Changes in the legal status of the Yenisei Cossacks in the 17th – early 20th centuries

Seleznev Andrey Valerievich ORCID: 0000-0002-8213-1746 PhD in History Senior Lecturer; Department of History and Political Science; Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education 'Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University' Senior Lecturer; Department of History of Russia, World and Regional Civilizations; Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education 'Siberian Federal University' 6 Surikova str., block 34, Krasnoyarsk Territory, 660049, Russia seleznev.andrey.val@gmail.com Other publications by this author

Introduction.

Relevance of the research topic. Since the early 1990s, Russia and the Krasnoyarsk Territory have been actively pursuing a government policy to support the Russian Cossacks, reviving the traditional way of life of citizens who identify with this social group and seek to enter military and civil government service as representatives of this community.

Of course, over the past thirty-five years, the legal status of the Russian Cossacks has already been formed through the creation of a system of regulatory legal acts at both the federal and regional levels. A feature of the modern legal regulation of the activities of the Russian Cossacks is the unification of approaches to legal regulation, the creation of a unified Russian Cossack community.

However, disputes about the role and place of the Cossacks in Russian society, about the principles of interaction between the Russian Cossacks and the state, and most importantly, about the need to take into account the historically established regional peculiarities of the formation of individual Cossack groups are still the subject of socio-political discourse.

The self-identification of modern territorial groups of the Russian Cossacks, as historically formed, geographically isolated male paramilitary formations serving the Russian state, to a certain extent contradicts the state policy of unifying the socio-legal status of the Russian Cossacks. This circumstance actualizes the need for a scientific understanding of the historical experience in the legal regulation of the life and activities of the Russian Cossacks as a whole, and most importantly of individual geographically isolated Cossack communities, the influence of Russian legislation on their legal and social status.

The formation of the Yenisei Cossacks as a regional group of service people began in the early 17th century with the penetration of Russian hunters and industrialists into the basins of the Taza, Turukhana and the mouth of the Yenisei rivers, the founding of Mangazeya in 1601, Turukhansk winter quarters in 1607, and the Yenisei prison in 1619. The development of the northern territories of the modern Krasnoyarsk Territory was carried out with the direct participation of armed Cossack detachments, which were created from the remnants of the Cossack ataman Ermak Timofeevich's squad, various natives ("hunters") from the European part of the Russian Kingdom, and even the local population ("local foreigners") to protect Russian military outposts ("ostrozhkov") ^{[1, p. 336]}.

Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, the rules of law governing the order of service and the social and legal status of Cossacks in the Asian part of the Russian state extended to all territorial groups of Siberian policemen, "guards" Cossacks.

However, in the first half of the 19th century, the Cossacks of the Western Siberian border lines were legally separated from the urban groups of the Cossack population of Siberia. This is evidenced by the publication of the Highly approved Regulations on the Siberian Linear Cossack Army of August 19, 1808, which applied to the Cossacks of the Irtysh, Ishim and Kolyvan-Kuznetsk border lines ^{[2, p. 78]}, and the Charter of the Siberian City Cossacks of July 22, 1822, which regulated the service of city Cossacks of the Tobolsk, Tomsk, Yenisei, Irkutsk provinces, Yakutsk region and Okhotsk Territory (The Most highly approved Charter on Siberian city Cossacks: July 22 (August 3), 1822 // The Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. [1st meeting]. – [St. Petersburg], 1830. – Vol. 38. – No. 29131. – p. 532. (hereinafter – the Charter of the Siberian city. Cossacks of 07/22/1822).

The approval on January 4, 1951 by Emperor Nicholas I of the Regulations on the Irkutsk and Yenisei Cossack Cavalry regiments led to the establishment of a special legal position of the Irkutsk and Yenisei Cossacks, separating them from the territorial Cossack community of Siberia (the Most highly approved Regulations on the Irkutsk and Yenisei Cossack Cavalry regiments (No. 24796, January 4, 1851) [Text] // Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire, since 1649: [2nd Collection]. – St. Petersburg: Type. of the 2nd Edition of its own. her emperor. Majesties of Chancery, 1830-1885. – Vol. 26. Department 1: 1851. – №24781-25593. – 1852. – P. 8. (hereinafter referred to as the Regulation on Irkut. and En. kaz. kon. shelves dated 04.01.1851).

The formation of a special management order for the Yenisei Cossacks in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the desire of the Yenisei Cossacks in 1917-1918 to create the Yenisei Cossack army ^{[3, p. 19]} and to level their legal status with the Siberian and Trans–Baikal Cossack troops poses a number of problematic issues for modern researchers. Why has a separate system of legal regulation of the activities of the Yenisei and Irkutsk Cossacks been formed? How did the legal status of the Yenisei Cossacks change during the 17th and early 20th centuries? What is the reason for the Yenisei Cossacks' desire to obtain the status of a separate Cossack army?

The degree and level of scientific development of the topic. The problems of the creation and functioning of Cossack troops and individual territorial Cossack units, the social status of the Cossack population, and the relationship between the Cossacks and the Russian government have become the subject of a fairly wide range of scientific research. However, most scientific papers that develop these topics are characterized by ignoring the legal side of the issues involved, at best they are given a fragmentary consideration.

Recent studies that have focused on the historical and legal analysis of the problems of the evolution of the social and legal status of the Russian Cossacks and its individual territorial groups vary significantly across territorial and chronological boundaries. It can also be noted that the subject of comparative analysis in these scientific works is both the differences in the right status of individual social groups within the Cossack class, as well as the differences in the right status of the Cossacks and the peasantry socially close to them.

The scientific studies that examined the issues of the legal position of the Russian Cossacks as a whole include the publications of P. D. Kryukov ^{[4; 5]}, M. I. Levitskaya ^[6], G. O. Matsievsky ^[7], V. V. Dzyuban ^[8], E. A. Abakumova ^[9].

Conducting a historiographical analysis of the problem of the legal status of the Russian Cossacks in 1917 – early 1918, P. D. Kryukov drew attention to the fact that most researchers focused on studying class contradictions between the Cossack population and other social groups, primarily the peasantry, while in this period there were very strong social contradictions within the Cossack class, caused, among other things, by the peculiarities of the right-wing regulation of the social status of the Cossacks. P. D. Kryukov draws attention to the acute social contradictions that arose between the stanichniks who did not take part in the fighting on the fronts of the First World War and the returning Cossacks, which led to the radicalization of sentiments among the Cossacks ^{[4, p. 94]}.

Researcher G. O. Matsievsky considered the problem of changing the rightful position of the Russian Cossacks through the study of the process of nationalization of free Cossack societies. He identified three stages in the relationship between the Russian state and the Russian Cossacks.

The first stage (the end of the XVI – beginning of the XVII centuries) is characterized by the formation of "free" Cossack communities in the mouths of the Don, Dnieper, Yaik, and Terek rivers. During this period, the relationship between the Russian state and the Cossacks is based on mutually beneficial cooperation and is formalized by contractual relations.

The second stage (17th century) is characterized by the gradual integration of Cossacks into the system of public administration, through the payment of salaries to individual groups, their transformation into employees by appointment, and as a result, the Cossacks lost various liberties and self–government. This process ends by the end of the 17th century with the transition of the bulk of the Cossacks to public service.

The third stage (XVIII – early XIX centuries) became the period of the final subordination of the Cossacks to the Russian state, in which the formation of a system of legal regulation of the life of the Russian Cossacks took place. At this time, according to the researcher, the social differentiation of the Cossacks began to take shape, due to the norms of Russian law – the rights and advantages of the Russian nobility extended to the highest military ranks, and the bulk of the Cossack population moved closer to the draft classes ^[7].

In her research, E. A. Abakumova identifies the following stages of the legal regulation of military service and the estate status of the Russian Cossacks:

from the XVIII – the first half of the XIX century. – the formation of the Cossack estate, the creation of a system of legal regulation of the rights and functions of the Russian Cossacks, the legal integration of the Cossack troops into a single administrative vertical of the Russian Empire;

The second third of the 19th century saw the elimination of the autonomy and self–government of the Cossack population, the subordination of the Cossacks to the administrative instructions of the military department, the establishment of legislative prohibitions on entry and exit from the Cossack estate, and the creation of legal mechanisms for Cossack officers to acquire the legal status of the Russian nobility;

The last third of the 19th century saw a reduction in the length of military service of the Cossack population, and a certain convergence of legal norms governing military service for Cossacks and other classes ^{[9, pp. 44, 46]}.

