modern Azerbaijani society. The author of the article also talks about the different approaches to the study of political culture in Azerbaijan.

Abstract: The article analyzes two books published by the Institute of Philosophy of the RAS, P. Ricoeur «Chelovek. Obshchestvo. Tsivilizatsia. Sovremennaya filosofia» [Man. Society. Civilization. Modern philosophy] (M.: Kanon+, 2015) and «Chelovek vchera i segodnya [Man yesterday and today]: interdisciplinary studies. Issue 8» (M.: IPhRAS, 2014).Much attention is paid to the monograph dedicated to Paul Ricoeur, a prominent French philosopher. Reflecting on the book, the author attempts at singling out in each essay the most significant and breakthrough ideas related to evaluation and development of multiple philosophical ideas of Ricoeur. This fundamental work guided by Prof. I.S. Vdovina, a major specialist in world philosophy who united the efforts of various specialists, will undoubtedly be a prerequisite for deeper research into topical worldview problems of our time.The book «Chelovek vchera i segodnya [Man yesterday and today]: interdisciplinary studies. Issue 8» edited by M.S. Kiseleva deals with the theme of existential choice. The authors are engaged in theoretical and methodological studies of choice practices, based on the texts by Augustine, Abelard, S. Kierkegaard, J.-P. Sartre, A. Camus, F. Dostoyevsky, N. Berdyaev, D. Chizhevsky and turning to modern live phenomena.The approaches of personalism, existentialism and phenomenology are employed in assessment of scientific works. Varied philosophical practices are actualized, permitting to ensure the dialogue of ideas in the works of P. Ricoeur. The interdisciplinary approach to analysis of the problems of personal life and intellectual choice is used.The novelty of the material is conditioned by the desire to present the whole diversity of the philosophical ideas of P. Ricoeur. They remain significant in the new century, too. The experience of interpreting various philosophical themes in the works by Ricoeur raises philosophical reflection onto a new level, permits to correlate it with modern philosophical knowledge. The novelty in approaching to the theme of choice is related to analysis of alternative decisions that often have to be made in the situation of absurdity.

Abstract: Today's realities require a new Concept on the Sacramental State of Historical Russia to bring Russia close not only to the rest of Europe but also Islamic East and Judaic Israel. This reasonably required approximation allows to both figure out 'the general course of nature' and make an assumption about the tremendous role of chance which forms the mystical experience of the 'body-soul-spirit' triad in the Russian context. The central symbol thereof is the 'absolute beginning of culture' creating the 'Keys to Russia'. The final hypothesis introduces the integral categories of 'keys' and 'keyness' into the science and points out that Russian philology is becoming the leading idea of turning the long-suffering nation into the world spiritual force. The author of the article tries to express the mystical feeling which he has conceived and which has turned out to be in tune with the Russian language arts. This is the reason why he is so sure that literature and interpretation of literature may turn out to be the Ariadne's thread in understanding the fate and destiny of Russia and analyzing its historical contradictions. Paying tribute to Christianity which created the revolution in the spiritual areal of the planet, the author of the present article tries to come close to understanding the sacral 'cornerstone' of the Russian House through a series of explanations. 

Abstract: The author differentiates between the concepts "communication" and "communication". Communication is least of all only process of exchange of information. It is about subject - a subject vzvaimodeystviye when agents of communication enter responsible and substantial dialogue. Any communicative act assumes existence of feedback, intelligent reaction to the message. From the point of view of the diskursivny theory, communication and communication represent two levels of communicative processes in culture which component is the kognition – intellectual and emotional development of the world. The discourse is one of "the possible worlds" of polysyllabic structure. The author addresses various aspects of the linguistic theory. He uses also hermeneutical equipment which allows to get into sense depths. Novelty of approach consists in cultivation of similar linguistic concepts and identification of deep sense of communication. The substantial party of communicative process is made by interpretation of deep and invisible associative and semantic communications between signs of primary oznachivaniye. In article diskursivno-thought processes of ethnocultural character have special value.Article has been published in the Collection of reports of the I International scientific conference of the Russian new university "the Text: perception, information, interpretation" (Moscow, May 27-28, 2002).

