Abstract: The level of economic growth in Russia at the moment is largely determined by such factors as the number of scientific achievements and the general level of technology development in the country. The Russian Federation does not lag behind in terms of scientific and technological achievements, and it can be said with confidence that at the moment the country has a sufficient number of innovative developments. However, among the weaknesses it should be noted the sector of tax incentives for innovation, which in Russia is developing at a relatively slow pace. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to identify and develop practical recommendations on the issue of stimulating innovation through the application of corporate income tax preferences. The subject of the study is corporate income tax preferences as one of the tools to encourage organizations to invest in innovation and digital development. The main conclusion of the study is that corporate income tax preferences currently do not play such a significant role in stimulating innovative organizations and innovative projects. In order to increase the effectiveness of stimulating innovative enterprises with the help of income tax preferences, it is necessary to pay attention to the problematic aspects indicated in the article, which are often the cause of tax disputes. In addition, this article indicates possible directions for solving these problematic issues, which in the future can generally improve the state of the tax system of the Russian Federation.

Keywords: digitalization, innovative activity, innovation, tax tools, support, stimulation, tax preferences, income tax, preferences, economy

Abstract: The subject of the research is the system of taxation of the profit of commercial banks in Russia and foreign countries, namely France, Germany, Great Britain and the United States. Particular attention is paid to the interest rates paid by commercial banks to the above countries, as well as publicly provided benefits to pay income tax. This article also discusses other taxes paid by commercial banks in various countries of the world which allows to form a common "picture" of the tax burden imposed on commercial banks. In the process of analysis of taxation of the banking sector the methods and techniques of analysis, synthesis and comparison have been used. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the authors have developed practical recommendations to improve the existing procedure for taxation of commercial banks in Russia. As a result, the authors of the study have proposed measures to optimize the taxation of Russian commercial banks which are represented by the three methods of tax impact: administrative, judicial and legislative.   

Keywords: tax benefits, tax regulation of banking activities, economy, tax on profits, optimization of taxation of banks, taxation of foreign banks, value added tax, commercial banks, taxes and taxation, methods of tax impact

Abstract: The object of the study is the tax effects of bank loyalty programs (bonus programs) implemented by banks in order to improve the image and promote products through providing customers with additional proprietary benefits (discounts, bonus points, «cashback» and so on.) under pre-agreed terms and conditions, for example, at a fixed amount of debit transactions by credit card or by maintaining certain cash balance in the bank account. The author examines such topics as taxation on personal income property benefits transferred from the program owner to consumers and specific procedure for calculating the tax base for profits of bank as owners of loyalty programs. The researcher has analyzed the relevant arbitrage practice as well as written explanations of public authorities (Ministry of Finance of Russia and Federal Tax Service of Russia). The theoretical and practical significance of the study is caused by the fact that the author has summarized existing views on the income taxation of proprietary benefits (including «cashback») received by individuals - clients of the bank under the loyalty program as well as developed evaluation and accounting procedures for the purposes of imposing tax on bank profits under the loyalty program.  

Keywords: profit tax, personal income tax, taxation, cashback, discounts, shares, bonuses, loyalty programs, retail business establishments, banks

Abstract: To date, the VAT is a major part of tax revenues in 136 countries and it accounts for approximately 25% of global tax revenues. In Russia, the VAT amounts to about a quarter of the Russia’s federal budget (or 5.3% of GDP). However, the VAT is not only a budget revenue generating tax but also the shadiest one. To date, the largest share of the shadow economy is connected to the VAT. The countries belonging to the OECD annually assess the budgetary losses resulting from low VAT revenues. The amount of budgetary losses due to low VAT revenues is calculated by comparing the amount of theoretical tax receipts estimated on the basis of macroeconomic indicators to the total national expenditure subject to VAT. The calculation of the tax gap on the basis of macroeconomic indicators allows to determine most accurately the budget shortfall caused by VAT revenues. This technique has several important advantages against other techniques. First, it is easy to calculate it from the available data, and second, it provides a clearly normative reference point, i. e. the uniform VAT imposed on all final consumption.

Keywords: VAT, budget, tax gap, economy, income, administration, indirect taxes, coefficient, shortfall, efficiency.

Abstract: The subject of research is the legal provision of the tax status of banks. The relevance of the topic stems from the fact that the legal regulation of the obligation to transfer tax is fragmented as well as the tax status of the bank and this does not correspond to its special place in the tax legal relations. In view of this, the author elaborates on the legal regulation of the two inseparably linked obligations, i.e. the taxpayer should pay the tax and the bank or a tax agent should transfer it. The author thoroughly considers the execution of each obligation. The author also examines the issues related to the responsibility of banks and tax agents for non-transfer of tax amounts. The problem is considered through analysis of articles of the Russian Tax Code of different editions with subsequent synthesis of different points of view. In the end, the author offers his views on solution of this problem as follows: firstly, to proceed from the reality principle of fulfillment of tax obligations; secondly, to take into account special public law obligations of banks, and thirdly, to consider the obligation to pay taxes with due regard to the legal status of tax agents. As a result the author proposes to add two special articles: the article governing the fulfillment of the obligation to transfer taxes in general, and the article governing the special tax status of banks and their rights and duties in particular.