Doctor of Historical Sciences V. V. Dzyuban in his scientific article argues that the process of evolution of the Cossacks, who possessed elements of statehood and were in the stage of ethnogenesis in the XVI –XVIII centuries, into the military service class of the Russian state in the period from the second half of the XIX to the beginning of the XX century, is a process of "storytelling". Based on the author's statement that "the Cossacks gradually transformed over the course of two centuries from an ethnic group into a military service class that retained its ethnic, cultural and other characteristics" ^{[8, p. 4]}, it can be assumed that the process of state "storytelling" of the Russian service class to a certain extent had to be accompanied by the assimilation of this ethnosocial community. At the same time, the question remains, how should we then assess the processes of converting part of the Cossacks in Siberia into soldiers or peasants in the XVIII and XIX centuries?: as a continuation of the policy of state storytelling, or a different explanation of these government actions is required.

In recent times, a number of studies have been published on changing the legal status of isolated territorial Cossack communities. The subject of the study is the "traditional" Don, Kuban, Astrakhan Cossack communities.

In 1983, N. A. Mininkov published a scientific article on the problems of the estate and legal status of the Don Cossacks in the 17th century ^[10]. In 2000, M. S. Savchenko successfully defended her dissertation research on the problem of the legal status of the Kuban Cossacks in the late 18th and early 20th centuries ^[11]. In 2003, O. B. German's monograph on the legal status of the Don, Kuban and Terek Cossacks in 1861-1920 was published ^[12]. Based on this research, O. B. Herman successfully defended her dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Law in 2004 ^[13]. And in 2008, a dissertation study by Yu. V. Podosinnikov appeared, examining problematic issues of the right position of the Astrakhan Cossacks ^[14].

The issues of the legal status of the Yenisei Cossacks in the XVIII – early XIX century were reflected in the monograph by G. F. Bykoni, which highlights the problems of the formation of the Cossack estate and its position in the estate structure of the official population of Eastern Siberia during this period ^[15].

A. S. Zuev's research on the issue of the staff reform of the Siberian Cossacks in 1737 provides rich historical material on the issue of the reduction of Siberian Cossack city commands in the XVIII century, including in the Yenisei province ^[16].

A scientific article by A. I. Konovalov devoted to the problems of legal regulation of the estate status of urban Cossacks in Siberia, including the issues of the legal status of the Yenisei Cossacks in the second quarter of the 19th century ^[17].

In the report of V. G. Datsyshen, state projects of the late 19th and early 20th centuries were considered to grant the Cossacks of the Yenisei province the legal status of a separate Cossack army or the annexation of the Yenisei Cossacks to the Siberian Cossack Army ^[18].

The appearance of dissertation studies by G. I. Romanov (1996) ^[19], A. E. Bogutsky (2007) ^[20], M. G. Tarasov (2010) ^[22] on the history of the Yenisei Cossacks actualized the question of its legal status. It should be noted that these dissertation studies, as well as scientific publications in which the results of these studies were presented ^{[21; 23]}, address the issues of the right status of the Yenisei Cossacks only in the context of the official and socio-economic situation of the Cossack population of the Yenisei province in a relatively short historical period of the late XIX – early XX centuries.

Foreign researchers of the Cossacks have mainly focused on the interaction of individual territorial groups with the Russian state, their role in the implementation of imperial policy and the development of new territories.

In the book by Brian J. Brian J. Boeck's "Frontiers of Empire: Cossack Communities and Empire Building in the Era of Peter the Great" explores the role of the Don Cossacks in the process of imperial construction in the era of Peter I. The author considers this territorial community as an important element of the expansion of the borders of the Russian state and its interaction with the Ottoman Empire ^[37].

Thomas M. Barrett's monograph "On the Edge of the Empire: the Terek Cossacks and the North Caucasian Border, 1700-1860" is devoted to the study of the specific role of the Terek Cossacks in the Caucasus, and their interaction with the local population ^[38].

Published by Manchester University Press in 2007, Shane O'Rourke's research on Cossack culture and society covers a wide historical period from the Middle Ages to the present day ^[39].

Willard Sunderland, considering in his research the process of colonization and development of the Russian steppes, draws attention to the important role of the Cossacks in this process ^[40].

An analysis of scientific publications on the right–wing position of the Yenisei Cossacks in the 17th and early 20th centuries has shown the lack of comprehensive research on this topic. The problematic issues of the "telling" of the Yenisei Cossacks in the first half of the XVIII and in the second half of the XIX century, which were reflected in individual studies, in our opinion, are revealed casually, without proper scientific reflection on the causes and consequences of the process of administrative reduction of the number of Cossacks in the Yenisei region.

The relevance of the research topic and its clearly insufficient elaboration require further scientific consideration of the issue of changing the right position of the Yenisei Cossacks in the XVII – early XX centuries.

The object and subject of the study.

The object of our research is the Cossacks of the Yenisei region of Eastern Siberia (Yenisei Cossacks) in the XVII – early XX centuries. By the Yenisei Region, we mean the territory that is located at the time of the study within the administrative-territorial borders of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Republic of Khakassia and the Republic of Tuva, which during the period under study formed the territory of the Yenisei province.

The subject of the study is the evolution of the right–wing status of the Yenisei Cossacks in the period from the appearance of the first Cossack detachments in the Yenisei Region (early 17th century) to the announcement at the First Congress of the Yenisei Cossacks about the transformation of the Krasnoyarsk Cossack division into the Yenisei Cossack Army (May 25, 1917).

The purpose and main objectives of the study. Based on the scientific and practical significance of the research topic, the degree and level of its elaboration, the author sets out to investigate the change in the legal status of the Yenisei Cossacks in the XVII – early XX centuries.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks::

- to identify the historical stages in which changes took place in the legislation of the Russian state, which regulated the right position of the Yenisei Cossacks in the XVII – early XX centuries;

- to analyze the impact of Russian legislation on the change in the legal status of the Yenisei Cossacks in the XVII – early XX centuries;

- to give a comparative description of the legal status of the Yenisei Cossacks and the Cossacks of the Siberian Cossack army;

- to study the peculiarities of service and social status of the Cossack population of the Yenisei region and their consolidation in the normative legal acts of the Russian state in the XVII – early XX centuries.

Methods and materials.

The theoretical and methodological basis of this research is the principles of historical materialism and a systematic approach to the study of historical phenomena. The author used both general scientific research methods and special historical and legal research methods.

The general scientific method of analysis was used to select and study the bibliography and historical sources on the research topic. The factual material has been thoroughly analyzed, taking into account the chronology of events, their content and the need to obtain reliable information from available sources.

During our research, the following special historical research methods were used: periodization, historical-genetic, historical-systemic and historical-comparative. The periodization method made it possible to identify the historical periods of the development of the system of regulatory regulation of the activities of the Yenisei Cossacks and changes in its rightful position within the identified chronological boundaries. The historical and genetic method helped to identify patterns of changes in the right position of the Yenisei Cossacks throughout the period under study. The historical and systematic method was used to establish links between the demographic, socio-economic situation of the Cossack population of the Yenisei region with the tasks and interests of the Russian state and the legal regulation of the life of this military class. Thanks to the historical and comparative method, common features and differences between the legal status of the Cossacks of the Siberian Cossack Army and the Yenisei Cossacks were identified.

Using the comparative legal method, as a special method of legal research, changes in the norms of law establishing the estate status of the Yenisei Cossacks in different periods of time (prison service, city and village Cossacks, Cossack regiment, hundreds and divisions) were analyzed.

In the course of the study, the following were used:

normative legal acts regulating the legal status of the Yenisei Cossacks;

record-keeping documentation of bodies and officials who managed the Cossack population and Cossacks in public service;

statistical and reference materials related to the Cossack population of the Yenisei region.

Results.

