Abstract: The relevance of the study is due to an increase in the number of emotional and affective disorders of young parents during the period of adaptation to parenthood. If we consider the expectation of a child and the period of adaptation to the role of a parent as a crisis situation when a woman is faced with the uncertainty of the future, with a change in her status, it seems important to consider the role of life orientations in socio-psychological adaptation to parenthood. The object of the study is the socio-psychological adaptation to parenthood of women. The subject of the study is the role of life-meaning orientations in the process of women's adaptation to the role of a parent. The aim is to determine the role of life-meaning orientations in the process of socio-psychological adaptation of women to parenthood. As a result of the study, it was revealed that there is a relationship between the emotional state and the degree of meaningfulness of life, resilience in women during the period of adaptation to the role of a parent. In the future, based on the results of the study, a correctional program will be compiled for the prevention of emotional and affective disorders in young parents. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the correctional program will be aimed at working with the value-semantic sphere: working with the characteristics of the semantic sphere, it will be possible to correct the emotional state of women (the program will be designed for two months; there will be an opportunity to meet face-to-face or online).

Keywords: meaningfulness of life, unwillingness to give birth, uncertainty of the future, pregnancy, resilience, adaptation to parenthood, life -meaning orientations, postpartum period, anxiety, postpartum depression

Abstract: The subject of this research is the question of balance in application of quantitative and qualitative methods of research in studying the problems of inclusive education and personality with special educational needs. The goal is to demonstrate that the use of qualitative methods gives objective results even on the small sample of persons under test. The novelty consists in proving the fact that qualitative methods of research have substantial priority in examination of inclusive problems of inclusive personality. The conducted empirical research illustrated that it is possible to effectively identify coping strategies for the students with limited health conditions as well as normotypical, using the autobiographical method on the small sample of persons under test. Analysis of the problems of inclusive education oriented towards considering inclusive needs of the students with disabilities can be efficiently realized using the methods that do not suggest studying the large array of information and wide range of participants of the research. The absence of quantitative data processing in qualitative research of inclusive education is not considered a shortcoming of such research.  

Keywords: qualitative methods of treatment, special educational needs, the autobiographical method, questionnaires, descriptive statistics, high-quality content analysis, inclusive education, coping questionnaire, limited health options, statistical technology

Abstract: The authors refer to the history of prerevolutionary psychology in Russia. The national prerevolutionary philosophical psychology is viewed as a special discipline of psychological science at the turn of the XIX – XX centuries. The article underlines the existence of problem of terminological designation, as well as substantive understanding of psychological ideas of this direction in history of Russian psychology. The authors define philosophical psychology as a broad independent discipline within the national psychological science of the late XIX – early XX centuries, in the context of which develop the ideas of substantiality of soul, irreducible only to the matter and manifesting in various aspects (spiritual, emotional, material, physiological), possessing the qualities of free will and self-comprehension. This theoretical research sets a goal to determine and analyze the concept of Russian philosophical psychology at the turn of the XIX – XX centuries. Leaning on the ideas of S. S. Gogotsky, V. A. Snegirev, S. N. Trubetskoy, S. L. Frank, G. I. Chelpanov, G. G. Shpet and P. D. Yurkevich, the authors highlight the key provisions of the national prerevolutionary philosophical psychology as an integral approach towards studying human soul: 1) it views soul as a substance, a special dimension of being that cannot be reduced only to the content of consciousness, processes, functions or particular emotional phenomena; 2) it explains the “vitality” of soul, its living flow and constant transformation; 3) it differentiates emotional phenomena from physical, and describes their special characteristics; 4) it defines awareness and rationality as the leading qualities of emotional phenomena; 5) it considers human personality and human “Self” as subject of soul; 6) it is a comprehensive study of soul that includes examination of its different sides (spiritual dimension, emotional dimension (consciousness), physiological responses); it determines self-observation (introspection) as the leading psychological method. The conducted research underlines the relevance of referring to the heritage of philosophical psychology for the history and methodology of psychology, as well as solution of the current scientific, spiritual and practical problems of psychology.

Keywords: subject-matter of psychology, introspective psychology, empirical psychology, speculative psychology, integral approach, Russian psychology, philosophical psychology, history of psychology, method of psychology, explanation

Abstract: This article is dedicated to explication of methodological problems of an empirical psychological research of online communities. Diversity of theoretical perceptions on network communities, constructing the nature of relations and interactions between the participants of an online community, define the problem of indeterminateness of the object of research: members of the online community, functional networks presenting their interaction, and specific social media that determine the character of interaction therein. Another methodological problem of specific psychological research consists in ambiguity of the construct of “subjectivity”, induced with indeterminateness of the size of the community (from small to big social group), which does not allow using the characteristics of subjectivity of real communities, directly tied to their size. The scientific novelty of this work consists in the explication of methodological problems during psychological study of the online communities: indeterminateness of the object of research, relativism of constructs describing the properties of online communities serving as the subject of research, and others. The article suggests an approach to the analysis of subjectivity of community, based on discursive paradigm, which views the content of network community as an object of research, while subjectivity as a subject of research, is based on its discursive attributes upon the condition of verification of psychometric model of manifestation of discursive markers in the qualities of collective subjectivity.

Keywords: community subject, interaction, internet discourse, Network society, Social Media, internet (networked) community, of the capacity to be a community subject, discursive markers, content, psychometric model

Abstract: This article explores the problem of communication between a psychiatrist and a patient with mental disorder. The authors review the specificity of psychiatry as a science. Special attention is given to the methods of making a diagnosis on ICD-10 and the problem of therapy of an “interpretive” nature. The authors meticulously elucidate the problem of communication between a psychiatrist and a patient. Attention is paid to verbal communication and its hermeneutic character. The article gives a detailed examination of the position of a psychiatrist with regards to the patient, as well as distorted agency of a patient and methods of its correction. Attention is also given to the modern methods of communication between a psychiatrist and a patient (Internet). Specificity of psychiatric care use researched using the historical method and method of philosophy of science. Among the main conclusions of the conducted research is the thesis on duality of psychiatry as a science and the possibility of the subject-to-subject communication between doctor and the patient on the basis of phenomenological method in psychiatry. Special contribution of the authors consists in the analysis of the distorted agency of a patient and neurotypical agency of a psychiatrist. It is established that the psychiatrist can find a resonance with the patients and achieve communication of the level of empathy using the hermeneutic approach.

Keywords: psychiatrist, communication, intentionality, phenomenological approach, mental disorder, subject-to-suject communication, subject, person with mental disorder, comprehension, comprehensive psychiatry

Abstract: The subject of the research is the externalistic paradigm that can be used to understand mental processes. The author of the article analyzes this paradigm from the point of view of its usability in cognitive science. Ivanov focuses on the research of externalism potentials for solving a difficult mental issue, i.e. the problem of the naturalist explanation of the phenomenal aspects of conscious experience. In his research Ivanov also analyzes different variants of externalism and concludes that only externalism of the content as it is offered by Josh McDowell can explain both the nature of the mental contents and phenomenal qualities of the conscious experience from the naturalistic point of view. The research is based on modern analytic philosophy of mind and philosophy of cognitive science which implies the extensive use of the conceptual analysis method and such methodological techniques such as analysis of mental experiments. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author demonstrates that in order to understand the nature of mental processes, it is enough to define two kinds of externalism: externalism regarding mental states and externalism regarding contents. Noteworthy that the main role here is given to externalism regarding concent while externalism regarding mental states plays only supplementary role despite the fact that it has been growing popular in cognitive science as a result of enactivism lately. 

