The pragmalinguistic aspect of the choice of speech units in the author's strategies of literary monuments of the XV – XVI centuries.

Gaibaryan Ol'ga Ervandovna PhD in Philology Associate Professor, Department of Theory and History of World Literature, Southern Federal University 34000, Russia, Rostov region, Rostov-On-Don, Gagarin str., 1 gaibaryan@sfedu.ru Myasishchev Georgii Igorevich PhD in Philology Associate Professor, Department of Integrative and Digital Linguistics, Don State Technical University 34000, Russia, Rostov-On-Don, Gagarina, 1, office 8603a georgy-2583@yandex.ru Kosykh Aleksei Olegovich Student, Department of World Languages and Cultures, Don State Technical University 34000, Russia, Rostov region, Rostov-On-Don, Gagarin str., 1 dgtu.kafedraos@yandex.ru

Popov Aleksandr Maksimovich Student, Department of World Languages and Cultures, Don State Technical University 34000, Russia, Rostov region, Rostov-On-Don, Gagarin str., 1 myasisheva.marine@yandex.ru

The pragmatic nature of the choice of linguistic units by the author of the text is determined by the variability of sign systems. This is a property of language, and like any linguistic property, it is closely related to the author's thinking. The essence of the speaker's choice of one system element from a set of options can be disclosed as a mixed, hybrid phenomenon, when the emphasis (the actual choice) is on the heterogeneity of the characteristics of the selected unit or as a fixation of attention on the quantitative composition of the characteristics that determine its nature.

The purpose of the article is to highlight the issue of the possibility of classifying speech units of texts of literary monuments of the XV – XVI centuries from the standpoint of the synthesis of cognitive and functional-pragmalinguistic approaches.

The tasks are:

1.     Substantiation of the possibility of synthesizing linguistic-cognitive and functional-pragmatic approaches to the study of author's strategies

2. Classification of speech units of the text of monuments of the XIV – XVI centuries.  according to the author's strategies

The research methods are conceptual analysis and functional diagnostic method of pragmalinguistics. The ability to categorize concepts allows you to cluster them based on certain similarities and present them as units (clusters) based on the main feature. In textual form, clusters act as semantic fields.

From the standpoint of pragmalinguistics, language acts as a system of customary units, the semantics of which is determined by the author of the statement, the functional nature of the choice of units is based on an intuitive positive experience of influencing the interlocutor, combined into the professional experience of a group (writers, preachers, statesmen, etc.). Hence, speech units act as influencing tools that form the reader's attitude to the text, the author, the ideas of a particular author or the group as a whole. The determination of speech units and their comparison with concepts involves the identification of author's strategies as systems of speech influence on human thinking. In the speech stream, semantic meanings are formed due to a different number of heterogeneous components, which naturally causes the vagueness of their ordering and binding to the specifics of the communicative act.

The combination of pragmalinguistic and cognitive approaches to language allows for a deeper understanding of the nature of speech generation and the conditionality of author–reader communication in historical retrospect. Modern comparative historical linguistics, interpreting and studying texts, addresses the personality of the speaker and speaker and reconstructs not only the formal linguistic, but also the speech, socio-anthropological side of communication. Therefore, the deepening of knowledge about mentality and the motivating reasons for the choice of speech units makes it possible to understand more and more fully the specifics of speech communication of the studied period, the intentions and perlocation of the author's texts of the XV – XVI centuries.

A concept is a term of cognitive linguistics that denotes "basic units of thought ^[1]. The concept acts as a basis for the allocation of a certain set of linguistic means that are in a representation relationship with the concept ^[2]. "Concept - (lat. "grasping, perception") is the process of "grasping" the meanings of things in the unity of a speech utterance" ^[3].

Representatives of the cognitive field in philology believe that language and the text written in it represents a certain system of concepts that allows us to perceive, structure, classify and interpret the flow of information coming from the outside world^[4,5]. The possibility of categorizing concepts allows you to cluster them based on certain similarities and present them as units based on the main feature. In textual form, clusters act as semantic fields.