The development of the Yenisei region began at the end of the 16th century by "Russian industrialists" who were attracted by the abundance of furs. The Moscow government, seeking to establish control over the process of developing new lands and harvesting yasak in Eastern Siberia in favor of the Tsar and the Sovereign of All Russia, and to prevent unauthorized taxation of the local population by industrialists and hunting people, organizes military expeditions of service personnel to the northern part of the Yenisei River basin ^{[24, p. 3]}.

In 1600, on the initiative of the Siberian Order, the first detachment of Cossacks under the leadership of the written head of Prince Shakhovsky left Tobolsk with 150 Cossacks, reached the bank of the Taza River with 60 Cossacks, where he founded the Mangazeya prison 200 versts from the mouth of the river, between the rivers Osetrovka and Ratilikha ^{[24, p. 3]}. A few years before the foundation Mangazei (according to A.I. Kytmanov ^{[25, p. 4]}), according to other sources in 1602 (e. Rusakova ^[26]), a group of Cossacks founded the Ketsky prison on the Ket River, the Cossack garrison of which played a role in the colonization of the Yenisei region.

Thus, the Yenisei Cossacks as a geographically isolated social group began to form at the beginning of the 17th century solely on the initiative of the central government of the Russian Empire. The group of Yenisei Cossacks was formed both through the "recruitment" of Cossacks for the Sovereign's service from the northern regions of the European part of Russia ^{[27, p. 231]} and by sending yearlings from the urban garrisons of the Tobolsk district ^[28].

The process of forming the Cossack community in the Yenisei region into a single social group stretched over two centuries from the beginning of the 17th century to the first quarter of the 19th century. During this period, the disparate groups of Cossacks who functioned as armed prison teams were rather competing groups that had no common interests, and they lacked self-identification as a special community. Disputes and even armed clashes constantly arose between the Cossacks of different prisons on the issue of territorial delimitation of control over the yasak population of Siberia and, accordingly, for the right to collect yasak from them, as well as on the issue of payment of grain and monetary maintenance from the state. Written sources have recorded constant conflicts on this issue between the Cossacks of the Ketsky and Mangazey ^{[25, pp. 4-5; 29, pp. 23-24, 216-217]}, Yenisei and Krasnoyarsk ^{[30, pp. 336-337; 31, p. 21]} ostrogs.

The legal status of the Yenisei Cossacks, as serving people, in the XVII – XVIII centuries was determined by 32 articles of Chapter VII of the Code of 1649 "On the service of all military men of the Moscow State", as well as other articles of the Code, which fixed the rights and duties of the Cossacks, their social status (Code of 1649 [Text] // Complete the collection of laws of the Russian Empire, from 1649: [1st Collection: to December 12, 1825]. – St. Petersburg: Type. of the 2nd Edition of its own. her emperor. Majesties of the Chancery, 1830-1851. – Vol. 1: from 1649 to 1675: From No. 1 to 618. – 1830. – pp. 1-161. (hereinafter – the Code of 1649).

A legal analysis of the norms of Chapter VII of the Code shows that Russian legislation established general standards of military service for all military men, thereby the order of military service of the Cossacks, their rights and duties in the Imperial service were the same with all other military ranks. Having entered the sovereign's service, the Cossacks could count on a salary, acquired the right to stay and feed, and were subject to general rules on punishments for offenses and crimes that serving people could commit in the Sovereign's service (Code of 1649, pp. 8-14).

At the same time, other norms of the Code of 1649 clearly indicate the special social status of the Cossacks, which differs significantly from different military ranks and the draft population.

Thus, in accordance with Article 266 of Chapter X "On the Court," Cossacks in cases of debt repayment are equated with pushkars, zatinschiki (the name of servants at Zatinsky squeakers ^{[1, p. 491]}) and other lower service ranks and draft people. If the nobles, boyar children and Streltsy were classified as senior service ranks, who, if it was impossible to pay bonded or claim money, were exempt from transferring their heads to the plaintiff, then the Cossacks, like the rest of the lower service ranks, were given to the plaintiffs as employees until the entire debt was paid. At the same time, it was determined that one year of work for the plaintiff would be estimated at 5 rubles for the male and "half three" rubles for the female (Code of 1649, p. 59).

At the same time, in accordance with Article 11 of Chapter XIX "On the Posadsky people", if the Cossacks, as well as the Archers and dragoons, began to engage in trade and opened shops, they were obliged to pay customs duties, and the shops were taxed. However, they did not have the obligation to pay the draft and perform the draft service together with the village people. At the same time, in accordance with article 12 of the same chapter, other lower service ranks (gunners, caretakers and collars, government blacksmiths and carpenters), in the event of the opening of a commercial trade, were obliged to pay draft and carry out draft service or sell their shops (Code of 1649, p. 110). Thus, in this particular situation, the social and legal status of the Cossacks is significantly higher than other lower ranks.

The social and legal status of the Cossacks is evidenced by the norms governing the issues of ransoming prisoners. Thus, in accordance with Article 1 of Chapter VIII "On the redemption of prisoners," the Cossacks, as well as other serving people (archers, gunners, zatinschiki, collars, government carpenters and blacksmiths) were required to pay two dollars annually to the Embassy Order from the yard for the ransom of prisoners. At the same time, various categories of urban residents and peasants were required to pay four money from the yard annually (Code of 1649, p. 13). This indicates that the Cossacks, although they were not exempt from paying full money, as senior military officers, had a special privilege in paying them compared to the draft classes.

According to articles 2-7 of the said chapter of the Code, six categories of the population were distinguished, for which the Embassy Order paid a certain amount of ransom from Turkish and Crimean captivity.:

noblemen and boyar children captured in battle – 20 rubles each from one hundred quarters of the land salary of a serving man;

nobles and children of boyars who were captured not in battle or in parcels – 5 rubles each from one hundred quarters of the land salary of a serving person;

Moscow Streltsy – 40 rubles per person;

Streltsy and Cossacks of Ukrainian cities – 25 rubles per person;

posadsky people – 20 rubles per person;

Arable peasants and boyar people – 15 rubles per person (Code of 1649, pp. 13-14).

These legal norms indicate that the Cossacks were not a draft class, but they were in the last place in the hierarchy of military ranks.

According to Article 50 of Chapter XVI "On local lands", Cossacks were forbidden to sell or lease their Cossack patrimonial lands (Code of 1649, p. 82), that is, Russian legislation took into account that Cossacks could have inherited land plots, the legal status of which was equated to local land ownership. This provision of Russian legislation equated the Cossacks, who owned patrimonial lands, with the local nobility and the children of the boyars.

It is also necessary to pay attention to Chapter XXIV of the Decree on Atamans and Cossacks, which separated the Cossacks into a separate social group on issues of judicial compensation for dishonor and material damage (Code of 1649, pp. 156-157).

It is very significant that Russian legislation considered the service of Cossack Heads, Centurions and Atamans in Siberian cities as a service "to serve, but in captivity." Therefore, in accordance with Article 68 of Chapter XVIII "On Printing Duties," the Printing Order was ordered to charge printing duties for the production of State letters for the appointment of officers to the specified Cossack posts in Siberian cities. The amount of such a fee was equivalent to the fee collected from provincial elders and city clerks, 1 ruble per person (Code of 1649, p. 108).

An analysis of all the above legal norms shows that the Code of 1649 distinguishes the Cossacks into a separate military rank. At the same time, the social and legal position of the Cossacks is very unstable and ambiguous. In matters of land ownership, the Cossacks are equated to the local nobility. In other cases, they are classified as lower-ranking military officers who carry various, not only military duties to the state. In general, the Cossacks do not belong to the draft classes. At the same time, if it was necessary to reimburse bonded and sued money, they lost their personal freedom for the period necessary to reimburse debt obligations.

In addition to the establishment of estate rights and duties in national legislation, an effective mechanism for regulating the legal status of the Yenisei Cossacks, as well as all military estates in Siberia, is the institution of recruitment, which should include the establishment of Staff of service personnel and the order of their recruitment to the sovereign's service.