Keywords: bank, tax agent, taxpayer, reality principle, payment of tax, transfer of tax, levy taxes, public law obligations of the bank, tax revenues, fiscal interests of the state.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the condition and problems of municipal housing and utilities in the Russian Federation. The authors of the article offer a model of so called investment-innovation mechanism for managing the sector of municipal housing and utilities. This model is based on the principles of commercialization of innovations, self-financing and self-sufficiency which would allow to achieve a maximum cost advantage for municipal housing organizations. Investment tax credit is presented as the main financial tool of investment-innovation mechanism in managing the sector of municipal housing and utilities. Investment tax credit can be granted for paying corporate profit tax and regional and local taxes. The authors describe the timeframes of such a credit, procedure for tax saving and a structure of the investment tax credit agreement. It is noted that municipal housing and utilities organizations can independently define directions of innovation activity based on the problems they need to solve at present. The authors describe external and internal factors influencing investment-innovation process and the main factors influencing the execution of investment-innovation activities in the sphere of municipal housing and utilities.

Keywords: principle of self-financing, principle of commercialization, investment-innovation mechanism, innovation activities, housing and utilities, investment tax credit, principle of self-sufficiency, tax saving, competitive ability

Abstract: Currently the issue of uniform use of terminology in the sphere of taxation is highly topical. The same may be said of the term “taxation optimization”. The professional studies aimed for the development of correct and full definition shall not be complete, if there is no complex system including all of the elements of taxation optimization as an independent legal institution: principles, stages, elements, criterion and types of taxation optimization. The article contains analysis of all of the above-mentioned categories. Based on a complex analysis of taxation principles, optimization principles and tax optimization, the author formed a system of tax optimization principles, singled out a criterion for an optimum taxation, defined stages and elements of tax optimization, as well as classification of types of tax optimization. It shall allow to minimize the possibility for ambiguous interpretation of the term “taxation optimization”, and to single out the system of taxation optimization as an independent sphere of scientific cognition.

Keywords: taxes and taxation, taxation optimization, types of taxation optimization, stages for taxation optimization, elements of taxation optimization, criterion for taxation optimization, principles of taxation optimization, tax optimization, taxation of commercial banks, system of taxation optimization for the commercial banks.

Abstract: The article examines the issues affecting the evaluation of tax system and the role of banks in tax payment regulation. The author also analyzes the percentage of tax payments controlled by the Federal tax service in relation to gross domestic product. Commercial banks have a special role in this important aspect of the economy – they possess public and legal responsibilities in the sphere of tax-payment. The banks are liable for failure to perform, or improper fulfillment of their responsibilities, according to the Tax code of Russian Federation.

Keywords: Taxes and taxation, bank, payments, indicators, evaluation, system, budget, tax-payer, tax, burden

Abstract: The article studies the issues of managing corporate taxes as well as the main moments to be considered when making and accepting a corporate tax policy. In order to achieve the purposes of the internal audit of certain business processes, there are two practical approaches to arranging the internal audit: item-by-item and cyclic ones. The item-by-item approach allows to define the segments of the internal audit that must practically repeat the items of management and accounting (financial) accounts. The author of this article describes the methods of such approach including mandatory testing in order to obtain necessary proof of certain synthetic and analytical accounts. The author also describes the types of the audit segments in accordance with the requirements of the item-by-item approach. The cyclic approach to the corporate internal audit considers cycles of business operations as segments that would describe the specific features of business activities and applicable system of accounting and document management. Thus, this particular approach has its own peculiarities for each item of business. This conclusion is also proved by foreign auditing experience. The author of the article studies the following cycles of business activity: procurement – production (goods or services) – sales – investment – management (accounts, flow of the main and current assets, taxation, allocat ion of prof it). The art icle also describes the stages of analyzing efficiency of a corporate tax policy.

Keywords: internal audit(ing), tax policy, eff iciency, tax control, internal audit service, taxes, taxation, accounting policy, organization.

Abstract: Very debatable question about optimization of taxation of commercial banks is a very wide issue to its specifi c features. It covers aspects related both to general terminology and narrow elements of the system of taxation improvement of commercial banks. This is due to a number of reasons. The main reason is that there is a certain need in a legal instrument and procedure of its implementation which would solve the general conceptual problem. Therefore, the question about the mechanism of implementation of improvement measures in taxation of commercial banks is very topical and typical for the general issue of optimization of commercial banks taxation. The given study makes an attempt to summarize all today’s views and grounds for building such a mechanism. As a result, the author makes a complex procedure of optimization of taxation of commercial banks as well as formation of a unifi ed opinion on that procedure in each particular case. This position regarding the mechanism of implementation of improvement measures in taxation of commercial banks is universal and effi cient for other taxpayers as well. This allows to talk about its implementation in a wider sphere and taxation environment in general.

