Abstract: The object of this research is the concept of the rule of law that attained development in foreign practice throughout the four centuries. The “rule of law” idea emerged within the framework of English legal tradition, and with occurrence of the concept of legal state, has been gaining its momentum in other countries. Currently, the rule of law is considered as the fundamental principle of legal state. At the same time, the level of the institutional realization of this principle is the universal indicator of legal state. Despite the brief history of development of the concept of rule of law in Russia, there has emerged the pressing need for re-orientation of the Russian public and professional legal consciousness towards the rule of law and human. The scientific novelty consists in examination of the history of development of the idea and principle of rule of law in foreign science and practice over the four centuries, various interpretations of the notion of “rule of law” and its consistent essence, as well as analysis of the issues regarding the implementation of the principle of rule of law in modern Russia.

Abstract: The object of this research is the legal world as a legal category of the highest integrative status, which can be implemented within the framework of the philosophical research for the extensive legal generalizations. The modern legal science suggests various categories of law as the universal, capturing all legal spheres of social life: system of law, legal reality, and legal life. The category “legal world” most often is used in characterization of the aforementioned categories or in examination of historical-legal experience of certain nations and ethnic groups. The multiplicity of the universal legal categories puts the theory of law before the need for a distinct demarcation of the corresponding notions, as well as substantiation of the independent meaning of the category “legal world”. The scientific novelty of this work consists in consideration of the legal world as the category which has an objective and subjective sides of expression, includes all forms of legal being of the society (legal phenomena and positions), as well as reflects the legal processes and represents the results of development of the material and spiritual activity people in the area of law.

Abstract: The object of this research is the legal world as a legal category of the highest integrative status, which can be implemented within the framework of the philosophical research for the extensive legal generalizations. The modern legal science suggests various categories of law as the universal, capturing all legal spheres of social life: system of law, legal reality, and legal life. The category “legal world” most often is used in characterization of the aforementioned categories or in examination of historical-legal experience of certain nations and ethnic groups. The multiplicity of the universal legal categories puts the theory of law before the need for a distinct demarcation of the corresponding notions, as well as substantiation of the independent meaning of the category “legal world”. The scientific novelty of this work consists in consideration of the legal world as the category which has an objective and subjective sides of expression, includes all forms of legal being of the society (legal phenomena and positions), as well as reflects the legal processes and represents the results of development of the material and spiritual activity people in the area of law.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the historical events in Dagestan during the period of the early 1740’s, when the new heroic page has started in the history of Dagestan people associated with the fight against Persian hegemony. Towards the end of the Indian campaign, which infatuated Persian ruler Nader Shah, he was focusing on the Dagestan question. Dagestan had an advantageous strategic position, thus neighboring states were attracted to it. For more than two centuries, Dagestan was a “bone of contention” between Iran, Turkey, and Russia. Nader Shah’s Dagestan campaign of 1741-1743 that became one of the major military interventions of the Persian ruler, ended in an embarrassing failure. The enraged people of Dagestan in the face of fatal danger, were able to unite and fight back the mutual enemy. The heroic actions taken by the people of Dagestan against Persian invaders, alongside with the targeted actions of Russian related to the recognition of Dagestan as an important part of Russia’s policy on Caucasus, forced the army of Nader Shah to withdraw his army from Dagestan; this lead to the fact that the foreign policy orientation of the Dagestan people towards Russia became a reality.