The complex procedure of applying and recruiting for service in the Cossacks, which had developed by the 18th century, involved enlisting exclusively for existing vacancies in the States that had opened up as a result of the death or retirement due to old age and injury of a defeated Cossack (at a reduced salary). At the same time, the recruitment of free industrialists, raznochinets and other willing people into the Cossacks was allowed only if there were no children, brothers, nephews and other relatives who had previously been recruited into the service of Cossacks (Penal articles to the Nerchinsk governor. On the management of state, zemstvo and military affairs dated January 5, 1701 [No. 1822] [Text] // The Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. [Meeting 1st. From 1649 to December 12, 1825]. – St. Petersburg: Type. of the 2nd Department of the Proper E.I.V. Chancery, 1830. - Vol. 4: 1700-1712: [№ 1740-2619]. – 1830. – P. 101. (hereinafter – the Order. articles) ^{[36, p. 2]}. In fact, this right-wing custom, which turned into a rule of law, was aimed at ensuring that representatives of the Cossack class were guaranteed employment.

In the 18th and early 19th centuries, there was a downward trend in both the regular and actual ("face-to-face") numbers of Yenisei Cossacks recruited for state military service (Figure 1). At the same time, based on the available data, there is a correlation between the decrease in staffing levels and the actual ("face-to-face") shortage of trained Cossacks.

Figure 1. Dynamics of the number of defeated Cossacks in the counties of the Yenisei province of the Siberian province of the XVIII – early XIX centuries.

The data shown in Figure 1 is compiled according to: Appendix 1. Table 25. The dynamics of the number of bench Cossacks in Eastern Siberia in the XVIII – early XX century. XIX century. // Bykonya G. F. Cossacks and other service population of Eastern Siberia in the XVIII – early XIX century (demographic and estate aspect): monograph / G. F. Bykonya; Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University. V. P. Astafiev University. Krasnoyarsk, 2007. p. 323.

In this regard, it can be concluded that the constant decrease in the number of Cossacks recruited for public service in the XVIII – early XIX centuries is more likely a consequence of the need to bring the States to real opportunities to mobilize the population of the Yenisei province for Cossack service than a planned state policy to educate the population of Siberia. At the same time, we must not forget about the constant desire of the state to reduce the costs of monetary and bread salaries allocated for the maintenance of serving people, including Cossacks, which was also the motive for reducing the staff of serving people who were entitled to this salary.

At the same time, it should be noted that the two reforms implemented in 1725 and 1737 can be described precisely as a policy of "soft" storytelling. The reduction in the number of trained Cossacks during these years was due to the government's desire to involve the Cossack population in the formation of regular military units, and this process was accompanied by the transfer of Cossacks to another estate.

So, by 1925, 8,182 Cossacks were included in the per capita salary, classified as regular (verified), retired and non-verified categories of the Cossack population (Table 1). In fact, they were transferred to the draft class, burdened with conscription, and lost their status as an irregular military service class. Of course, in the case of their recruitment, they were again assigned to a different military class (soldiers).

Table 1. The number of full-time, retired and non-commissioned Cossacks who were included in the per capita salary before the Decree of 1925

Comp. according to: Appendix 1. Table 24. The composition of non–commissioned, retired and part of full-time employees with families in Eastern Siberia, recorded in the per capita salary before the decree of 1725 // Bykonya G. F. Cossacks and other service population of Eastern Siberia in the XVIII - early XIX century (demographic and class aspect): monograph / G. F. Bykon; Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University V. P. Astafiev University. Krasnoyarsk, 2007. p. 322.

The staff reform of 1737, carried out with the aim of forming an additional dragoon regiment in Siberia and an infantry battalion in Siberia, primarily affected the regular Cossacks. 297 defeated Cossacks were to be transferred to soldiers (Table 2), which was 26.83% of their full-time strength. During this reform, the Cossacks, who were transferred to soldiers, retained their attitude to the military class, but ceased to be Cossacks.

Table 2. The number of regular Cossacks of the Yenisei province of the Siberian province transferred to the soldiers of the dragoon regiment and infantry battalion in 1737-1738.

* Staffing in 1735 according to A. S. Zuev.

** Staffing in 1737 according to G. F. Bykon.

Comp. according to: Appendix 1. Table 17. The number of regular Cossacks taken as soldiers in Eastern Siberia in 1737 // Bykonya G. F. Cossacks and other service population of Eastern Siberia in the XVIII – early XIX century (demographic and class aspect): monograph / G. F. Bykonya; Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University. V. P. Astafiev University. Krasnoyarsk, 2007. p. 315; Zuev A. S. Staff reform of the Siberian Cossacks in 1737 // Bulletin of Novosibirsk State University. Series : History, Philology. 2007. Vol. 6. No. 1. p. 26.

In the first quarter of the 19th century, the Yenisei Cossacks were rightfully separated from the Cossacks of the European part of Russia, as well as from the Cossacks of the border lines in Western Siberia, primarily on a functional basis.

On August 19, 1808, the report of the Minister of War "On the new formation of the Siberian Line Cossack Army with the attachment of the staff and position of one Cossack Mounted Artillery Company, consisting of 12 guns" was highly approved (the highly approved report of the Minister of War "On the new formation of the Siberian Line Cossack Army with the attachment of the staff and position of one Cossack Mounted Artillery Company, consisting of 12 guns" (No. 23.239 of January 18, 1808) [Text] // The Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire, from 1649: [1st Collection: to December 12, 1825]. – St. Petersburg: Type. of the 2nd Edition of its Own. her emperor. Majesties of Chancery, 1830-1851. – vol. 30: from 1808 to 1809: [№ 22737-24063]. – 1830. – Pp. 537-543. (hereinafter – the Report of the Military Ministry. dated 18.01.1808).

According to this report, the Siberian Linear Cossack Army, created in 1617, located along the five Upper Irtysh fortresses, as well as along the Kolyvan-Kuznetsk and New Ishim border lines, was transformed into the Siberian Linear Cossack Army consisting of the normal nine five hundred regiments and an artillery team located along the Irtysh, Tobolsk and Ishim lines. The legal status of this Cossack army will be regulated by the highly approved Regulations on the Siberian Linear Cossack Army of December 5, 1846 (Highly approved Regulations on the Siberian Linear Cossack Army (No. 20671 of December 5, 1846) [Text] // Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. Collection of the 2nd St. Petersburg : Type. of the 2nd Edition of its own. her emperor. Majesties of the Chancellery, 1830-1885. – Vol. 21 : 1846, issue 2 : dated No. 20187-20767. – 1847. – pp. 588-617. (hereinafter – the Regulations on the Sib. lin. kaz. on December 05, 1846), which was put into effect on December 6, 1947 by the Senate Decree of March 31, 1947 (On bringing into effect the regulations of the Siberian Line Cossack Army on December 6, 1847 (No. 21055 of March 31, 1847, Senate Decree) [Text] // Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. Collection of the 2nd Edition – St. Petersburg : Type. of the 2nd Edition of its own. her emperor. Majesties of the Chancellery, 1830-1885. – Vol. 22 : 1847. – 1848. – p. 262. (hereinafter referred to as the Senate Decree of 03/31/1847).

On July 22, 1822, the Charter of the Siberian City Cossacks was approved, which regulated the service of the city and village Cossacks of the Tobolsk, Tomsk, Yenisei, Irkutsk provinces, the Yakut Region and the Okhotsk Territory (the Charter of the Siberian city. Cossacks of 07/22/1822).

According to the provisions of the Charter on Siberian City Cossacks, all Yenisei Cossacks were divided into two groups: city Cossacks in regiments and village Cossacks.

Within the borders of the Yenisei province, one city Cossack regiment was formed, consisting of the Krasnoyarsk, Yenisei and Turukhansk city Cossack commands (Charter of the Siberian city. Cossacks of 07/22/1822, p. 532).

The total strength of the Yenisei City Cossack Regiment was set by the staffing table at 571 people (Table 3).

Table 3. – Staffing of the Yenisei City Cossack regiment, established by the States to the Cossack regiments of Siberia on July 22, 1822

Comp. by: To No. 29.131. July 22, 1822. The most highly approved states to the Cossack regiments of Siberia // The Complete Collection of laws of the Russian Empire, from 1649: [Collection 1st: to December 12, 1825]. – St. Petersburg : Type. of the 2nd Edition of its Own. her emperor. Majesties of the Chancellery, 1830-1851. – Vol. 43, Part 2: The Book of the States: continuation of the first division: Military Land States (1822-1825). – 1830. – pp. 199-200. (hereinafter – the States of 1822).