Keywords: taxes and taxation, improvement, mechanism, bank, activities, stage, algorithm (procedure), balance, legislation, effi ciency.

Abstract: Since tax relations are an essential part of the economic system of a country, all changes related to the current taxation procedures, in fact, dictate the need in changes of the national economy as well. Taking into account the parallelism of effi ciency of taxation system development and stability of budget, the question about improved taxation is growing very important. Unclear defi nitions of the terms ‘optimization’ (improvement) and ‘taxation’ due to certain gaps in theory requires further researches and structural analysis of the taxation improvement processes. This is also refl ected in formation of the balance of long-term and short-term interests where the main goal is to establish the balance between values of tax infl ows from taxpayers. In its turn, it creates the need in formation of a general procedure of tax load calculations. As a result of the study, the author creates a set of methods of calculation of burden load both in general and local taxation. For the present moment it is impossible to eliminate all gaps and minuses of the procedures and methods described in the article. However, it is due to objective reasons and it is still possible to try it in actual practice.

Keywords: taxes and taxation, improvement, effi ciency, criteria, taxation, bank, system, burden, methods, load.

Abstract: Questions of the taxation of establishments of new type are investigated: state, budgetary, independent. Infl uence of the environment of legal uncertainty on system of the taxation of establishments is shown. Rather legal analysis of norms of the tax right regulating the taxation of establishments of new type is resulted. Ways of elimination of blanks to tax laws are offered. Necessity of working out and introduction for practice of application of norms of tax laws organizational-legal mechanism the taxation of establishments is declared.

Keywords: taxes and the taxation, establishments of new type, state establishments, budgetary establishments, independent establishments, tax establishments, nalogovo-legal status of establishments of new type, a taxation problem, an organizational legal mechanism of the taxation, the recommendation about elimination of a situation of legal uncertainty.

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to defi ne peculiarities of tax administration of bank operations. The article gives defi nition and describes the essence of tax administration as well as peculiarities of tax administration in banking. The conducted analysis helped to discover the relation between the issues of tax administration of bank operations and timely refi lling of state budget. The article states the author’s position on the status of a commercial bank as an object of tax administration and describes the measures aimed at improvement of tax control over commercial banks.

Keywords: taxes and taxation, taxes, administration, bank, charge, budget, GDP, taxpayer, control, assets.

Abstract: The article describes the model of investment-innovation mechanism of administration in the sphere of housing and utilities based on the principles of commercialization of innovations, self-fi nancing and self-suffi - ciency. Investment tax credit is described as the basic fi nancial instrument for investment-innovation mechanism of administration in the sphere of housing and utilities. The article also casts light on the basic factors infl uencing the implementation of investment-innovation activity in the sphere of housing and utilities.

Keywords: taxes and taxation, investment tax credit, housing and utilities, investment-innovation activities in the sphere of housing and utilities, investment-innovation mechanism, commercialization principle, self-fi nancing principle, tax saving, competition capacity, fi nancial instrument.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the issues of accounting and taxation under conditions of bankruptcy. The author of the article gives a brief description of accounting of different bankruptcy procedures as well as their infl uence on the process of taxation.

Keywords: taxes and taxation, bankruptcy, records, expenditures, revenues, profits, taxes, taxation, accounting.

Abstract: The main goal of this article is to study the infl uence of insurance peculiarities on tax regulation of insurance activities. The author of the article carried out a comparative analysis of the terms ‘insurance market’, ‘rendering of insurance services’ from the point of view of the Civil and Tax Codes. The author provides a detailed description of the process of rendering services to the insurant by the insurer and describes the main problems arising in the process of taxation of insurants and insurance companies. The author shares his point of view concerning implementation of measures of tax regulation of insurance activities.

Keywords: taxes and taxation, tax, regulation, potential, insurance, insurer, market, services, measures.

Abstract: Under the present economic conditions growing attention is being given to the problem of loan defaults in Russian banks. The percent of loan defaults is already estimated by a number of experts as much as 8.4 % of the loan portfolios. This is almost three times as much as 2-3 % in early 2008. Massive loan defaults will lead to both financial and tax consequences for credit companies.

Keywords: credit, bank, percent, earning, suit, creditor, obligation, record, financing, control, tax.

Abstract: Objectiveness and authenticity of banking activities is much defined by formation of volume of income and spending. Defining tax base is particularly complicated, when it regards the commercial banks and their tax relations. The scientifically based classification of income and spending allows the bank to form more favorable relations regarding inclusion into the income of the commercial banks of the sums coming from various sourses, and to define spending for the costs of bank activities. Keywords: tax, finances, bank, income, costs, services, code, taxation, VAT, income, factoring.

Keywords: nalog, finansy, bank, dokhody, raskhody, uslugi, kodeks, nalogooblozhenie, NDS, faktoring