Keywords: representationalism, enactivism, extended mind, the problem of consciousness, qualia, mental content, externalism, philosophy of mind, philosophy of cognitive science, direct realism

Abstract: The subject of the research is the relationship between human thinking and Reality as one of the most difficult concepts of Jacques Lacan. According to Lacan, there is no direct access to Reality except through the Symbolic, i.e. language. Thinking relates to Reality through the death instinct, Lacan equates these two concepts in his seminar 'Ethics of Psychoanalysis'. That being said, it is possible to make an assumption that thinking is a delusive phenomenon because it acts in the field of 'approved rave' as Rudnev calls our everyday reality in his book 'The Logics of Rave' (pubilshed in Mosco, 2015). As the author of the article demonstrates, European man associates Reality with the Christian founder. Thinking is often associated with overcoming frustration. Thus, thinking will not be needed when human becomes completely conscious as G. Gurdjiev and representatives of his school call it. However, it is a long and difficult path. The research methodology is based on Lacan's structuralism psychoanalysis as well as psychosemiotics method that has been developed by the author of the article throughout many years of his research at the confluence of psychology and fundamental philosophy. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author compares Lacan's concepts of Thinking and Reality. The author concludes that human thinking has a delusive nature; Lacan relates Reality to the death instinct and the death instinct has a delusive nature. Therefore, we must try to overcome thinking in our search for Consciousness as it is meant by G. Gurdjiev and representatives of his school. Conscious individual does not need thinking as an operation with arbitrary signs. 

Keywords: hallucnation, instinct, death, phlosophy, psychology, Lacan, reality, thinking, delusion, consciousness

Abstract: In the present paper, the authors will scrutinize the ‘hermeneutics of love’, the concept, which is being developed by the representatives of humanistic psychology (Selig, Robbins) as well as clinical-community psychology (McInerney). The authors deductively consider this approach from different points: ontological, axiological and gnoseological. The authors try to compare and contrast ‘hermeneutics of love’ to ‘hermeneutics of suspicion’. In addition, the authors analyze a more traditional approach to understanding. The authors consider their role as a basis for social and psychological practice and discuss different practices that are being developed under the framework of hermenutics of suspicion and, on the other hand, the hermenutics of love. The authors also introuce hermenutics of love as a basis of psychology in ‘human science’ in contrast to that in  ‘natural science’.

Keywords: Basis for practice, Grounds for understanding, Epistemology, Onthology, Ground for practice, Ethics, Hermeneutics of suspicion, Hermeneutics of love, Hermeneutics, Art of interpretation

Abstract: The subject of the research is the destructiveness of choice and conditions for transforming it from the catregory of possible to the category of regular. The purpose of the research is to analyze the relationship between chronotope and psychological borders of personality in terms of their dispositions towards making life choices in uncertain situations. According to the authors, grounds for life choices made by individuals is the chronotope matrix in which psychological borders function as the coordinate grid. The chronotope matrix ensures self-determination in interaction and co-changes of space-related and time-related dimensions of life choice and their conceptual context. Research objectives are achieved by appealing to ideas and concepts of system-anthropological and interdisciplinary approaches. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the authors prove the dispositional role of deformations and dysfunctions of chronotope and psychological borders of one's personality in the process of destructiveness of life choice from the category of possible to the category of regular. The main conclusions are the following. The authors describe the process of chronotope formation in situations of choice and system bifurcation as deconstruction and reconstruction of chronotope and borders: loss, revaluation and rethinking of parts of constructs present, appearance of new emergent qualities and reconstruction of matrix. The process of chronotope formation is influenced by internal (personality variables and 'memory of the system') and external (situation and fluctuation) factors. 

Keywords: indeterminism, fluctuation, bifurcation, self-multiplicity, system memory, destructiveness of choice, chronotoping, psychological borders, chronotopos, deformation and dysfunction

Abstract: The article considers the problem of formation of the Russian psychology in the XIXth - early XXth centuries. The authors analyze approaches of Russian researchers in the history of psychology to studying the structure of psychology in Russia during the aforesaid period. The authors note that there is no common terminological field and understanding of the content of areas in the psychological science. The traditional classification which distinguishes an experimental, empirical and religious-philosophical psychology is insensitive to those scientists and their concepts who worked in several directions or held certain views in the declared positions, but in their works used other ideas. The authors propose their own classification of directions of psychology in Russia in the XIXth - early XXth century based on the dominant method for obtaining psychological knowledge (speculation, introspection, experiment and measurement): speculative psychology, introspective psychology and experimental psychology. The authors examine only speculative and introspective psychology because there is the greatest uncertainty and ambiguity related to these directions, their representatives, concepts, and methods (speculation and introspection). The methods of historical and psychological research include structural-analytical method and method of analysis of the framework of categories and concepts. This theoretical study is methodological, approaches of representatives of speculative and introspective psychology are analyzed by the authors in terms of the subject and method of psychology. The authors have developed their own classification of directions of Russian psychology in the XIXthe – early XXth century offering a new basis, the method of obtaining psychological knowledge (speculation, introspection, experiment). In each direction the authors have defined two vectors corresponding to a particular conception of the nature of the subject of psychology: substantial psychology (soul as an independent substance) and functional psychology (psyche as a function of the brain and nervous system). The final classification is as follows: 1) speculative substantial psychology and speculative functional psychology; 2) introspective substantial psychology and introspective functional psychology; 3) experimental substantial psychology and experimental functional psychology.

Keywords: experimental psychology, introspective psychology, speculative psychology, classification, subject of psychology, method of psychology, Russian psychology, history of psychology, soul, psyche

Abstract: The subject of this research is the analysis and application of such notions as symbol, image, metaphor and allegory as part of a set of tools, means and methods of expressing ‘beauty’ in the French symbolist poetry. This subject is developed and based on the phenomenological nature of ‘beauty’ as well as in terms of the aesthetic category by means of defining it within both implicit and explicit aesthetics. The very problem of ‘beauty’ is represented in the poetry of French symbolism, in works of such authors as S. Mallarmé and Ch. Baudelaire. Conclusions on the means of expressing ‘beauty’ in the French symbolist poetry are presented at the end of the article. As far as methods of the research are concerned, there is a variety of combinative totals, such as analysis, comparative analysis, information-analytical base of investigating the subject of the research, application of symbolic images, metaphoricalness and allegoricalness of the poetics of expressing ‘beauty’ in the French symbolist poetry.The author’s particular contribution to the research on the subject is proving the fact - proceeding from the lexical base - that symbol, image, metaphor and allegory are the means of expressing ‘beauty’ in the French symbolist poetry.

Keywords: poetry, Mallarme, Baudelaire, French symbolism, metaphor, beauty, image, symbol, allegory, aesthetics

Abstract: The subject of the present research is the different kinds of the feeling of 'trembling'. The object of the research is different kinds of manifestations of trembling. It is viewed not only from the traditional point of view as the religious awing but also as a feeling that is free of fear and gives opportunitities of spiritual transformation and experiencing sublime feelings. The author examines such aspects of the topic as the genesis of trembling, its functions and role in human life, the influence of the feeling of trembling on personal and spiritual growth. The research methodology used by the author includes hermeneutical analysis of different texts including those in religious, existential and social philosophy as well as fiction. The main conclusions of the research are the following: awing or trembling is not necessarily a religious feeling, very often this feeling has a very different modality and sense that is free of fear; by studying this feeling, we can better understand personality and human; trembling is the feeling that allows to better reveal and understand human nature. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author tries to demonstrate that trembling often expresses quite different deep spiritual states. 