Abstract: The famous Russian philosopher M. O. Gershenzon considers the sincere drama of Gogol, but rejects the point of view which has developed in literature on the conflict of the writer with V. G. Belinsky. According to Gershenzon, in domestic literature there is no other work, except "The chosen places from correspondence with friends" in which so completely and selflessly the subject of noble service to society would sound. As well as Belinsky, Gogol, according to the author, professed exclusive public idealismAt the same time in article there is no aspiration to eliminate disagreements between the writer and the critic. Gogol's views have grown from his special art talent. The outlook of the writer had, according to the philosopher, two poles: unshakable conservatism in the attitude towards all material reality and the most courageous radicalism in the attitude towards human spirit. In article feature of the internal conflict of Gogol is approved. Having strong art talent, he constantly worked. In him paradoxically ardent pensiveness and a sober practicality was combined. Views of the writer were utopian. But in it and strength of his art genius.Novelty of article consists in attempt to eliminate an unfair assessment of creativity of Gogol who as if has betrayed liberating ideals. Estimating Gogol's creativity, the philosopher doesn't try to smooth internal contradictions of the writer. But Gershenzon in own way sees a being of the public conflict which was reflected in his creativity.

Abstract: The article offers a comparative analysis of largely Western post-anthropocentric antihumanism in its main versions – reactive, technocratically apologetic and critical, and the non-Western humanism as a reiteration of the importance of humanist premises that have never been fulfilled in relation to liminal subjects of modernity deprived of their right to be considered human. The author discusses in detail the intersections and divergences between the Western theories of affect and the decolonial geopolitics and body-politics of knowledge, being, perception, demonstrating that many “discoveries” of the affective turn have been long ago represented in the non-Western theorizing remaining unknown or non-legitimate in the eyes of the mainstream scholarship. This problem has become particularly acute in the context of the discussion of the human, natural and animal, the decentration of the human being as a species and the erasing and destabilizing of the seemingly stable modern boundaries and hierarchies between the human and the natural. The second part of the article focuses on the further problematization of the border between humans and animals in the frame of the so called “autistic regard” which may be expressed both in the form of a scientific experiment and in the form of a performance which is often more successful.

Abstract: Works of a famous researcher Roman Perelshteyn focus on archetypical themes of cinematographic art. Perelshteyn studies these topics as a certain code giving us an insight into the world of a filmmaker. For instance, in his book 'Visible and Invisible Worlds in Cinematographic Art' Roman Perelshteyn manages to reveal dramaturgical intentions of a number of significant achievements in the cinematographic art of the XXth century. At his time Ferencz Liszt called his 12 etudes 'transcendental'. So what does this transcendental cinematography being analyzed by Roman Perelshteyn tell us about? The author applies universal spiritual traditions allowing the cinematography of the 'shadowed heart depths' to contact with the human inner world. In her critical review Mirkina demonstrates that the book of Roman Perelshteyn is devoted to the unbreakable bond between the visible and invisible, inner and outer. The author tells us about the movies that have the 'spiritual contemplation' as part of them. It is also indicated that the majority of modern films are about the 'outer'. However, this makes the analysis of spiritual requests and supreme states of mind discussed by Roman Perelshteyn even more precious. 

Abstract: The article is devoted to the problem of the opposition between personality and society in literature based on the example of Mikhail Bulgakov's novel 'Heart of a Dog' and Abe Kobo's short story 'Tinnyusia'. The emphasis is made on the socio-cultural environment when those works were written because they were written at critical epochs of the paradigm shift accompanied with the total chaos of values. Those were the periods of Russia's becoming socialist USSR and Japan's 'turn' to demilitarization and democratization after the Second World War. In both cases psychology and behavior of people during social cataclysms were viewed and interpreted by Abe and Bulgakov through fantastic allegory and grotesque. In their research the authors of the present article have applied the empirical-hermeneutic method, i.e. the method of the correct description and interpretation of particular sources, as well as the dialectic method combined with the complementarity principle. This article is the first one in the history of Russian literary studies and Japanese studies to compare and analyze creative work of Abe Kobo and Mikhail Bulgakov from the cultural, sociological and philosophical points of view. For the first time in the academic literature the authors have also referred to foreign philosophical, socio-psychological and cultural sources including original Japanese texts. 