From the standpoint of pragmalinguistics, language acts as a system of customary units, the semantics of which is determined by the author of the statement, and in direct speech these units are selected instantly, without prior consideration, as a result of a complex cognitive-psychological process of evaluating the speech situation, the interlocutor, the nature, goals and likely results of the conversation ^[1,6]. The spontaneous nature of direct verbal communication demonstrates the degree of speech habits and patterns, including differences from the literary norm^[7]. Semantic meaning by its nature is not reducible to a set of components of the same type in epistemological terms, but is based on a person's momentary and intuitive perception of objective reality and a communicative situation in a specific period of time^[8]. In the speech stream, semantic meanings are formed due to a different number of heterogeneous components, which naturally causes the vagueness of their ordering and binding to the specifics of the communicative act^[9].

The motivation for choosing a particular speech unit is determined by speech experience, education, a sense of language and an understanding of relevance, which is a synthesis of cognitive and pragmatic tendencies of speech generation^[10].

Let's consider the main concepts, in our opinion, which are reflected in the mentality and texts of the authors of artistic works of the XV – XVI centuries and in the variable choice of semantic and stylistic units by the authors of the texts. To do this, the authors analyzed a set of monuments of the XV – XVI centuries, with a volume of 11,000 speech units.

The specificity of the literary polemic of the XV century is largely determined by the political and ideological struggle caused by the formation of a single state on the basis of feudal semi-independent principalities and the first religious contradictions in Russian Orthodoxy^[11,12]. In this regard, the authors of the works conceptualize their own ideals to a greater extent, relying not so much on generalized tradition as on personal beliefs and understanding of the essence of the processes taking place.

The analysis of the frequency of use of lexemes of the array of texts of literary monuments and their pragmatic connections within the texts allows us to specify the main features of the author's strategies inherent in all authors as typical linguistic personalities of their era.

It is possible to group speech units according to the author's impact strategies expressing a certain concept.

The first strategy of the author's influence can be distinguished as the "Righteous Life" strategy. It is positioned from positions suggesting the specifics of the normative Orthodox trend as opposed to "heresies", therefore its semantic field contains antonymic parallelisms having internal structural connections between specific units (For example, prayer =prayerful standing =prayerful consolation=liturgical consolation). This strategy can be considered in unity with the "Fight against heresy" strategy. The speech units of the writers of this strategy contain the following lexemes: blessed = most blessed (substantial essence); piety = splendor = magnificent life = pious life; church, the Most Holy Theotokos = (Virgin) Mary; sin = heretical sin = sinful heresies = sinful life in heresy; vladyka = prince= father /Heavenly Father; create=create=create; prophet = mouth of the Lord; show mercy = have mercy, by the grace of God = God's providence shepherded; Holy Spirit Son = beloved fathers and brothers, divine love, etc. There is a certain combination of the concepts of "God" = "Righteous life" in the mentality and pragmatic practice of writers.

The main communicative strategy of the author is revealed – the creation of antagonistic parallels, forming the reader's point of view on an intuitive and stereotypical level. The antagonistic parallels are represented by the rows brother-enemy, sin-grace, heresy-grace, deanery-heresy, lie-grace, lie-God.

The "Religious Feat" strategy describes the purpose and tasks of every Orthodox person in earthly life. In addition to the traditional lexemes "saint, ascetic", etc., it includes lexemes related to the activities of lay persons and religious figures who are not saints. For example, a prince, a bishop, a monk. In the texts, these tokens are included in the context, emphasizing that their religious feat began before they received grace from above, and that it was through their work that they earned this grace. ^[13]

The strategies of "Statehood", "Law" and "Tsar" in literary and journalistic use are significantly approaching and reaching the dominant level on a par with religious strategies. At the center of the strategy "Statehood" are the words country (meaning state), Moscow, Tver, Vladimir, Kiev, etc. (in the meaning of the state and state centers), law (in the meaning of power), power. The core of the "Law" strategy consists of the lexemes law, power, law, word (in the sense of a method of management), gift, justice and retribution (they usually always go in pairs), freedom, while their specific speech usage varies and they act as contextual synonyms in relation to each other.