Keywords: sublime, transcendental, religion, fear, tragedy, catharsis, existential, sacred, human, trembling

Abstract: The subject of the research is the views on reality from the point of view of human and society. The researcher views the reality not as a constant of the objective surrroundings of human but a reasonable union of the psychic and material layers of the reality. This evokes discussions about the quantum paradigm in humanities as well as possibility to use the quantum paradigm in life of every individual based on the example of the virtual world. Suetin also considers construction of the reality by society and social patterns of the reality and their influence on human world perception. The research of the world views and numerous faces of reality is based on the theoretical philosophical concepts of natural science, philosophy of postmodernism, psychoanalysis and transpersonal psychology. The key moment of the research is the uncertainty of reality as it is and isolated connection between the psychic and material worlds. Noteworthy that the author pays attention to the problems of modern society and explain msot of them as a result of the substitution of the real content with illusions. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author interprets the initial reality as the basic of true existence numerous forms of social and anthropological reality are based on. 

Keywords: quantum paradigm, simulacrum, society, mind, consciousness, vitruality, psychology, reality, integrality, transcendence

Abstract: Intra- and intergenerational relations are the geneological ties inside African society. An African person walks through the stages of traditional existence not alone by as the part of his/her age-specific brotherhood or sisterhood and according to their specific role in the society. Noteworthy that the vertical links betwen 'horizontal' age groups do not necessarily mean ingoration of the gender differentiation and African society structure. The latter is not jut a trivial age-related ladder even though it should be admitted that in many ways age determines social functions and social status of an individual. In the African society connections between age groups are complicated with the intergenerational links and are difficult-to-understand by the European mentality. These connections create a specific pyramid and continue to play a systemically important role. Testified by the empirical experience of their ancestors, this model of social life allows to be more flexible when taking into account gender and age-specific psychophysiological features of members of ethnic tribes. This model is based on physiological activization of particular parts of the brain at a certain age and divides the local society into two equal parts depending on different age-related statuses of the members. One part is represented by mature individuals capable of working. The other part consists of children and elderly people who need support and care. Based on such anthropological disposition, many problems and paradoxes of African society look different if not viewed from the point of view of psychological differences between sexes and age groups. However, the one does not exclude the other. The spatiotemporal fields of these relationships and connections vary and therefore do not always coincide. The correlation between such factors as age and gender and its role in the primitive society and modern archaic forms of the primitive society are the subject matter for scientific discussion. This is one of the reasons why the author of the present article presents the point of view which may differ from the opinions of his respected colleagues. 

Keywords: son, inter-age relations, age classes, gender, tradition, age, African society, daughter, father, grand-parents

Abstract: The subject of the present study is the category "strategy" as an aspect of understanding the nature and the human psyche in the context of their origins and development. The author of the analysis of the most famous, evolutionarily significant strategies of human behavior, in one way or another to explain human behaviour. The diversity of these strategies the author considers as a continuum, caused by the interaction and the interaction between biological and social nature of man. The author does not reduce social in person to its biology, but displays a social in man solely from his biology. For understanding the evolving concept of development of the psyche, the author appealed to the notion of "evolutionarily stable strategy, which developed psihobiologi. The diversity of forms of human behaviour is reduced to the following four types: agonistic, cooperative, altruistic and egoistic. An analysis of each of the forms of behavioral strategies. Work is theoretical and based on an analysis of categorical concepts and approaches in psychology and Psychiatry. The article presents the author's original approach to understanding the nature and the human psyche. If this comes from the fact that the essence of any human phenomenon is manifested in its extremes. In this case the psychosis.The author suggests that to understand human nature can be via understanding his social behavior, which he views from the perspective of group and social behaviour of animals, conducting similar in models of animal and human behavior. Disclosed to the evolutionary role of some psychological categories. The author develops the idea of animal and human animistic antropomorfic. The formation of the species Homo Sapiens is carried out through his instinctive nature, indirect social relations and interactions with external factors. The author assumes that at the present stage of its development, man lost several biological mechanisms for the management of population genetic structure, replacing them with social mechanisms: institutions that perform prohibitive, punitive function as moral norms, laws, Penal Code. In other words a hierarchically more old mechanism (or seam) gave way to more new mechanism, but at the same time, he remained in "inactive". Psychic manifestations, social and moral norms and principles, laws regulating social life in its deepest meaning are the dictates of biological and physical nature.

Keywords: animalization human, external program, behavior strategy, agonistic behavior, cooperative behavior, altruistic behavior, selfish behavior, closed genetic program, open behavioral program, anthropomorphization of animals

Abstract: In his article Ignatenko traces back the evolution of the mental development concept from the moment when it was first mentioned in Zigmund Freud's psychoanalysis till the time when Gilles Deleuze offered his version of mental development being under the influence of Сarl Jung's analytical psychology, Jacques Lacan's structural psychoanalysis, Michel Foucault's anti-psychiatry and others. The researcher focuses on the interdisciplinary sphere formed by psychoanalysis, psychiatry, psychology, philosophy of language, linguistics, philosophy and literary critics which views the concept of mental development from the point of view of their complementary aspects. The author defines drawbacks in Freud's theory of mental development and how Deleuze overcame them. The research involves the method of comparative analysis of previously reconstructed conceptual systems offered by Freud and Deleuze. When reconstructing the method of Deleuze's philosophy, the author has used the transdisciplinary approach. Ingatenko concludes that Deleuze kept to the instrumentalist explanation of the mission of 'Self' development, the purpose of mental development being, in the last analysis, relativization of Self, or approaching the impersonal and pre-individual state when space and time do not act as impassible limits for self-identification. The author of the article also offers a number of original ideas including the idea about the evolutionist nature of Michel Foucault's philosophy and the absence of the apologetics of psychopathology in Deleuze's philosophy, which he used only as the analogy to the impersonal and pre-individual state, etc.     

Keywords: mental development, evolutionism, interdisciplinarity, psychoanalysis, postmodernism, transcendental empiricism, reverse time arrow, schizophrenia, libido, sublimation

Abstract: Based on the analysis of Vladimir Solovyov's fundamental philosophical work 'The Justification of the Good', the author of the article studies the importance of Solovyov's ideas on freedom and human dignity for the key provisions of the liberal ethical and philosophical doctrine. Traditionally, Solovyov is believed to be the harbinger of social liberalism because he spoke of the right to have a decent human existence as the fundamental human right. This right is usually viewed in terms of redistribution of social wealth and social functions of the government. However, thorough reading of Solovyev's research shows that technically, he meant moral aspects of human existence but not pragmatic or legal aspects. These aspects refer to the fact that human has the right to be the source, purpose and meaning but not just a mean of social development. The analysis of the key provisions of 'The Justification of the Good' shows that the idea of human dignity is closely related to the idae of freedom. Decent existence and dignity itself are based on the human ability to choose the good freely and without any external influence or pressure while he always has an opportunity to commit the evil. In his article Chizhikov demonstrates the logical relationship between freedom, morals and human dignity. Solovyov provides true ethical and philosophical grounds for fundamental values of liberalism. For him freedom and human dignity are the basis and result of the universal process of the development of the good as a combination of both human and humanity moral development. 

