Abstract: The authors consider the organization and methodology of psychological support of servicemen of the National Guard of the Russian Federation who performed service and combat tasks of an extreme nature. The complex of psychological support measures is presented, which includes psychological study, in-depth psychological and psychophysiological examination of military personnel, measures to provide them with psychological assistance and psychological support in the process of military professional activity, as well as correction of impaired functional states. In accordance with the results obtained, a set of psychological support measures was developed and carried out with military personnel of a military unit performing service and combat tasks of an extreme nature on the basis of one of the military units of the National Guard of the Russian Federation in four directions: 1. Psychological education of military personnel who performed service and combat tasks of an extreme nature. 2. Psychohygiena and psychoprophylaxis when working with military personnel who performed service and combat tasks of an extreme nature. 3. Psychological correction when working with military personnel who performed service and combat tasks of an extreme nature. 4. Psychological counseling when working with military personnel who performed service and combat tasks of an extreme nature. The organization of psychological support of servicemen of the National Guard of the Russian Federation who performed service and combat tasks of an extreme nature, described in the program of psychological support had a constructive impact on the individual typological features of military personnel who performed service and combat tasks of an extreme nature, as well as on the features of the spheres of personality, such as: value-semantic, cognitive, emotional-volitional, communicative. The measures carried out made it possible to reduce the level of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the degree of influence of a traumatic event, the consequences of traumatic stress. The number of servicemen who do not experience a traumatic event has increased, thoughts and images do not haunt. Physiological hyperactivation does not manifest itself, according to which, there is no negative impact on social, professional or other significant activity.

Keywords: value and meaning sphere, psychological support, psychological counseling, psychological education, psychological rehabilitation, psychological correction, psychological diagnosis, combat missions, serviceman, emotional qualities

Abstract: This article discusses two fundamental; topics ‒ the nature of mental trauma and the story of recovery of Edith Eva Eger, reflected in the book “The Choice”. However, in interpretation and comprehension of book material, the author leans on his original “theory of mental realities”. Within the framework of this theory, the characteristics is given to mental trauma and ways to overcome it. The two key methods are highlighted: re-experiences and mimicry of the events of the realities lived through by a person. The author believes that it would help better understanding of the twists and turns of the fate of Edith Eva Eger described in the book. The following methodology was applied in the course of this work: articulation of the problems, comparative and situational analysis, construction of concepts, analysis and interpretation of texts. As a result, the author was able to demonstrate applicability of the theory of mental realities, introduce the concept of mental trauma, determine the two main ways of recovery (re-experiences that suggest direct reproduction of that underlies the trauma, and mimicry of these facts with the current reality), as well as theoretically comprehend the by Edith Eva Eger “The Choice”.

Keywords: problems, healing, help, worries, fear, consciousness, psyche, trauma, prison, meaning

Abstract: The object of the research is the communicative tolerance of students. The subject of the study is the peculiarities of communicative tolerance of students in a multicultural environment. In particular, the author examines the level of students' communicative tolerance, growth dynamics and differences depending on gender, major (pedagogical or non-pedagogical), and age (curricula). The goal is to study communicative tolerance as a personal resource in the system of prevention of extremism in the youth environment. First- and third-year students and first- and second-year Master students participated in the research. The scope of application: the research results can be used in the course of proving and conducting primary prevention against the spread of extremism among students. To implement the goal, the following set of research methods was used: theoretical analysis of information sources on the problem of tolerance; empirical methods such as pilot experiment, testing, and questioning; and methods of mathematical statistics. Gender peculiarities of communicative tolerance are defined, its specificity at different stages of professional growth of students is shown. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the authors consider communicative tolerance as a personal resource in the system of prevention of extremism in the youth environment, clarify the notions of the level and dynamics of its development in the student age, gender differences and the specifics of manifestation, and influence on the extremist potential of young people. The main conclusion is that at the stage of primary prevention of extremism in the youth environment, it is necessary to rely on communicative tolerance in addition to social resource, creating necessary conditions for its development at the student age.

Keywords: multicultural environment, youth environment, students, extremism, prevention, intolerance, personal resource, communicative tolerance, testing, dynamics of development

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of the coping strategies in difficult life situations that are usually used by individuals who have been involved in the South-East Ukraine conflict this way or another. The authors of the article examine peculiar selection of coping strategies as well as peculiarities of assessing the influence of the Ukrainian conflict as a psychothraumatic situation demonstrated by different groups of respondents, refugees from the Donbass region, military officers working in the frontier zone and civilians living in the Rostov Region. Those were respondents of different sex, age and education. Using the correlation, one-factor and multiple regression analysis, the authors have conducted a differentiated research of the relationship between selected coping strategies and types of post-traumatic reaction to an extreme situation. The authors conclude that there is an interrelated complex of selected coping strategies and peculiarities of reaction to a traumatic situation, in particular, the selection of the adaptive 'problem-solving' strategy combined with the refusal from the emotionally oriented coping strategy allow to overcome the stress situation to the utmost. In conclusion the authors describe opportunities and directions for the practical implementation of the research results and make recommendations for psychologists who work with individuals suffering from posttraumatic stress disorders. 