The "Tsar" strategy consists of the lexemes tsar, Grand Duke (speech version of the word tsar), prince, Great sovereign, sovereign (speech versions of the word tsar) with the meaning "supreme power/ supreme ruler".  In the near-nuclear zone of the strategy, the lexemes power, law and law, law (in the meaning of justice), deed, predestination and destiny turn out to be. On the periphery of the concepts are business, nobility (upper class), craft (reflection, intellectual activity), power (in the meaning of opportunity), piety, judge (as a synonym for king – may be at the core of the field of strategy), desire, opportunity, deed, justice and unjust judgment, grace, aspiration, beginning (in a religious sense, as a starting point for the actions of motivating forces).  

The genre specificity of the produced text plays a special role in this era. The formed genre of "Messages" allows you to introduce the reader into the communicative environment of the text as an active figure, to personify him as a personal addressee. The author of the texts in them acts mainly as a political and public figure, forming a state, including religious, idea^[14,15].

The strategy "Natural Science", "Exact and natural sciences", "Life and way of life" has a core: the world (meaning the universe), the country, the earth (meaning the area), the place. The focus is also on the variants of the names of birds, animals, and trees. On the periphery there are lexemes denoting the geographical distribution of animals, people and events that are constantly connected with their existence and habitat. The attraction to a realistic perception of reality, everyday life in everyday life, was reflected in the inclusion of a larger volume of nominative and terminological vocabulary in circulation.

The "Estate" strategy largely coincides in formal lexical composition with the "Tsar" strategy, but has significant semantic differences in speech units. The core of the name of the estates is given with a purely legal interpretation: tsar, prince, bolyarin / boyar, son of a boyar, dvolarin / nobleman, citizen, inhabitant (meaning citizen), peasant. Generalizations inherent in the "Tsar" strategy are not used in this case. On the contrary, there is an antonymy "the king is a prince"  The authors pay special attention to lexemes with the meaning of class duties and rights: service, pahati (as a duty), ratovati (to protect, to fight), etc. On the periphery there are lexemes associated with the concepts of the result of class activity, state structure, etc.: fatherland, fatherland, law, rule (in the sense of straightening, creating a place for public service), etc.

A special place in the series of strategies is occupied by the strategy "Public Service", which can be divided into two areas of strategy, united by a common core: the state, the service, the order, the case, the clerk, the clerk, the order, to rule (to execute, to serve), the diploma (document).

The first area concerns domestic cases, primarily tax and judicial practice. In the center are: litigation, filing, vira (archaism for this period), tax (tax), etc.

The second direction concerns foreign policy. In the center there are speech units: a posol, a guest (meaning a representative of a trade and diplomatic mission). The texts widely use speech formulas: "with your stomach, with your whole mind", canonical "in the name of the father, son and holy spirit", etc. Public and private business relations, often mixed into a single conceptual and pragmatic space, as can be seen in the syncretism of strategies of a number of monuments, for example, the case of the subsistence estate of Marya Ivanova, Pisklova's daughter from the village of Troitsky in the Army of the Tuscar camp, consisting of a series of petitioners in which the personal interest of petitioners is linked to national interests, and the "sovereign" acts as the absolute guarantor of the truth^[16-18].

The cognitive-pragmatic component of the author's impact strategies is structured mainly around the ideological and religious struggle. In second place are public– and private-business relations, which often mix into a single conceptual and pragmatic space. The writer acts as a carrier and mentor to the reader, introducing him to the truth with a precisely chosen word, even if the author is a private person or an official. The significance of the word for the author and the reader in the texts is of decisive importance.  Even in formal correspondence, the author acts as a rhetorician-polemicist, overwhelming his opponent not only with the persuasiveness of speech, but also with the accuracy of the choice of words in the statement (text), and in modern cognitive terminology - concepts as verbal and mental units.