Abstract: This article contains the author's thoughts on patriotism of Mikhail Lermontov in terms of universal values. The declared topic is isomorphic by definition: two bodies, personality and society, are involved in the universal context of the development of the integral information epoch. Initially, the article is focused on the importance and relevancy of the integral patriotism of Lermontov that involves not only his love for the homelands, Russia and Scotland, but also love for the homelands of all nations on earth. The author bases his research on the analysis of Mikhail Lermontov's personality, life path and poetry as well as philosophical researches thereof. The topic is important because it shows the keyness (i.e. combination of key words) of Lermontov's works that reflects both individual and national content and cosmism. Analyzing the topic of love for homeland, the author differentiates the terms 'nativeland', 'fatherland', 'Russia' and touches upon the controversial poem 'Farewell! - unwashed, indigent Russia' (1841). The author corrects the mistake, in his opinion, Lermontov meant 'nemotnaya' (from the Russian 'nemota' - 'voicelessness') instead of 'nemytaya' which means 'unwashed'. The author also analyzes the terms 'love for God', 'duel' and 'cosmic patriotism' in Lermontov's works. 

Abstract: The article is devoted to comparison and the analysis of various approaches to "language philosophy". Scientific the language origin problem concern delimitation, for example. Here at once serious contradictions between researchers are found. Also divergences between the speculative philosophy based on contemplation and supervision and analytical philosophy which is based on the reached language results are characterized. In article different philosophical approaches to language are differentiated. Types, theories and standards of value are considered. The special attention to a problem of an intentionality and to speech acts is paid. Methods which allow to analyze not simply communication of thinking and language, and to reveal the constituting role of language, the word and speech in various forms of a discourse, in knowledge and of structures of consciousness and knowledge are used. In article distinction between classical philosophy which explained a language origin by the nature and on interrelation of language and thinking, and modern interpretation of problems of language is carried out. It is noted that V. Humboldt understood language as a mind organon. The role of F. Nietzsche who came to the conclusion is highlighted that all deviations from truth are connected with the delusions proceeding from increase of a role of words-fiktsy. The important place is given to definitions, descriptions and references.

Abstract: It is known that psychoanalysis exists in three options – philosophical, clinical and applied. In the latter case it is about a peculiar research of art, political and mass and psychological processes. Psychoanalytic ideas can be used in the sphere of philosophy, sociology, art and religion. Freud laid the patography foundation – one of applied disciplines of psychoanalysis studying and interpreting biographies of writers, scientists, artists, politicians. Peru the founder of psychoanalysis possesses the known patografichesky researches devoted to Leonardo da Vinci, F.M. Dostoyevsky, V. Wilson. Patography – a specific method and a genre of the psychological and patopsikhologichesky analysis, description of life and creativity of charismatic persons, artists, scientists, writers, political and religious figures. Psychoanalysis of literature is presented in this case by a series of reviews of the author of performances, movies and other works of art. The author uses methodology of philosophical anthropology, psychoanalysis and a hermeneutics. He seeks to analyse works of art from the point of view of psychological mechanisms which are revealed by psychoanalysis. For the first time in domestic literature psychoanalysis is widely applied to studying of literary works. The author considers plots which formed the basis of performances, of movies and operas, investigates motives of behavior of literary characters, reveals secrets of mentality through a prism of psychoanalytic opening. It is possible to call each response to this or that statement a peculiar metaphysical sketch.

Abstract: The author of the article attempts to answer a question becomes: what communication exists between philosophy and literature? Both in that and in other case it is about deep personal creativity. Many works of poetry we call philosophical. At the same time philosophical thoughts and ideas find expression in an art form with use of images and other means of expression which are inherent in art. We know philosophical works which are stated by art language. For example, the ancient Roman philosopher Tit Lucretius Kar wrote the philosophical poem "About the Nature of Things". However between philosophy and literature it is possible to find various and difficult communications. The author puts the task to reveal the similarity and distinction existing between philosophy and literature as concerning their subject, and language. The author uses methods of various directions of modern philosophy. Analyzing the text, he addresses to receptions of a hermeneutics and structuralism. At the analysis of philosophical problems addresses to philosophical anthropology, linguistic philosophy. Novelty of article is caused by attempt to show that literature quite often acts as a peculiar avatar of philosophy. At the same time it is possible to see such inversion and in relation to philosophy which as much as possible approaches with literature. The author in this regard considers not only proximity of philosophy and literature, but also their mutual threats. This conflict arose already in ancient times. Various forms of a miropostizheniye are in a condition of the competition, challenging the right of the imaginary allies for an absolute priority in disclosure of secrets and paradoxes of the world. The author pays special attention to also axiological measurement of a problem.