The duties of the Yenisei city Cossacks included police and economic functions, the function of replacing other Cossack commands in case of need.

The police functions of the Yenisei Cossacks included: night police patrols in cities; capture of fugitives in cities and counties; convoy of state-owned transports; pickets and patrols near factories and factories to prevent exiles from escaping; escorting exiles to the stage road and making up the horse guards themselves at the stages; execution of orders from police officials; protection of Salt lakes; encouragement to pay taxes and arrears on them; to keep order at rural and foreign fairs, as well as in government settlements; to perform the duties of neighborhood supervisors in sparsely populated cities.

Performing economic functions, the Yenisei Cossacks were obliged, on behalf of the Treasury, to transport, store and sell food in remote northern territories, collect taxes from foreigners, carry out various tasks for surveying and construction at government-owned factories, factories and crafts, and other tasks during government procurement work.

In order to replace other Cossack commands, the Yenisei Cossacks had to: go to border patrols and guards (where there was no separate border guard); guards to guard government property (where there were no or small military teams); perform the functions of postmen and treasury counters when there was a shortage of these officials; on special orders the main directorate to perform the duties of the military commands of the internal guard (the Charter of the sib. city. Cossacks of 07/22/1822, p. 535).

At the same time, the Cossacks of the Siberian Line Cossack Army were required to perform military service on the territory of their regiments (local military service) or outside their borders, including in the Kyrgyz steppe (external military service). The duties of the Siberian Cossacks included: guarding the Siberian border line, which was occupied by the army, maintaining customs guards in the Kyrgyz steppe; protecting Kyrgyz orders from predators and performing police functions with them; maintaining military posts and communication pickets; drawing up summer reserves; ensuring police order at the Tomsk gold mines; forming a Gendarmerie team by the lower ranks.-the district of the Corps of Gendarmes; to settle and protect the newly created border lines (Regulations on the Sib. lin. kaz. the army of 05.12.1846).

Thus, various administrative, police and military duties were imposed on the Yenisei city Cossacks, the range of which was much wider than for the military Cossacks of Western Siberia. At the same time, most of the functions assigned to the Yenisei Cossacks can be attributed to the administrative and police, while the Siberian Cossacks mainly performed the functions of the military department and the border guard.

The recruitment system of the Yenisei city regiment assumed that only male children born into the families of the Yenisei city Cossacks and who reached the age of 16 were accepted for service, and in case of need, then from the children of the village Cossacks. And only in special cases, when there was a situation of shortage of serving people, the Civilian Governor could attract people of "free states" to the service in order to close all full-time vacancies (Regulations on the Sib. lin. kaz. in the army dated 05.12.1846, p. 537).

At the same time, in the Siberian line Cossack army, the staff was formed not only from among the Cossack children who reached the age of 20, but also from the population of rural government settlements assigned to the Cossack estate (5380 souls). In addition, Kyrgyz from the Siberian department, freedmen by legalized indisputable acts, and people who were freed by final decisions of their offices, were allowed to enter the Cossack service (Regulations on the Siberian Branch of the Kaz. the army of 05.12.1846, p. 2-3).

Another important feature of the legal regulation of the activities of the Yenisei Urban Cossacks is that they did not have a separate designated settlement area. If the Siberian line Cossack army was assigned its own territory, with military and local administrations, on whose lands it was forbidden to settle persons who were not accepted into the Cossacks (Regulations on the Siberian Line Kaz. in the army dated 05.12.1846, p. 1), the Yenisei city Cossacks were obliged to settle in cities and counties at their place of service together with other populations of these administrative formations. At the same time, the Yenisei Cossacks were under full civilian control, and their ataman could not independently cancel the orders of the zemstvo authorities, for this he had to contact the Civil Governor of the Charter of the Siberian city. Cossacks of 07/22/1822, p. 536).

The integration of the Yenisei Cossacks with the rest of the taxable estates is also evidenced by the fact that they did not have their own estate court or healthcare system, and the village Cossacks carried zemstvo duties within their place of residence (the Charter of the Siberian city. Cossacks of 07/22/1822, pp. 536, 540-541).

Such different systems of legal regulation of the recruitment system indicate the intention of the imperial government to reduce the staffing of the Yenisei Cossacks, while it also solved the task of increasing the number of Siberian Cossacks. This was due to the fact that the Siberian Cossacks were entrusted with the functions of solving foreign policy tasks and protecting state borders, while the Yenisei Cossacks in the 19th century performed the functions of ensuring internal order in the developed territories.

Of course, the adoption of the Statute of the Siberian City Cossacks in 1822 should be considered as the implementation of a state policy to further reduce the number of Cossacks receiving monetary and material allowances for service, and transfer some Cossacks exclusively to land maintenance.

So, if in the states of 1820 the number of the Yenisei Cossacks was 733 people, including 88 in the Yenisei district, 552 in the Krasnoyarsk district, 93 in the Mangazey district (Bykonia, 2007) ^{[15, p. 323]}, then in the states of the Yenisei city regiment of 1822, the number of city Cossacks was determined in 571 people (States of 1822, p. 199). The regular number of Yenisei city Cossacks in 1822 decreased by 162 people (22.1%) compared to 1820.

The emergence of a separate category of village Cossacks during the reform of 1822 was due precisely to the desire to reduce government costs for the maintenance of Cossacks, to transfer "extra" serving people to the staff. In fact, the Cossacks of the Yenisei province are serving people who found themselves behind the staff of the Yenisei Cossack city regiment. This category includes the Cossacks of the Abakan command, Cossacks in remote northern settlements, as well as those who, without joining the regiment, wished to continue to be counted as Cossacks and form separate Cossack settlements – stanitsas (Charter of the Siberian city. Cossacks of 07/22/1822, p. 541).

The village Cossacks, unlike the city's regular Cossacks, did not receive monetary and subsistence support from the state. The special legal status of the village Cossacks, which separated them from the peasantry of the Yenisei province, consisted in the fact that they performed additional duties and received certain privileges for this.

The duties of the village Cossacks included actions for: protection and protection from external and internal unrest of the areas where they lived, the maintenance of border pickets, if they were in their places of residence, participation in the capture of fugitives who found themselves in their territory of residence. Thus, the village Cossacks independently performed police functions in relation to the Cossack population, as well as in relation to the population who lived in the nearest district ("distance"). At the same time, they were charged, like other villagers, with local duties for repairing local roads, building and maintaining houses for the village administration and supplying it with stationery, providing carts for the needs of the board and for escorting criminals, providing housing for officials who have the right to an apartment (the Charter of the sib. city. Cossacks of 07/22/1822, p. 543), which brought their legal status closer to the draft class of peasants.

For the performance of their duties, the village Cossacks received the following benefits: exemption from all state taxes and monetary zemstvo fees; freedom of trade and trade, including duty-free exchange with peoples located outside the borders of the state; the right to self-government, including the resolution of minor economic disputes within the local community; a guarantee to preserve the amount of land by prohibiting excessive settlement of new retired Cossacks in the villages (Charter of the Siberian city Cossacks of 07/22/1822, p. 544).

In 1851, the legal regulation of the Yenisei and Irkutsk Cossacks changed, and the process of its rightful separation from the system of the Siberian city and village Cossacks took place, and its transfer from the civil administration system to the jurisdiction of the Ministry of War.

Thus, in accordance with the Highly approved regulations on the Irkutsk and Yenisei Cossack cavalry regiments of January 4, 1851, the five hundredth Yenisei City Cossack Regiment was transformed into the six hundredth Yenisei Cossack Cavalry Regiment (Highly approved regulations on the Irkutsk and Yenisei Cossack Cavalry regiments (No. 24796, January 4, 1851) [Text] // Complete Collection laws of the Russian Empire, since 1649: [2nd Collection]. – St. Petersburg : Type. of the 2nd Edition of its own. her emperor. Majesties of Chancery, 1830-1885. – Vol. 26. Department 1: 1851. –№24781-25593. – 1852. – P. 9. (hereinafter referred to as the Regulation of 04.01.1851).