Keywords: morality, personality, law, freedom, liberalism, Vladimir Solovyov, purpose, philosophy, Russia, society

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of the video of Balinese ritual on the material that explores the relationship between Bateson’s anthropology and psychiatry. The crossdisciplinary nature of Bateson's researches that included anthropology, cybernetics, communication theoy, psychiatry, ethology and evolution theory raises a question about succession and relationships between different directions of his research projects. The author of the present article focuses on the analysis of the relationship between early visual and anthropological researches conducted by Gregory Bateson with regard to Bali (island) and later clinical researches on schizophrenia carried out in Palo Alto that led to the development of the theory of double bind. The methodology of the research involves the analysis of the visual anthropological document (video) for regular patterns that associate with the patterns of clinical illustrations. The interpretation of the central characters of ritual drama exposes the mechanisms of their transposition from Bateson’s early ethnographic research into clinical illustrations of his later works on psychiatry. It has been found that one of the Bateson’s key clinical examples, illustrating how double bind works can be considered as the inverse of Balinese ritual drama structure. This idea encourages to review the foundations of communicative theory of schizophrenia by G. Bateson in general and the concept of double bind in particular. 

Keywords: witch, pattern, schizophrenia, double bind, Bateson, ritual, dance, trance, systemic family therapy, ecology of mind

Abstract: The present article is devoted to the dynamics of meanings from the earliest stages of ontogenetic development. The proposed research is based on the idea of the principal difference between dual and nondual approaches to interpreting what happens during cognitive evolution. The author shows that implementation of the dual approach to intepreting processes of cognitive development of a child deprives us of the opportunity to adequately describe the dynamics of cognitive abilities and associated process of the transformation of meanings. Refusal of the adult-culture-centrist approach allows to prove that meanings are presented even at the stage of infancy but they are naturally different from what an adult knows from his own cognitive experience. Before carrying out the research, the author analyzes a number of methodological issues which allows to make the analysis less dependent on implicit limitations and stereotypes that have the status of methodological stereotypes. In particular, the author discusses the consequences of the adult-culture-centrist position in the defined significant aspects of child's development and demonstrates what destortions of the picture of cognitive evolution such approach may lead to. It is proved that the concept of meaning which is typical for contemporary science presents only a superficial layer of the depth meaning. The latter can be presented only as an extensive pattern of cohesiveness that is created at the moment of establishing the nondual integrity and possesses the features of completeness, polymodality, syncretism and nondual integrity. 

Keywords: comprehension, empathy, mirror image, cognitive capacities, adult-culture-centrism, sense, meaning, ontogenesis, methodology, nonduality, integral embodiment

Abstract: In this review the problem of studying the concept "alienation" in philosophy, Russian and foreign psychology is retrospectively covered. The main available interpretations and translations of the term, descriptive and theoretical positions and substantial and structural views of scientists on this phenomenon are considered. The attempt to define the main substantial characteristics of alienation is made. The authors demonstrate and describe level concepts of the phenomenon of alienation and systems of the relations which can undergo alienation. In their research the authors raise the question about manifestation of alienation in everyday life and activity, the need for its identification and psychological and psychotherapeutic work. The research methods used by the authors included the philosopho-historical and psychological retrospective analysis, theoretic comparative generalization, classification of the conceptual framework and modeling. Original contribution of the authors to the research of this phenomenon is their offer to consider alienation as a state and reaction to the incentive exceeding adaptation opportunities of a frustrating individual. It is offered to classify alienation as having the destroying, developing or mixed form. In addition, the authors offer a conceptual model and structural-functional model of alienation. 

Keywords: rigidity, alienation levels, alienation, relationship, self-alienation, model of alienation, alienation forms, relation, identification, personal autonomy

Abstract: The article is devoted to the problem of psychologism in terms of logic. Psychologism is viewed with reference to logical and methodological researches of some Russian philosophers of the XIX-XX centuries as well as foreign researches of this issue (Vladislavlev-Mill, Vedensky-Lossky, Shpet-Sigwart-Wundt). The importance of the psychologism paradigm is expressed in several logical and methodological tendencies (importance of the empiric subject of cognition in modern humanitarian epistemology; contemporary convergence of logic, argumentorics, cognitive science and researches of artificial intelligence; and a growing role of informal logic and its approaches to the analysis of argumentation).  Examination of psychologism problem in various philosophical systems is very significant from the viewpoint of the humanitarian epistemology development and humanitarian discipline evolution. The author also describes debates on the demarcation of logical and psychological phenomena. Today's epistemological approaches (for example, cultural and historical methodology) emphasize the importance of the dialogue between different aspects of research and the eternal nature of questions about the subject of science (logic, psychology and philosophy). The author treats cultural and historical approach as the most effective for contemporary psychologism problem research.

Keywords: logic, psychology, psychologism, metapsychologism, epistemological style, logical and methodological tendencies, cultural and historical approach, Mikhail Vladislavlev, Alexander Vvedenskiy, Nikolay Losskiy

Abstract: The subject of the present research is the technologically and psychologically elaborate and powerful targeted influence of specially designed and focused sound on the brain and the mind of young listeners whose skulls and ears have not completed their formation and who have not developed an adequate idea about the world and about their place in it. The authors of the article demonstrate that being a complex biopsychosocial phenomenon of the digital age as well as a specific form of targeted psychological influence on the brain, mind and mental health of human, audio drugs require interdisciplinary research, in particular, from the point of view of the history of philosophical anthropology and adolescent psychiatry. Although the problem has been of current interest for less than 10 years, it is a very important issue not only due to its ultra-modern novelty and unusual attractiveness but also because of the hidden threat of a real surge of mental and suicidal effects in case of invisible virtual and non-chemical drugs overdose as well as the opportunity to use audio drugs illegally for political and advertising purposes. The authors of the article demonstrate that being a complex biopsychosocial phenomenon of the digital age as well as a specific form of targeted psychological influence on the brain, mind and mental health of human, audio drugs require interdisciplinary research, in particular, from the point of view of the history of philosophical anthropology and adolescent psychiatry.

Keywords: mirror neurons, audioneurons, quasi culture, binaural effect, adolescents, audio stimulants, mind, audio drugs, brain, psyche

Abstract: The problem of national healing of Ancient Russia is discussed in the context of interdisciplinary research, including data of Ethnography, Folklore, History of traditional culture of Ancient Russia. The bases of approach was made of a complex of historical, psychoanalytic and cognitive methods of analysis. The phenomenon of Ancient Russia healing is considered in total methodological cuts. A symbolic picture of the world determined a holistic installation of healing. The transformation of the archetypal symbols in the Christian era is tracked. Of particular interest is the cognitive analysis of methods of detection, diagnosis and impact in healing magic. On the question of the future of healing is given a positive answer. The potential improvement of the mind and mentality is seen in the art of visualization and the art of possession of rhythmic word and gestures, without healing is impossible. Awareness of the effectiveness of word and thought in archaic times gives food for discussion of a question of not technogenic opportunities of civilizational development.