Keywords: military, refugees, Ukrainian conflict, coping strategies, difficult life situation, posttraumatic stress disorder, coping behavior, stress, constructive coping, unconstructive coping

Abstract: The article is devoted to the psychological aspects of terroristic attacks experience. The problems related to the re-interpretation of life values and changing social guidelines as a result of the experienced trauma are discussed. In this context the organizational and methodological aspects of the psychological support and assistance to victims are analyzed. The efficiency of various psychotherapeutic practices and techniques used during the provision of emergency psychological aid and work aimed at coping with prolonged consequences of a terroristic attack is discussed. The authors summarize the results of their academic research and practical observations. The constructive personal and social strategies to overcome the negative effects of trauma and to find new meanings, goals and positive outlook are analyzed. The authors emphasize the need for specialized preventive activities of state and social institutions and mass media aimed at creating the integrated system of professional interdepartmental interaction and reducing the negative impact of terrorist attacks on public and individual consciousness. The article is also devoted to prospects for the development of a common interdisciplinary conceptual model focusing on the selection, verification and improvement of organizational, educational, psychological and psychotherapeutic methods and techniques which could be used during the periods of both emergency assistance and subsequent rehabilitation.

Keywords: media, effect, act of terrorism, terrorism, victims of terror, psychological assistance, aftermath, psychological support, psychotherapy, prevention

Abstract: The author of the article analyzes peculiarities of information and psychological impact organized by extremists in order to involve young people into terrorist activities and to train them for commitment of the ‘suicide’ terrorist action. In this regard, mass communication tolls are views as a discursive system involved in the process of creating and producing typed meanings. The author also views virtual reality and its role in social construction of the phenomenon of terrorism and in representation of terrorist activists. The author analyzes psychological techniques that are used to overcome the fear of death of those who are preparing for becoming an ‘alive bomb’. The author underlines the need in improvement information and psychological prevention of extremism and terrorism ideologies in a particular social and historical environment. The author describes opportunities of mass communication tools in formation of antiterrorist values in the Russian society and stresses out the question about developing pedagogical journalism aimed at formation of social values and beliefs and influencing personal motives. The author also considers the role of secular and religious systems of education within the framework of the topic about information and psychological impact by extremists and prevention of terrorist and extremist activities.

Keywords: terrorism, terrorist, society, communication, information and psychological influence, construction, reality, discourse, propaganda, counteraction, prevention.

Abstract: Psychologists have paid attention at adventurous and spontaneous nature of human behavior. Risk is a constant companion of history. As the Chairman in Pushkin’s the City of the Plague says, ‘there is ravishment in a fight, abyss and enraged ocean’. This human ability to go towards danger and death and look for special energy and adrenaline may seem unnatural. But in the long run, it is not only extreme sports or extreme situations or catastrophes which are accompanied with risk. Risk penetrates all spheres of human life, their consciousness and behavior.

Keywords: psychology, risk, extreme situations, society, consciousness, stereotype, value, behavior, human, motivation.

Abstract: The authors studied personality changes of participants of combat activities in the context of a difficult interaction between trauma and a personality with a social environment. From the point of view of PTSD the problem of personality is viewed at the three levels: pre-traumatic personal traits, intra-traumatic personality disorders and post-traumatic personality disorders. It is underlined that a personality disorder is an indicator of severity of PTSD. It is shown that a traumatic influence can cause not only certain PTSD symptoms but also personality disorders. According to the authors, the core of a ‘new’ personality suffering from PTSD is an unfriendliness and suspiciousness to the world around, the feeling of emptiness and helplessness, constant feeling of alienation; high level of anxiety and low level of a subjective control. The authors also described posttraumatic changes of personality.

Keywords: psychiatry, combating stress, post-traumatic stress disorder, pre-traumatic personal traits, intra-traumatic personality disorders, post-traumatic personality disorders, personal accentuations, personal transformation, social environment

Abstract: The article reveals the results of research directed to the detection of typical psychological states specific character of the first, third and fifth year students of psychological and technical specialties in difficult situations of study and everyday living. The styles of coping behavior are considered, used with the purpose of their control. In accordance with the specialty study course specific character was revealed.

Keywords: difficult situations of vital activity, self- regulation, psychological states, coping behavior, the styles of coping behavior

Abstract: This article is a review of a serious of psychological and physical (somatic and traumatic) factors important for development of PTSD. The authors describe a specific dynamics of primary functional and psychological post-stress disorders into exogenic and organic disorders. The authors suggest that this dynamics are based on certain morphological, neuroendocrine and physiological changes in the Central Nervous System which has been proved by a number of neurovisial, hormone and other tests

Keywords: psychology, psychiatry, post-traumatic stress disorder, brain injury, war stress, etiopathogenesis, predisposing factors, neuroendocrine changes, premorbid, stress disorder, comorbid disorders

Abstract: The article describes the author’s approach to the problem of terrorism based on the psychopathological analysis of this social occurrence. The author also considered the illusions imposed by the political institutions

Keywords: psychology, terrorism, definition, history, forms, sources, illusions, politics, state institution

Abstract: Review: Emotions experienced by the citizens of Hiroshima are a part of the experience of all humans. We all fear a nuclear ‘Holocaust’. The author described specific psychological components of that fear from the point of view of the general psychology of survival. Key words: psychology, human, suffering, catastrophe, death, fear, experience, emotion, bodily, psychic

Abstract: Emotions experienced by the citizens of Hiroshima are a part of the experience of all humans. We all fear a nuclear ‘Holocaust’. The author described specific psychological components of that fear from the point of view of the general psychology of survival. Key words: psychology, human, suffering, catastrophe, death, fear, experience, emotion, bodily, psychic

Abstract: Resume: the topic about psychological trauma has become one of the leading topics in psychoanalytical studies quite recently. According to the author, researchers now often look back at Freud’s works about the role of trauma in psychic evolution and his views on culture. Modern society is viewed as a source of neurotization of people and even groups of people. This article is devoted to describing social and cultural aspects of trauma in the modern Russian society and experience of the author as a psychologist of the medical and psychological center of rehabilitation.

Keywords: psychology, vital, crisis, psychological trauma, alexithymia, phobia, affect, simulacrum, Ego, therapy