The Yenisei Cossack Cavalry Regiment included: Cossacks of the Yenisei City Regiment (1,276 souls); village Cossacks of Sayanskaya and Abakan villages (829 souls); state peasants of 8 rural settlements of the Krasnoyarsk District and 1 rural settlement of the Achinsk district (a total of 1,286 souls) (To No. 24796 of January 4, 1851 [Text] // The Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire, since 1649: [2nd Collection]. – St. Petersburg : Type. of the 2nd Edition of its own. her emperor. Majesties of the Chancellery, 1830-1885, vol. 26. Department 2: 1851: Appendix: States and Tables, 1852, pp. 4-5 (hereinafter referred to as the States of 1851). The total number of Yenisei Cossacks increased as a result of this reform to 3,391 people (Table 4).

Table 4. – The number of persons enrolled in the Yenisei Cossack Cavalry regiment on January 4, 1851

Comp. according to: Appendices I and II to No. 24796 dated January 4, 1851. States and tables // The Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire, since 1649: [Collection 2nd]. St. Petersburg : Type. of the 2nd Edition of its Own. her emperor. Majesties of Chancery, 1830-1885. Vol. 26. Department 2: 1851: Appendix: Staffs and report cards. 1852. pp. 4-5.

In addition, in accordance with section 3 of section I of the Regulations of 04.01.1851, with the permission of the Governor-General and the Commander of the troops in Eastern Siberia, it was allowed to "accept men of free status into the regiments, according to the types of leave." Thus, legal mechanisms were created to increase the number of the Cossack population of the Yenisei province by recruiting other segments of the population.

According to the United States, 861 people were supposed to be in military service in the Yenisei Cossack Regiment (Table 5). The number of Yenisei Cossacks in service increased by 290 people or 50.78% (from 571 to 861 people) compared to the staffing table in 1822.

Table 5. – Staffing of the Yenisei Mounted Cossack Regiment, established by Annex III to the Regulations on the Irkutsk and Yenisei Cossack Mounted Regiments of January 4, 1851 (No. 24796)

* Hundred-year-old commanders and regimental Adjutant can be Officers, then they receive a salary according to the rank of an Officer.

** The salary of junior paramedics released from paramedic schools is indicated. The salary of senior paramedics graduated from the same schools is set at 33 rubles. 60 kopecks per year.

Comp. according to: Appendix III to No. 24796 of January 4, 1851 // The Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire, since 1649: [2nd Collection]. – St. Petersburg : Type. of the 2nd Edition of its own. her emperor. Majesties of Chancery, 1830-1885. – Vol. 26. Department 2: 1851: Appendix: Staffs and timesheets. – 1852. – pp. 3-8.

The regimental commander was to be appointed from among the chief officers of the regular troops, the hundreds of regimental commanders, both from among the officers of the regular troops, and with the permission of the commander of the troops in Eastern Siberia from the Cossack estate (Regulation of 04.01.1851, p. 9).

The service of the Cossacks in the Yenisei Cossack Cavalry regiment was divided into external and internal service. The external service included performing the following duties: maintaining guards in cities and factories to assist the internal guards; maintaining night patrols in cities; maintaining pickets and patrols near factories and factories, subject to orders from the Commander of Troops in Eastern Siberia; catching fugitives in areas where Cossacks are located; escorting prisoners to assist the internal guards; guarding salt lakes; to escort government-owned transports; to send border guards to the Tunka branch and to the Yenisei province; to send a service where it will be determined by the authorities. The internal service was responsible for the internal management of the regiment (Regulations dated 04.01.1851, pp. 10-11).

The subordination of the Yenisei Mounted Cossack Regiment to the Ministry of War led to a convergence of the right-wing status of the Yenisei Cossacks with the Siberian Cossacks. Thus, the service life of officers was limited to 25 years, and the lower ranks to 30 years. The age of enlistment was increased from 16 to 20 years. The male Cossacks were removed from the jurisdiction of the civil court and were subject to military trial. Monetary and material support was established in accordance with the Regulations on the military department. It was assumed that all Cossacks would be resettled in separately organized villages with a population of 200 to 500 male souls. The management and record-keeping system was to be adapted to the management system of the Don Cossack Army (Regulations dated 04.01.1851, pp. 9-20).

Thus, we can state that the process of soft-speaking of the Yenisei Cossacks, which was carried out in the period from 1822 to 1851, was suspended. Since 1851, the state policy towards the Yenisei Cossacks has been aimed at increasing the number of the Cossack estate in the Yenisei province and unifying its legal status with the Siberian Cossack Army.

At the same time, as we can see from the legal provisions of the Regulations, the Yenisei Cossacks continued to mainly perform administrative and police functions of the internal guard, rather than military tasks, which were the main ones for the Siberian and Trans-Baikal Cossack troops.

In the middle of 1871, a new stage of storytelling began, which led to a significant reduction in the number of the Cossack population in the Yenisei province.

According to the Highly approved Regulations on the Transformation of the Irkutsk and Yenisei Mounted Cossack Regiments dated May 19, 1871 (Highly approved Regulations on the transformation of the Irkutsk and Yenisei Mounted Cossack Regiments (No. 49614, dated May 19, 1871) [Text] // Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. – St. Petersburg : Type. of the 2nd Edition of its own. her emperor. Majesties of Chancery, 1830-1885. – vol. 46. Department 1: 1871. – From No. 49098-49762. – 1874. – pp. 586-591. (hereinafter referred to as the Regulations of 05/19/1871) and the Regulations on the Cossacks of the Irkutsk and Yenisei provinces of July 2, 1871 (The most highly approved regulations on the Cossacks of the Irkutsk and Yenisei provinces of July 2, 1871 (No. 49769) [Text] // Complete Collection of Laws The Russian Empire. – St. Petersburg : Type. of the 2nd Edition of its own. her emperor. Majesties of Chancery, 1830-1885. – Vol. 46. Department 2: 1871. – From No. 49763-50382 and additions. – 1874. – pp. 8-12. (hereinafter referred to as the Regulation of 07/02/1971) The Yenisei Mounted Cossack Regiment was abolished and the Krasnoyarsk Mounted Cossack Hundred was created on its basis.

With the abolition of the Yenisei Mounted Cossack Regiment, the systems of military administration and Cossack self-government created during the formation of the Cossack regiment were eliminated (Regulations of 05/19/1871, p. 587).

In accordance with paragraph 1 of the Regulations of 05/19/1871, the entire population of the Yenisei Mounted Cossack regiment, with the exception of the constables and Cossacks enrolled in it according to the Regulations of 01/04/1851 from the Cossacks of the city regiments, Stanitsa Cossacks and Cossacks of the Tunka branch of the border troops, were subject to appeal to the civil department (Regulations of 05/19/1871, p. 588). At the same time, the new legal status of Cossacks who applied to the civil department was established depending on their origin and seniority.

Thus, in accordance with paragraphs 4 and 8 of the Regulations of 05/19/1871, the uryadniks and Cossacks, their young children and widows, who were transferred to the civil department, were classified as peasant proprietors. This category included the officers and Cossacks enlisted in the Yenisei Mounted Cossack Regiment from among the displaced peasants and lower ranks of the garrison battalions resettled in Eastern Siberia. This category of peasant owners was fully covered by the rights and duties established in the Regulations on Peasants, most highly approved on February 19, 1861. It was specifically stipulated that the uryadniks and Cossacks who applied to the civil department, as well as their family members, were subject to taxes, monetary and in-kind duties, including recruitment, on an equal basis with local peasants. However, former Cossacks who served for 15 years or were discharged from service due to illness or injury were personally exempt from taxes and conscription. The rest were granted temporary exemption from taxes and conscription for two years from the date of publication of this Provision, and in the next three years they were required to pay only half of the per capita salary. Those who were conscripted were counted in the length of military service during active field service according to the outfit they had served while serving in the Cossack estate (Regulations of 05/19/1871, pp. 588-589).