Keywords: holism, man, nature, picture of the world, magic, healing, Ancient Russia, image, visualization, rhythm

Abstract: On the other side of naturalism there are no guarantees that frequently mentioned existentials are eternal, created by the one consciousness, have the one meaning and belong to the unified cognition process. This statement can be proved by the fact that language has a common nature, too. However, semantic structures are very complex especially in different forms of communication of ontologically different existentials and their productive relation. According to the author of the article, the type of existential is constituted in the process of understanding and inevitably aimed at discovering metaphysics (transcendence) of the subject. However, the motive and the aspect of what is being understood may differ in terms of basal existentials. This schematic exposition already allows to raise a question about creating a classification of existential senses and defining their ontological differences while taking into account their relation. Spektor provides the following basal archetypes that are ‘repressed’ into unconsciousness not because they are alien to the mind but because of their ontological disposition in the psychic structure and the role of ‘prisms’ and pre-conscious attitudes: the archetype of Divinity, God, the Absolute, the One, and etc.; the archetype of Power; the archetype of Capital; and the archetype of Server.

Keywords: psychology of sense, sense of psychology, archetypes, existential, existence, basal archetypes, Absolute and One, power, capital, Server.

Abstract: In her article Ignatenko reconstructs evolutionary grounds of Freud’s metapsychology as the synthesis of Darwin’s and Lamarck’s theories combined with the Haeckel-Muller law of ontogeny recapitulating phylogeny. The researcher also traces back the process of development of evolutionary issues in the works of Freud’s followers such as Melanie Klein and Jacques Lacan. Ignatenko discovers that the interest towards phylogenetic development had a tendency to decline (in Klein’s researches). Further the ideas of ontological development was criticized by Lacan which, however, was quite extreme and did not find support of the majority of analysts of those times for whom ontological development remained of the fundamental concepts in the psychoanalytical theory. In addition, the researcher also examines the development of the interdisciplinary branch of psychoanalysis and linguistics which was based on the thesis about phylogenetic development moving towards the increasing ability for symbolization. Ignatenko has used the method of ontoepistemological reconstruction allowing to view any concept (even a concept refusing ontology as it is) as containing systems features of a philosophical theory which can be discovered and reconstructed. Based on a number of researches about the influence of Darwin’s and Lamarck’s evolutionism, the researcher has also carried out her own research in search for similar ideas in Melaie Klein’s, Jacques Lacan’s, Green’s, Bion’s, Michel Foucault’s, Gilles Deleuze’s works, etc. Ignatenko concludes that Freud’s followers gradually lost their interest in evolutionary issues. The researcher explains it with the fact that epistemology of those times was experiencing the shift from realism to constructivism and from positivism to instrumentalism. That shift was reflected in psychoanalysis, too, and changed the concept of the Oedipus complex as a fundamental concept of psychoanalysis.

Keywords: evolutionism, interdisciplinarity, psychoanalysis, linguistics, ontoepistemology, philosophy, post-modernism, structuralism, Lamarckism, the Oedipus complex.

Abstract: The subject under research is the process of degradation of Dorian Gray from an angel-like person to a devillike criminal. According to the author, this process is related to transcendence as an indicator of moral principles of the main hero. When these moral principles are destroyed, transcendence in Dorian Gray’s mind takes a concrete shape and expresses a catastrophic expectation of moral punishment. In this regard, the author of the article focuses on Dorian’s transformation into a devil. Such a metamorphosis is possible due to a typical European phenomenon of doppelganger that is based on the binary archetype. In his research Konson has used the integrated approach which includes ethic-philosophic, psychological, literary and musicological analysis. The scientific novelty of the research is in creation of a new research framework when Dorian Gray is interpreted as a source of the binary archetype of human-devil when human is turning into a monster and appears to be even a greater threat than his doppelganger (twin) and his pan estheticism is turning into esthetics of cruelty. Moreover, the novelty of the article is also shown in the musicological interpretation of the development of Dorian’s image which, according to the author’s intent, reveals the external ‘unchanged’ image of the hero (the content plane) and the internal image that has gone through cardinal transformations (the expression plane). As a result of his analysis, Konson comes to the conclusion that Dorian is a complete ahrimanic personality, a killer-loner with the ‘false bottom’, esthete fulfilling himself in vice while being known as a dandy in a society (a form of a superman) who was first shown as a neglect criminal and then a ‘professional’ murderer and a cruel extrapunitive person.

Keywords: The Portrait of Dorian Gray, Oscar Wilde, prince charming, twin, beauty and estheticism, dandyism, human, devil, sell soul to the devil, murder / murderer.

Abstract: The article is devoted to one of the most important problems of Sigmund Freud’s research – psychoanalytical theory of culture. The author of the present article reconstructs the main basic provisions of Freud’s theory and analyzes the relation between psychoanalysis and culture, definition of culture and grounds of culture and, finally, the origin of culture. Sigmund Freud believed that only by appealing to our sources we can actually understand the unconsciousness of culture. In his research the author has used research methods of psychoanalysis, cultural research, philosophy, studies of religion and history. All that created the historical-philosophical and psychoanalytical-cultural methodology. Peculiarities of the material studied has also made the author to apply phenomenological, hermeneutic and comparative approaches to understanding these phenomena. The scientific novelty of the article is in the author’s reconstruction of the basic provisions of Freud’s psychoanalysis of culture. Despite all the importance and significance of this problem, Freud did not leave us a well established theory of culture. He did not write a particular research work which would be devoted to psychoanalysis of culture and include all his provisions and evaluations on the matter. Therefore, Freud’s psychoanalytical concept of culture can be presented only in a form of reconstruction. This is the purpose of the present article.

Keywords: psychoanalysis and culture, hostility of culture, grounds of culture, primitive family, ‘great revolution’, ‘primary guilt’, totemism, taboo, conscience, ‘the first phase’ of culture.

Abstract: The article is devoted to social fear as the phenomenon of public conscience. The purpose of the research is to define the place and role of social fear in the structure of public consciousness. The researcher reveals peculiarities of social fear as a spiritual phenomenon and a social and psychological state that may create grounds for the development of activity of a public conscience actor. The analysis performed by the researcher is based on a traditional theoretical model of public conscience typical for Russian social studies. This model allows to define all levels and forms as well as relations between social conscience and other phenomena of social life. The analysis is based on the social philosophical concept of the spiritual sphere of society and social conscience which created the conceptual model of studying social fears in the spiritual sphere of society. At the end of the article the author makes a conclusion that social fears reflect regular patterns of the balance of emotional and rational, theoretical and common aspects in social conscience as well as spiritual and other spheres of social life. Repertoire and hierarchy of social fears are defined by the hierarchy of forms of social conscience during this or that period of social development.

Keywords: social fear, social anxiety, public consciousness, social psychology, spiritual sphere of society, sociology of emotions, forms of public consciousness, existential dominants, emotional atmosphere of society, social well-being.

Abstract: A French philosopher Claude Levi-Strauss radically re-considered the ethnos issue by including it in a whole range of questions traditionally related to philosophical anthropology. By studying the ethnographic data Claude Levi-Strauss changed the approach to anthropological researches, too. In his works he noted that many ethnologists including Marcel Mauss and Bronislaw Malinowski already acknowledged that a researcher should not analyze separate social facts because the ethnic issue assumed that the research did not study the social facts as they were but their interpretation by people. Without the human factor that assumes a subjective interpretation of this or that phenomenon, it is impossible to understand the depths of the ethnological research. The author of the article used method of historical research combined with the methodology of philosophical anthropology. The author also used the methods of structural anthropology that usually views the ethnocentrism as a prejudice excluding everything ‘abnormal’ from the culture. The novelty of the article is in the author’s attempt to define the place of Claude Levi- Strauss’ structural anthropology in ethnic studies. For the first time in Russian and Western philosophy ethnicity is viewed as an anthropological phenomenon. The author also defines the role of structural anthropology in the process of ‘anthropologization’ of the ethnic research and describes general principles lying in the basis of studying the culture of different epochs and ethnic groups.