Abstract: The article analyzes three research works that permit to expand the idea of what «aesthetic experience» is. The books deals not so much with classical aesthetics, but more with the changes that allow correlation of this aesthetic category with modern creative practice. In particular, a significant influence of the phenomenon of performativity on present-day aesthetics is noted. The article shows that new aesthetic experience, on the one hand, renewed the interest to artistic traditions, and on the other, transformed the understanding of social reality and ways of embodying life processes in art.Methods of analyzing the materials of these research works are related to the «narrative turn» in the philosophy of history, to the «anthropological turn» in historical description. The material also uses methods of aesthetic analysis of new artistic phenomena.The novelty of the article is conditioned by the fact that it discusses the future of historiography and philosophy of art. A wide circle of forms of historical representation is shown General schemes and strategies which in totality could be put together and identified as «historical poetics» have been identified. As is pointed out, these schemes and strategies have always existed in historical novels, in fine arts, performances, historical museums, and in historiography itself.

Abstract: The suffering subject in a postmodernism received the versatile characteristic. Differently to an occasion and Zh. Bataille, Zh. Bodriyyar, Zh. Delyoz, S. Zhizhek, Zh.-F. Liotar handled the different purposes to this problem. Philosophers sought to find sources of suffering, the reason of an inclusiveness of this feeling, to reveal social measurement of this experience, to compare masochism to a sadism. In article it is shown that the subject of a sadism received broad interpretation in connection with studying of a phenomenon of the power. Thinkers tried to find justification of love of power in works of classical philosophy and to give broad interpretation to violence. Love of power is all-embracing. All people are ready to subordinate themselves others. Nobody refuses the power voluntary. The victim dreams to become the executioner. Methods of the analysis are connected with philosophical anthropology. In article it is shown that the violence and humility express an essence of a human nature. In this sense between them there is an internal relationship. Besides, in article the historicism method is used. It allowed to compare concepts of postmodernists with classical philosophy. Novelty of article is caused by that the author explains the reasons of interest of postmodernists in a violence phenomenon. Therefore huge interest in the identity of the marquis de Sade came to light. After postmodernists the author compares Kant and de Sade's ethics. The sadism and masochism aren't separately existing phenomena. The victim finds cruel qualities, and the executioner looks for pleasures. The sadist differs in obsession, and the masochist in conciliation. In article the paradoxical logic of these characters is noted. The masochist looks for pleasures in suffering, and the sadist – in unrestrained power.

Abstract: The author tries to show why in our era of globalization and a celebration of information society suffering continues to paint life of many people that does this problem actual for the philosophical analysis. The author connects the reason of so intensive interest to this subject with transformation of a philosophical and anthropological paradigm. The classical philosophical anthropology considered the person as the mortal creation urged by all experience of the life to overcome vital tests. Therefore the suffering was treated as the inevitable satellite of human life and as a peculiar expression of a human nature. However in the conditions of consumer society the anthropological subject found other meanings. In public consciousness the belief became stronger that the suffering is simply negative experience and he need to avoid, achieve that life answered ideals of hedonistic ethics. The analysis method in article is subordinated to the historical principle. The author seeks to show that the subject of suffering was a judgment subject during various eras and contained different meanings. Besides, the author relies on methodology of philosophical anthropology. The subject of suffering is, as a rule, treated according to a philosophical and anthropological paradigm. Novelty of article consists in attempt to show basic distinction in treatment of suffering in classical and modern philosophy. Modern concepts of a deantpropologization and debiologization of the person are subjected to the critical analysis. Supporters of transhumanity without critical analysis advertize ideas of human immortality, release from all sufferings and a hedonism celebration.