At the same time, the uryadniks and Cossacks who had served their terms of field service were dismissed or given the right to resign (those who had served three years of field service or two three years in internal service) enjoyed the rights of retired soldiers, and their children and orphans enjoyed the corresponding rights of children of lower ranks (Regulations dated 05/19/1871, p. 588).

The officers who had served the prescribed time by the adoption of the Regulations of 05/19/1871 and were eligible for the first officer or class rank could, if they wished, receive this rank with the right to enter another service. At the same time, they received the right to take ownership of household plots and buildings, as well as receive land plots on an equal basis with officers (Regulation of 05/19/1871, p. 588).

It is worth noting that the Cossacks, who retained their estate status, were also subject to the operation of civil laws and institutions outside the military service on an equal basis with the peasants of Eastern Siberia, and the authority to compile lists of Cossacks and form official outfits for them was assigned to local police departments (Regulation of 05/19/1871, p. 587).

In the economic structure of the ranks and the entire population of the abolished Yenisei Mounted Cossack Regiment, the legal norms divided the Cossacks and their family members into two groups. One group was equated with the Russian nobility, the second with the Russian peasantry.

Thus, in accordance with paragraph 9 of the Regulations of 05/19/1871, officers of the Cossack estate, including retired ones, as well as their widows and orphans, received full ownership of manor lands in their use with the right to common watering and pasture. In addition, they received hereditary ownership of the plots of arable and haymaking land in their use in the following amount:

chief officers (including ordinary officers) have 200 dessiatines of land each;

widows of senior officers with children on 200 desyatinas of land;

childless widows have 100 tithes of land each;

orphans born into an officer's family (including the family of an ordinary officer) were entitled to 100 each, but if there were several such orphans in the family, then only 200 dessiatines of land were given for all, regardless of their number (Regulation of 05/19/1871, p. 589).

The rest of the officers and Cossacks, their children, widows and orphans, both male and female, were left in possession of the estate and the land under them, which they owned before the abolition of the Cossack regiment, while retaining the right to common pasture and watering. In addition, they received land plots on the rights of peasant owners, according to the presence of male souls, into public ownership, which they used while in service, with the following amount:

for those enrolled in the abolished Cossack regiment from among the town and village Cossacks, as well as the former Tunka branch of the border army, 30 dessiatines per capita (the amount of land established by §137 of the Regulations of 04.01.1851 has been retained).;

for those enrolled from among displaced peasants and lower ranks of garrison battalions - 15 tithes per capita;

The widows of the constables and Cossacks were temporarily provided with 15 tithes from the reserve land fund before their marriage.;

Female orphans should be temporarily given 7 ½ desyatinas from the reserve land fund before they get married.

At the same time, if a public verdict attested that such a new peasant-owner from the Cossacks cultivated more than 15 desyatinas, then he was provided with all these lands, but not more than 30 desyatinas (Regulation of 05/19/1871, p. 589).

The constables and Cossacks, who enjoyed the rights of retired soldiers, were entitled to 30 more dessiatines of land in addition to the land received according to the norm for peasant owners for lifelong unlimited use.

All Cossacks of the abolished regiments were allowed to move independently to the Amur Region, where they were to be provided with land plots in the same amount as in the Yenisei province (Regulations of 05/19/1871, p. 590).

In accordance with the requirements of the Regulations of 07/02/1871, only 105 people remained in military service (Table 6). Thus, the number of Cossacks in the civil service decreased compared to:

in 1822, by 466 people (by 81.61%) or 5.4 times;

in 1851, by 756 people (87.81%) or 8.2 times.

Table 6. – The staffing of the Krasnoyarsk Mounted Cossack Hundreds, established by the Appendix to the Regulations on the Cossacks of the Irkutsk and Yenisei provinces of July 2, 1871 (No. 49769)

Comp. according to: Appendix to No. 49769 dated July 2, 1871. The staff of the Irkutsk and Krasnoyarsk Cossack hundreds, most highly approved on July 2, 1871 // The Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. St. Petersburg : Type. of the 2nd Edition of its Own. her emperor. Majesties of Chancery, 1830-1885. Vol. 46. Department 3: 1871. Applications. 1874. pp. 266-267.

In accordance with the Regulations of 07/02/1871, the Cossacks of the Yenisei province were called upon to assist regular local troops in the internal service on the territory of the province.

The total service life of the Cossacks was reduced to 22 years, of which the Cossack had to be listed for 15 years in field service and 7 years in internal service. At the same time, the Cossacks were alternately on long-term service for 1 year, and then on benefits for 2 years. It was established that in emergency cases, by order of the Chief Chief of the Eastern Siberian Military District, all privileged Cossacks could be called up for service, and this should be reported to the Highest name. And only by the Supreme will could the entire Cossack population be called to service (Regulation of 07/02/1871, p. 8).

At the age of 19, male Cossacks were included in the lists of minors who were not used for service. From the age of 20, the Cossacks took turns being called up for field service. Upon reaching the age of 35, they were transferred to the category of internal service personnel. And when they reached the age of 42, the Cossacks retired and were excluded from the lists of employees. In this case, they could be called back to service only with the general mobilization of the Cossack population. Regardless of the order of compulsory military service according to the Regulations of 07/02/1871, the Cossacks could enter service at the expense of an annual outfit at their own request as "hunters". Cossacks who were obliged to enter compulsory annual service could provide themselves with a replacement from other Cossacks (Regulations dated 07/02/1871, pp. 9-10).

This legal order of service indicates that a significant reduction in both the number of staff for public service and the number of people classified as Cossacks has not solved the problem of "extra people." The number of men classified as Cossacks in the Yenisei province, who reached the age of 20, was still significantly higher than the number of vacancies (outfits) established for military and other departments.

The official duties of the Yenisei Cossacks were divided into military and third-party civilian departments. The duties of the military department included: service at the District Headquarters; performing the duties of messengers in provincial cities; business trips, emergency convoys, patrols and pickets to help provincial battalions, local and stage teams; other duties "requiring the service of horsemen and inconvenient for infantry soldiers of local troops." Service in other departments included: the customs service; service in private gold mines for guard and police duties; assistance to the zemstvo and city police, as well as the post office. In addition, the Cossack population of the Yenisei province was to be involved in border surveillance in the areas bordering China along with the Trans-Baikal Cossack army (Regulations of 07/02/1871, p. 8).

In the event of a shortage of Cossacks from the Yenisei province to organize service in private gold fields, it was allowed to involve Cossacks from the Irkutsk province and the Trans-Baikal Cossack army in this service (Regulations dated 07/02/1871, p. 8).

When entering the service, the Cossacks were required to have their own uniforms and a horse adapted for riding in full working order. The Cossacks were given only weapons from the treasury: Cossack-style sabers, revolvers or pistols with complete and training cartridges (Regulation of 07/02/1871, p. 11).

Cossacks who entered active service along with their uniforms received maintenance and allowances in accordance with the approved staff. In addition, all Cossacks were provided with a permanent land allowance of 30 dessiatines of land per male soul in accordance with the Regulations of January 4, 1851.

At the expense of the capital of the Cossack population of the Yenisei province, which was formed at the expense of the capital of the abolished Yenisei Mounted Cossack regiment, it was allowed to issue tax-free and irrevocable courts to poor Cossacks, their widows and orphans for economic assistance, as a service allowance (purchase of uniforms and horses). Such loans could only be granted with the permission of the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia, based on public verdicts witnessed by local civilian authorities. Moreover, if the loans were granted with the condition of repayment of the loan, then the repayment period for these amounts was set, and the loan value was set at 4% per annum (Regulation dated 07/02/1871, p. 12).

In connection with the outbreak of the Russian-Japanese War of 1904-1905, the Military Department issued order No. 147 dated April 04, 1904, according to which the Krasnoyarsk Mounted Cossack Hundred was reorganized into a three-hundredth division with a staff strength of 495 people during the war with Japan (Table 7).

Table 7. – The staffing of the Krasnoyarsk Cossack division, established by the order of the Military Department dated 04.04.1904 No. 147

Comp. according to: The State Archive of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (hereinafter – GAKK). F. 31. Op. 1, D. 230. L. 5, 5ob., 6, 6 vol.