Keywords: human, human nature, myth, structural anthropology, ethnos, ethnicity, ethnology, incest, mental structures, rationality.

Abstract: The subject under review is the content of different images of morals that initially have the devilish wit — moral temptation of a man which, in its turn, creates the grounds for a fantastic split of the reality in a man’s mind and, finally, his focusing on the feeling of catastrophism. The first impulse towards such a temptation is an unusual talisman ‘La Peau de Chagrin’ (The Magic Skin) which ‘brings bad luck’. In fact, this talisman divides man’s death into parts and provides more insights into personalities of the main characters throughout the entire book. The research method used by the author is based on the combination of several types of analysis including historical, philosophical, psychological, literary and comparative analysis. The scientific novelty of the research is in the description of the two types of morals that have been initially inacceptable for a man. One of such types of morals is for a lonely scientist. It guarantees many years of long life and illusory happiness that is usually safe for a man and a society. The other type of morals is for a man who wastes his life in vain. This type of morals destroys personal values and turns a man into a dangerous element of a society. In conclusion the author states that both types of morals, scientific-like and imaginary, are a deformation of the basic moral nature of a man and temptation of the devil. As for the old antiquary who presents these two types of morals (and whose image is the main subject under research of the present article), he appears to be someone like a devil himself, a kind of criminal, murder and ‘pseudo-savior’ who manages to destroy his victim’s system of morals prior to the victim’s death.

Keywords: Honore de Balzac, La Peau de Chagrin (The Magic Skin), old antiquary, Raphael de Valentin, man and devil, fantastic, talisman, image, desire, deceit and demonism.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the causes and consequences of the actualization of the topic of pessimism, low mood and despair in French symbolism at the end of the XIXth century. The author also analyzes the reasons of development of the phenomenon of melancholy in the XXth century based on the artwork created by French symbolists and analyzed mostly in poetry, critical articles written by symbolists and analytical publications on art history, history, literary and philosophy devoted to the French symbolism and related to melancholy. The topic can be also described as low mood, sadness, despair, disappointment and the feeling of hopelessness typical for the creativity of symbolic and decadent poets. According to the author, that tendency was caused both by the general intellectual atmosphere of late XIX and goals of symbolism in art. Research methods include the descriptive, systems, comparative and cultural-historical approach. French symbolism is viewed from the phenomenological point of view. The importance of the topic is not only in studying particular examples of French symbolism but also the reflection of the eschatolic mood of those times.

Keywords: French symbolism, melancholy, low mood, S. Mallarme, S. Bodler, interiorisation, pessimism, phantasmagoria, fin de siècle.

Abstract: The subject under review is the philosophical and anthropological interpretation of ‘the world without time’ and ‘time without clocks’ as the ethnopsychological phenomenon and one of the key difference between mentalities of Europeans and Africans who either lead a traditional tribal life style or a lifestyle that is closely related to tribes in the cultural meaning. A bright example of the strong antipathy of Sub-Saharan African native inhabitants towards the European lifestyle is their dislike of clocks and especially watches as devices allowing to control the pace of life of a ‘nature-free’ human. The main research method used by the author was the involved observation in the course of the field and teaching activities carried out by the author in 15 countries of the North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa. The scientific importance and novelty of the research is that the author has discovered the dependence of attitudes of traditional Africans towards time on the type of their economic activity and tribal allegiance as well as the level of the development of goods/money relations and the degree of involvement of the population into market relations and administrative institutions.

Keywords: time, present, future, past, life style, tradition, rest, hours, labor, cultural stereotypes.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the 100th anniversary of birth of the French writer and philosopher Albert Camus. The main sources of feeling absurd includes the ideal picture of the world created by the human mind, existence of human in the immanent and transcendental worlds, development of the consciousness of a new-born and creative and destructive tendencies of human. Absurdity has a singular, contradictory, irrational and almost insane logic. The positive role of absurdity is the possibility to think different when we face the absurd. The author of the article also shows the role of absurdity in new paradoxical findings made by scientists. Even creativity is fed by absurdity and uses absurdity for its purposes. By using the method of hermeneutic analysis, the author of the article studies the sources, forms of appearance and different functions of absurdity. Along with the absurd, there is always a regular non-absurd existence. The absurd has a relative meaning and always depends on a particular historical period. Today the absurd can be found in all spheres of human existence from social politics to science, religion and culture. The absurd should be also opposed to the common sense and civic courage in the socio-political sphere.

Keywords: absurd, logic, death, transcendental, creativity, culture, religion, science, paradox, psychoanalysis.

Abstract: The author of the article carries out a comparative analysis of motives and mechanisms of choice in the decision making process. Based on the interdisciplinary analysis of evolutionary, cognitive and historical-philosophical aspects, the author concludes that preconscious and conscious factors influencing our choice are complementary. The author of the article also discusses the problem of the philosophical underpinning of logic and the role of logical means in the decision making process as a part of topical issues of intercultural communication and philosophy of creative process. The author describes evolutionary factors contributing to the certainty and responsibility of choice. Moral and religious ideas in zoroastrianism, art of polemics in ancient studies, activities of sophists, Plato’s and Aristotle’s conceptions and the stoic teaching about sensual objectivity and meaning of logic influenced the process of formation of analytical thinking. The author also discusses whether it is possible to use the object-image and conception thinking in the decision making process. In the decision making process the role of the principle of contradiction is represented in a form of clear distinction of true and false which has a particularly pragmatic value in real-life situations of making a choice. The principles of classical logic have been formed in the course of cognitive evolution.

Keywords: psychology, logic, everyday life, decision making, motives, choice, unconsciousness, consciousness, evolution, laws of logic.

Abstract: The article contains a logical summary of the term ‘character’. The definition offered by the author of the article allows to apply this term not only to people but also to actors, both factual and imaginary ones. This outlines a new field of research called the ‘actor character analysis’ and establishes a framework for structural-hermeneutic analysis of actors’ characters. It has been proved that a necessary stage in each procedure for defining human character is character reduction, i.e. reduction of all variety of character features to a particular discrete set of features. This new approach casts light on nature and functions of character reduction. No matter how many discrete character features we define by using formalized and poorly formalized methods, this is just a tiny drop in the bottomless ocean. Continual character contents cannot be studied even by the most thorough discrete analysis and described by natural verbal language. Only character reduction allows to cover the logical gap between the discrete and the continual.

Keywords: psychology, actor, diagnostics of character, hermeneutics, psychological diagnostics (psychodiagnostics), psychodiagnotic methods, structuralism, character, character feature, actor character analysis.

Abstract: The article describes the history of formation of Renaissance symbolic fields based on Michel Foucault dispositive conceptualization and original theory of epistemogenes is developed by the author. The author outlines dispositive strategies, psychotechnics and semiotic processes connecting Renaissance creators and ‘ordinary’ people. The author also describes the system of dispositive transformations as a result of changes in the internal contents of the ‘renovation’ symbol during X–XVI centuries. Acting as an epistemic item endowed with a semantically complicated cultural implant, the ‘renovation’ symbol brings to life a heterogeneous series of dispositives which, in their turn, create psychocultural phenomena known as ‘Renaissance’, ‘Reformation’, ‘humanism’ and ‘social utopia’. Based on the two parts of the ‘renasci’ symbol, the author discusses their differentiations in spiritual practices at the late Middle Ages which result in division of the ‘renovation’ dispositive into ‘renaissance’ and ‘reformation’. It is shown that historical processes are most likely to happen via dispositive genesis but not cultural shift. A series of dispositive transformations describes the psychocultural movement of the Renaissance epoch and explains why it happened that way but not another.