Abstract: The purpose of the article is to investigate, whether the acts relating to the emotional sphere of experience in the objectifying acts of cognition are funded, or have the unique structure and are independent of these acts. On this perspective we find the beginning of reasonings in Husserl's phenomenology.
Revolutionism of ideas of Husserl consisted not simply in opening of intentional structure of consciousness, but in the unique phenomenological approach which has allowed it to describe a way of judgment of what is something (life a subject) in relation to force and limits of subjectivity. Saying that emotional acts are funded in more primary the intentional acts, Husserl means that emotions depend on objectifying acts because characteristics of the last that "the non-objectifying act", presented in a sense, meant something outside itself are necessary for them. Certain emotional experiences, such as considered here (trust), or in a broader sense, such which treat the sphere interpersonal and a reality of the personality, shouldn't be understood as based in the objectifying acts. Though it doesn't contradict to the basic structure of "funding" offered by Husserl, it contradicts to his early understanding of emotions.

Abstract: In article the comparative analysis of a phenomenon of masochism at the neofreudian E. Fromm and the existentialist J.-P. Sartre is undertaken. It is shown that Freud saw masochism roots in secrets of children's psychosexual development. Fromm as the representative of a neofreydizm made an attempt considerably to change this diagnosis. He came to the conclusion that a phenomenon of a sadism and masochism not so much psychoanalytic, how many a social phenomenon. People become hostages of this neurotic state as a result of education, socialization and realization of the interpersonal relations. The power corrupts people. She forces many to seek for love of power, and others dooms to humiliation and subordination. Essentially other look is developed by Sartre. He believes that masochism not so much social, how many an anthropological phenomenon. The power can't force the personality to cruelty or submission if it doesn't coincide with its existential choice. Sartre creates the concept of masochism in polemic with Simona Beauvoir with whom it was connected by the love relations. The author uses methods of historical reconstruction of a problem. It allows to show that masochism has historical aspects. At different stages there were different versions of sources of masochism. In article also methods of philosophical comprehension of the person are applied. Thus, the phenomenology of a sociality is replaced in article with existential thinking. Novelty of article that the problem of masochism isn't reduced only to psychological aspect. For the first time in domestic literature in historical aspect views Freud, Fromm and Sartre are compared. It is as a result shown that from a stage to a stage the judgment of this phenomenon becomes more and more developed, clear and theoretically productive. Existential examination is characterized as the most well-founded.

Abstract: The author of the article examines Gogol’s works through the prism of the phenomenon of genius. He shows that Orthodoxy had a great influence on the writer’s personality. In many respects it changed his internal world, influenced literary works. The writer believed that Orthodoxy could reform Russian reality. In particular, he was aware of an enormous resource of freedom. But Gogol realized that freedom could not only enrich an individual but also «enchant» him with a possibility of enrichment, clinging to a particular religion and loosing faith in free creativity. The author also points to the comprehensive influence of Orthodoxy on reforms in Russian life. At the same time he turns to present-day reality, showing the prophetic gift of the writer.The author employs traditional methods of literary criticism. He uses the comparativist method to show the influence of tradition on Gogol’s works. He also leans on philosophical methods of analysis of literary texts. The article presents the works of Gogol as a founder of ironic narration in Russian literature. The writer constantly employs laughter and irony as ways to uncover the absurdism of social projects. The writer views Russia as a country of unseen paradoxes. Gogol has raised a question that turns us to philosophical reflection about human nature. He tries to oppose the fascination with riches. His special attention is paid to philistinism. Later, this theme in Russian literature will be taken up by many authors. A. Herzen will give an interpretation of «philistinism»; K. Leontiev will establish a relation between «pettiness» and «philistinism»; D. Merezhkovsky will identify pettiness with ignorance, banality, mediocrity; M. Gorky will furiously attack complacent petty bourgeosie. Meaning the opposition between good and evil, between love and hatred, A.P. Chekhov, as the author shows, has chosen ethical wisdom capable of counteracting evil by force of love.