Keywords: psychology, psychotechnics, Christianity, dispositive, epistemic item, Renaissance, Reformation, humanism, social utopia.

Abstract: The article describes the history of formation of Renaissance symbolic fields based on Michel Foucault dispositive conceptualization and original theory of epistemogenesis developed by the author. The author outlines dispositive strategies, psychotechnics and semiotic processes connecting Renaissance creators and ‘ordinary’ people. The author also describes the system of dispositive transformations as a result of changes in the internal contents of the ‘renovation’ symbol during X–XVI centuries. Acting as an epistemic item endowed with a semantically complicated cultural implant, the ‘renovation’ symbol brings to life a heterogeneous series of dispositives which, in their turn, create psychocultural phenomena known as ‘Renaissance’, ‘Reformation’, ‘humanism’ and ‘social utopia’. Based on the two parts of the ‘renasci’ symbol, the author discusses their differentiations in spiritual practices at the late Middle Ages which result in division of the ‘renovation’ dispositive into ‘renaissance’ and ‘reformation’. It is shown that historical processes are most likely to happen via dispositive genesis but not cultural shift. A series of dispositive transformations describes the psychocultural movement of the Renaissance epoch and explains why it happened that way but not another.

Keywords: psychology, psychotechnics, Christianity, dispositive, epistemic item, Renaissance, Reformation, humanism, social utopia.

Abstract: This article presents the author’s attempt to view virtual space as the space formed on the basis of the Descartes’ division of the mental and extended substances. Mental substance shown in the form of diagrams in the virtual space is nothing else but the mirror of the social world. This ‘virtual’ side of human is shown in his ‘self’. There is a famous Freud’s formula that ‘Self’ is the Other. This raises a question: what else is there in a human besides his ‘self’? Based on the author of the article, this is where the sense of reality is hidden. At the same time, if this sense of reality is only some kind of enclosure to subjective feelings and experience, Kant’s ‘thing in itself’, then human is completely ruled by the non-human and accidental occurrences. On the other hand, these accidental occurrences create the basis for one to feel real. Reality is like a black spot of the other world, sometime it lies at the bottom of the unconscious, sometimes, according to Badiou’s theory, it is concentrated in the event. In both cases it is inaccessible for human and human is unable to go beyond the borders of his ‘self’ and get the feeling of his true existence. A wish is represented as an initially split structure of the ‘self’ or cogito. Human is unable to experience the true event of his existence as it is and often distorts it. Yet, if we try to view this event as subjective and take a subject (human) as someone who can actually avoid such distortions, we can make an assumption that there is subjectivity without ‘self’, subjectivity presented through a wish expressed not by the means of the Other’s schematic image, but by the means of seeing himself as the Other and unstructured Self. This creates many opportunities for understanding the experience and mystical concepts of such philosophers as Soloviev, Bulgakov and Trubnikov and psychoanalytical insights of Jung and Laing. On the other side of the Self there is an endless godly subjectivity that, at the same time, remains solely human.

Keywords: psychology, cyber-space, virtual, self, event, dualism, the Other, reality, a wish.

Abstract: The article analyzes the phenomenon of understanding visual information hidden in images of the highest order. The author bases on a previously developed model of images-integrals of different orders. Based on that model, visual (image) information is summarized disregarding the verbal information and produces more complicated formations. According to this model, images of the first order are photographic images, images of the second order are classical secondary images, images of the third order are summarized images, images f the forth order are space-like formations and, finally, images of the fifth order are non-verbal representations of moral, philosophical and mathematical concepts. The author makes a presumption that the images of the highest order are polymodal and are made up of both image and audio information. In other words, they have their own sound and this sound can be represented by rambling, parts of word and even word combinations. According to classical concepts, understanding starts when a word is linked to an image. Moreover, a true understanding occurs when imprinted firstsignaling sounds composing images of the highest order are at least partially coincide with the sound of the words defining this category.

Keywords: images, psychic images, secondary images, words, internal speech, understanding, perception, consciousness, dreams, lucid dreams.

Abstract: The article studies some aspects of Aleksey Fedorovich Losev’s philosophical legacy. Behind his complicated terminology and conceptual framework, today we can very well see faith being the theme line in all his works although it was deliberately hidden from the Soviet censors. The article views the terms of Name, Myth and Truth viewed altogether as a part of the most important works of a Russian philosopher. How can a modern human understand Losev’s most important provision about Name being a Myth if we are used to the thought that myth is a distorted interpretation of the world, illusion created by a weak mind, a fairy-tale and almost a lie? It is shown that Losev’s philosophical system is still important both in religious, philosophical and socio-cultural approaches. Losev’s ‘Philosophy of Name’ was created not as a theoretical research but as a result of understanding human personality, divine personality, and their relations through God’s Name.

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, Losev, values, Myth, Name, Truth, personality, society, holiday.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the draft of comparative anthropology proposed by a German scientist Wilhelm Humboldt over two hundred years ago. Humboldt viewed comparative anthropology as a new science. Based on him, comparative anthropology was aimed at studying individual personalities. However, unlike physiological anthropology, comparative anthropology focuses not on differences but on the relation between certain peculiarities and the general ideal of personality. Drawing a line between science and humanology which studies human in general (or especially interesting individuals), Humboldt included ‘community personalities’ into the sphere of his study. Basically, Humboldt talked about ethnicity.

Keywords: psychology, Enlightenment, Humboldt, science, comparative anthropology, humankind, personality, human, human types, ideal.

Abstract: A famous Russian jurist and political philosopher Borish Chicherin (1828 – 1904) introduced his own method which could be named as ‘scientific metaphysics’. Chicherin had always tried to go beyound the borders of positivism and empirism as well as the Russian religious-mystical tradition. Chicherin believed that any ideal beginnings could and should be explained based on the experience and the philosophial ‘insight’ into the world realities. Special attention was paid at logic and science. The author of the given article described the structure of Chicherin’s methodology and figuratively characterised it as the ‘metaphysical universalism’.

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, metaphysics, human, inner world, absolute, Kant, Hegel, consciousness, reality.

Abstract: When studying the nature of social action it is becoming important to define universal epistemic constructs and symbolic mechanisms of their functioning, the latter is being behind the cognitive act including its psychocultural elements. The given article studies genesis of epistemic item as a system of cultural practices addressed to a particular issue. Its artifacts, i.e. epistemic collection and cultural implant, form universal epistemic constructs which serve as a matrix for any cognitive activity. They can also transfer knowledge through psychocultural element of cognitive act at a macro-social level. As for the epistemic item itself, it draws upon a functioning dispositive which is a form of institutionalization of cultural practices and the basis of their legitimacy and a generator of epistemic activity all in one. The start of epistemic genesis is defined through its epistemic function which is, being collective psychic force, enters the central zone of culture. The research is based in cultural and historical material and socio-cultural models of modern humanitarian studies.

Keywords: psychology, social cognition, psychocultural semiosis, archetype, epistemic function, dispositive, epistemic item, epistemic collection, cultural implant, dogmat.

Abstract: The article is devoted to several topics. The author of the article analyzes the contribution of methodology into modern anthropological revolution. First of all, it is connected with technological approach and projective attitude towards thinking. The article also discusses the definition of the term ‘methodological practice’. The author shows that this term is partly Marxian and it creates an integrated approach to studying it and such approach involved a pragmatist approach, development and reformation. These provisions are illustrated and disclosed based on the history of the Moscow Methodological Club. By the example of the project of new sexuality, Foucault described both positive and negative influence of methodology on human.

Keywords: psychology, activity, practice, methodology, development, reflection, projection, anthropology, realization, psychotechnics.

Abstract: The phenomena of the beautiful and sublime (which distinguished feature was defined in the 18th century) require completely different methods of description both in nature and art. Comparative study of Kant’s and Berg’s sublime esthetics allows to understand both the difference and relation between empiric, psychological, philosophical and sensational method of description and analysis of aesthetic phenomena introduced by Berg and transcendental, metaphysical method introduced by Kant. Main attention is focused on the feelings of fear and respect because, based on the author, these feelings play the crucial role in Kant’s interpretation of the sublime. This allows to clarity the closest bond between the moral and esthetic consciousness. In this connection, the author of the article views the intentional structure of the feeling of respect as an analogue of the aesthetical feeling of the sublime. Modern aesthetics still need to clarify psychological and transcendental (metaphysical) grounds of the aesthetic feeling of the sublime. Sublime aesthetics appear to be especially important in the context of conceptualization of the practice of post-classical art.

Keywords: psychology, fear, inclination, displeasure, sublimation, self-submission, respect, imagination, mind, sublime.

Abstract: Being famous in Russia for his theory of state and following authoritarian methods in state policy, Schmitt studied the concept of romanticism in his early works and even shared his own opinion on this matter. Schmitt’s ideas are of great interest today because besides psychological roots of romanticism, he also tried to define the theoretical potential and practical consequences of it which are so important for the society and politics. The article shows that romantic views had a deep impact on spiritual development of Germany and were used for creation and theoretical justification of the totalitarian regime in this country.

Keywords: psychology, romanticism, politics, conservatism, society, Germany, France, idea, individuality, art.

Abstract: Erich Fromm’s name has become symbolic long time ago. He represents a whole epoch that opposed to totalitarianism and servility and tried to add humanistic dimension to the social history. Fromm is popular all over the world and his ideas influence the modern consciousness greatly. Many works about Fromm have been published recently. These works mostly describe him as one of the brightest figures in humanistic psychology. The author of this article tries to view Fromm’s ideas from the point of view of philosophical anthropology.

Keywords: psychology, philosophical anthropology, individual, human being, personality, totalitarianism, humanism, value, freedom, authoritarianism, social character.

Abstract: The article studies the problem of egoism from the point of view of ontological approach to faith. The author describes individual, social, cultural and spiritual types of egoism which is viewed as situations of losing existential faith. It is proved that being realized as a self-identification, system of values and continuity of values and service, faith is a mechanism which helps to overcome egoism. The article will be of interest not only to philosophers, teachers and psychologists, but everyone who may be interested in the problem of personal growth.

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, faith, personality, egoism, self-identification, value, continuity, formation, service.

Abstract: The article describes the point of view on the process of up-bringing and teaching based on the system approach which views human as a system of an individual in a system of a society, the letter being an active element of interaction with nature. In accordance with the system approach, a growing individual goes through the same stages as the human society went through in the process of its historical development and the mean of transfer of the level of development the society has reached is an individual’s digestion of the dominating system of representations.

Keywords: teaching, cogitation, perceptions, truth, adequacy, individualism, idealism, materialism, ideology

Abstract: The article is devoted to the medical systems of the West and the East and their philosophy. It is shown that modern Western medicine is oriented at studying the structure elements of human body. It is well expressed in a detail study of anatomical structures, surgery, most accurate dosing of medicine and ‘refinement’ of active substances. Tibetan medicine is oriented at studying qualitative features of reality phenomena such as materia which is represented in so-called ‘mahabhutas’ (‘great elements’ as the Greeks used to call them) and which are used to describe the medicine and diseases. It is expressed in valuation and prognosis of influence of environment on a human organism, biorhythmology and etc.

Keywords: psychology, Oriental philosophy, Buddhism, history, Tibetan medicine, Western medicine, great elements, structures, features, mahabhutas

Abstract: The author of this article makes an attempt to formulate the root ideas for building the psychology of tolerance. From the psychological point of view, tolerance is a complicated phenomenon with many aspects and many components as well as a few ‘basic dimensions’. The author of the article views the phenomenon of tolerance from the point of view of psychology of personality.

Keywords: psychology, personality, way of interaction, tolerance, intolerance, interpersonal dialogue, existential and humanistic approach, diversification approach, dialogic approach, facilitative approach

Abstract: The goal of the article is to systematize Berdyaev’s views on creativity and to define his main philosophical and esthetical ideas. N. A. Berdyaev feels that the ‘world’ we live in is evil and it is necessary to get rid of the evil and conquer ‘the world’. Cosmos is the true world the meaning of which is to free the ‘world’ and make it free. Creativity is destined to help us overcome the everyday life and this is why freedom and creativity are the two related mysteries lying in the ontological grounds of human

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, human, ontology, creativity, eschatology, meaning of creativity

Abstract: If our Creator seriously wished to remind of his existence, the best way to do it would be his allowance to ‘complete’ scientific picture of the world for not only advanced scientists, but also for all who need science in his life. Based on the author, signs of such ‘completion’ started to appear when the science began to study the nature and natural phenomena: human genome, total amount of substance in the world, borders, age and scenario of the Universe, and so on

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, material, human genome, science, knowledge, engineering, God, meaning

Abstract: The author distinguished the terms ‘sign’ and ‘scheme’. He also described the main features of a scheme and analyzed the schemes mentioned in Emanuel Swedenborg’s work. Based on this analysis, the author introduced the so called ‘methodological schemes’ describing Swedenborg’s schemes and defined the procedure of methodological schematization.

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, scheme, category, image, substitution, reality, activity, reconstruction, methodology, reflection

Abstract: In this article culture is viewed in the light of philosophical anthropology. The author analyzed how the term ‘culture’ changed through ages. The author also touched upon the anthropological aspect of culture.

Keywords: psychology, philosophical anthropology, culture, society, human being, instinct, nature

Abstract: Review: the article reflects an attempt to reveal the universal origins of human existence which could in future help to find out what gives a human being his unique personality

Keywords: psychology, identity, nonbeing, nothing, substance, nature, God, mind, perfection, happiness, world

Abstract: Abstract: the article is devoted to the deep relationship between the human and the world. The author suggests that the human influences the world in more ways than we usually admit and his influence is not passive at all. In the author’s opinion, actual life situations evolve as response to the human unconscious beliefs and views. In this article the author is investigating this relationship in respect to the space of the human physicality.

Keywords: psychology, consciousness, physicality, border, structure, information, space, human, world, reality

Abstract: the article contains a description of the criteria for scientific knowledge. The author noted that absolute knowledge existing as a field of other true “knowledges” can be considered as the true one as well. The author of the article shared his opinion of Jacques Lacan’s conception and analyzed the phenomenon of inter-passivity of psychoanalysis.

Keywords: philosophy, psychology, conception, knowledge, subject, science, mind, psychoanalysis, the other, discourse