Abstract: The article deals with the works of a Russian poet Afanasy Fet. The author attempts at exploring the essence of his poetry, and also employs a critical approach to the poet. With special attention B.V. Nikolskiy retraces A. Fet’s philosophical themes, calling him a poet of philosophers and pointing to A.Schopenhauer’s influence on poetry. The author characterizes A. Fet as a pantheist. He notes that in present-day reality philosophy is much closer associated with science than with art, though it has probably more affinity with the latter than with the former. According to B.V. Nikolskiy, of all lyrical poets A. Fet best succeeded in acquiring a purely philosophical spirit, but at the same time he remained faithful to poetry as a special kind of art. A. Fet penetrates into the essence of things by means of artistic creativity.The author bases the article on the philosophy of life that had a tremendous effect on art. He also uses achievements of aesthetic thought, pointing to A. Fet’s contribution to the science of art. Specificities of Fet’s poetic techniques are also analyzed.The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the Russian poet’s works. The author shows that there are no actions in A. Fet’s poetry, since he exists in enthusiastic bursts of spirit, in concentrated contemplations. All delights of suddenly flaring thoughts, all joys of hints that help an intensely thinking spirit to unexpectedly open up the boundless horizons of the desired truth, all happiness of discovery, insight – this supreme happiness of a thinker – can we find embodied in Fet’s wonderful lyrical miniatures. Therefore, poetry is evaluated as an applied field of philosophy. The novelty of the article is also in showing that A. Fet’s artistic feeling is not alien to nature as the human autocratic mind is alien to it.

Abstract: The article analyzes the character of Hamlet in works of one of the founders of psychohistory, American psychologist Erik Erikson. W. Shakespeare’s tragedy «Hamlet» attracted many researchers. For several centuries, writers, literature critics turned to this play. In Russian literature, the tragedy was especially popular. Though first interpretations and analysis of «Hamlet» appeared in Germany and France, the influence of «Hamlet» found reflection in such works as «Hamlet of Shchigrovskiy uezd» and in works studied at schools - «Fathers and sons», «Rudin», «Hamlet and Don Quichotte», «Ivanov». Shakespeare is studied not as a playwright but as an artist creating persons of great scope. An interest to him as a psychologist increases, too.The article uses the methods of psychoanalytic analysis of literature works. This tradition goes back to Z. Freud who gave an original interpretation of works of art.The novelty of the article is conditioned by its interpretation of «Hamlet» within the framework of psychohistory. E. Erikson uses the character of the Dutch prince to illustrate a special stage of man’s development, the time when his fate is being determined. The American psychologist is interested in the crisis of a young man when he tries to be critical of the imperatives of the society, displaying stubbornness and will to philosophical reflection. According to Erikson, Shakespeare’s work expresses the greatness and tragedy of a young man. Hamlet, as any man, has to face such distresses of his age that are incompatible with the young mind and ardent heart.

Abstract: The discussion about special aspects of such a phenomenon as Daniil Andreev in the culture of late 20th – early 21st centuries is just getting the form of a scientific cross-disciplinary research. This is why we believe it is necessary to view the author’s work from the position of honos habet onus in the course of analyzing his creations in the networks of cultural anthropology, literary studies, aesthetics and religion studies. We suggest the attention should be paid not only at an unusual view of life or an ingenious literary heritage, but also to special features of thinking and axiological core of D. L. Andreev’s personality, on the basis of the idea that he is a mystic person and not only a writer of fantasy or philosophical books. Moreover, it is hardly possible to take him as an original philosopher just because of his creating an unusual concept of macrocosm and human history. We suggest he is a Homo Mysticus, being an explorer of the supernatural and the forms of penetration into it. Our hypothesis is developed on the assumption of studying the author’s biography and the results of his works in several unusual aspects of which the patographic one is the foremost trying to estimate the basic reasons of D. L. Andreev’s development as one of the most interesting mystics of the 20th century, original thinker who addresses to the metahistoric aspects of the existence of the mankind and the modern civilization. The subject of the research is the style of thinking, mythopoetic works and eschatological views of the author. As a conclusion we suggest to evaluate the life views of the “messenger” and the main components – eschatological thoughts as a Homo Mysticus by taking into account his personality characteristics, the sources of the ingenuity of his art thinking and talent.

Abstract: Great changes happening in the world seem to rationilize all aspects of social life. Modern politicians and technocrats have been trying to develop the society based on the concept of universal reasoning. Ruling elites tend to use the common system of thought. However, the phenomenon of social myth is becoming a significant element of public consciousness. In this day and age not only philosophers and historians but also sociologists and philologists are interested in myth as the phenomenon of spirits and consiousness. In modern literature the term 'myth' has different meanings and interpretations. Moreover, myth is gaining a very important role in modern fiction. A good example is the literature of Latin America. Many writers associate myth with fate and destiny. The main character of a novel often leads his life as some kind of archetype of eternal fate. We deal with the whirl of time and events. At the same time, there is also a tendency towards seeking for a universal myth which would express desires of many people but not just individual hopes.