The analysis of the staffing table shows not only a significant increase in the number of Cossacks in service, but also the complication of the organizational structure of the Cossack military unit in the Yenisei province, which occurred during the mobilization of the Cossack population of the province for the war with the Japanese Empire. Compared to the staffing table in 1871, the total number of Cossacks serving in wartime increased from 105 to 495, i.e. by 390 people or 4.71 times. Cool officials (doctors and veterinarians) appeared in the staff of the Cossack division, and there was an increase in auxiliary (non-combat) units.

At the same time, the creation of the Krasnoyarsk Cossack Division did not have a significant impact on the right-wing position of the Yenisei Cossacks.

The adoption on June 21, 1910 of the Highly approved regulations of the Military Council "On changing the procedure for serving military service by Cossacks of the Irkutsk and Yenisei provinces" (Highly approved regulations of the Military Council (Sobr. The decree. 1910 October 30, Ed. I, Art. 1935) "On changing the procedure for serving military service by Cossacks of the Irkutsk and Yenisei provinces" (No. 33918 dated June 21, 1910) // Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. 3rd collection : [from March 1, 1881]. – St. Petersburg : State Printing House, 1885-1916. Vol. 30 : 1910, issue 1 : No. 32883-34628 and additions. 1913. pp. 913-914. (hereinafter referred to as the Regulation of 06/21/1910) and the Staff of the Irkutsk and Krasnoyarsk Cossack divisions in wartime (To No. 33918 dated June 21, 1910 Highly approved on June 21, 1910, the staff of the Irkutsk and Krasnoyarsk Cossack divisions for wartime // The Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. 3rd collection: [from March 1, 1881]. – St. Petersburg : State Printing House, 1885-1916. Vol. 30 : 1910, issue 2 : appendices. 1913. pp. 372-374. (hereinafter referred to as the States of 1910) consolidated a number of significant innovations in the legal status of the Yenisei Cossacks.

In accordance with the Regulation of 06/21/1910, the total service life of the Yenisei Cossacks was reduced to 18 years. The lists of Cossacks called up for service began to be compiled from the age of 20, i.e. a year later than stipulated by the Regulations of 07/02/1871, which led to the fact that they began to be called up for service from the age of 21. After reaching the age of 30, the Cossacks were transferred to the rank of clerics, and already at the age of 38 they retired. At the same time, the Cossacks began to be called up for active service for 3 years, which they served all three years in a row, and then transferred to benefits. Thus, the term of the first compulsory active service of young Cossacks was increased three times (from the 1st year to the 3rd) in comparison with the norms of the Regulations of 07/02/1871.

In peacetime, the Cossack population of the Yenisei province was required to deploy one hundred Cossacks in accordance with the states approved in 1871, and in wartime, a three–hundredth division according to the states of 1910 (Regulation of 06/21/1910, p. 913). The regular strength of the Krasnoyarsk Cossack division in wartime was 496 people (States of 1910, pp. 372-373).

The 1910 reform of the right status of the Yenisei Cossacks was the last implemented reform in relation to the Cossacks of the Yenisei province.

The adoption on May 25, 1917 at the First Congress of the Cossacks of the Yenisei province of the decision to transform the Krasnoyarsk Cossack division into the Yenisei Cossack army ^{[32, pp. 117-118]}, the recognition of this decision by the government of the Supreme Ruler of Russia A.V. Kolchak on June 10, 1919 ^{[33, p. 111]} gave rise to a real boom in law-making initiatives. The staff schedule of the Military Administration of the Yenisei Cossack Army was drawn up, and the Institution of the civil administration of the Yenisei Cossack Army was developed ^{[34, pp. 117-119]}. However, these political projects were not destined to be realized. The Yenisei Cossack Army ceased to exist as an organization in the first quarter of 1920 by decision of the Irkutsk Military Revolutionary Committee ^[35].

Discussion.

In the course of the research, we came to the conclusion that the scientific concept of the nationalization of the Russian Cossacks in the XVII – XIX centuries, which was substantiated in the works of E. A. Abakumov, G. O. Matsievsky, as well as the concept of purposeful state storytelling in the XVIII – XIX centuries, formed by Doctor of Historical Sciences V. V. Dzyuban, is quite applicable to characterize the relationship The Russian state and the Cossack community of the European part of Russia, however, cannot be applied to the Cossacks of the Asian part of Russia in general, and to the Yenisei Cossacks in particular. Because the historical conditions of the formation of the Cossacks of Asian Russia differed significantly from the conditions of the formation of "free" Cossack communities in the mouths of the rivers Don, Dnieper, Yaik, Terek.

The Cossacks in the Asian part of Russia, including the Yenisei Cossacks, were originally formed as a service class. The process of downsizing the Cossacks of the Yenisei Region, who were in public service, in 1720, 1725, 1737, 1772, 1820, 1822, 1871 The years as a whole cannot be characterized as a narrative. Since, by removing the Yenisei Cossacks from monetary and grain (material) maintenance, transferring part of the Cossacks exclusively to land maintenance, the government did not deprive them of their estate military service status.

The only exceptions to this rule were the staff reforms of 1725, 1737 and 1871, as a result of which part of the Cossacks lost their estate status. In 1725, a significant number of Yenisei Cossacks were transferred to a per capita salary. In 1737, some of the regular Cossacks were transferred to the soldiers of the newly formed dragoon regiment and infantry battalion. In 1871, Cossacks from the state peasants and the lower ranks of the garrison battalions were returned to the estate of peasant proprietors. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that those who ceased to be Cossacks in 1725 and 1737 moved to another military service class (soldiers). The "Raskazachennye" in 1871 were enrolled in the Cossack estate only in 1851 from among the state peasants and lower ranks of the garrison battalions, that is, they were Cossacks at best in the second, maximum in the third generation.

Conclusion.

The Yenisei Cossacks, as a separate territorial estate group of the population, have been formed since the beginning of the 17th century exclusively as a service category of the population, supported by the state, possessing rights and privileges, bearing duties established by the state to solve the tasks of expanding Russia's territorial possessions in Siberia and the Far East, and maintaining control over the acquired territories.

The Yenisei Cossacks never experienced the stage of free Cossacks, like the Zaporozhian, Don, Ural (Yaitsky) or other groups of the Cossack population of the European part of Russia.

The right position of the Yenisei Cossacks was established based on the tasks of state building and the functionality that it was supposed to fulfill. The legal norms governing the legal status of the Yenisei Cossacks established the rights and duties of the Cossack population of the Yenisei Region (Yenisei Province), including the procedure for acquiring and leaving the estate, and the procedure for performing public service. The legal regulation of the number of the Cossack population obliged to perform public service in the Yenisei Region, through the establishment of appropriate States, actually regulated the number of the entire Cossack population of the Yenisei Region, as a service class.

The legal position of the Yenisei Cossacks was contradictory, balanced between the legal position of the military and the peasant, draft class. Therefore, a comparative right-wing analysis of the legal norms governing the activities of the Yenisei Cossacks should take place on the one hand along the line of studying changes in the right position of the Yenisei Cossacks in different periods of time. On the other hand, the researcher should pay attention to the analysis of the similarities and differences between the legal position of the Yenisei Cossacks and the legal position of the military service estates and draft estates, primarily the Siberian peasantry, in different periods of time.

Based on changes in the norms of law, the following chronological periods of change in the legal position of the Yenisei Cossacks can be distinguished.

The first period was from the beginning of the 17th to the first quarter of the 19th centuries (until 1822). During this period, the Yenisei Cossacks emerged as a class group of the population. The legal position of the Yenisei Cossacks was regulated by the norms of law common to all geographically isolated groups of the Cossacks.

I perceive the Cossacks, including the Yenisei Cossacks, primarily as military people in the service of the state, but they differ from other groups of military people by their origin and having separate group characteristics related to their lifestyle before joining the service, their place in the social structure of society.

The assignment of certain representatives of the service people to the Cossack group was more a matter of their self-identification than the subject of legal regulation throughout the 17th century. Although it should be noted that the staff of serving people who are in the maintenance of the state, during this period, distinguished various social groups recruited for service (nobles, boyar children, Cossacks).

By the beginning of the first quarter of the 18th century, the established procedure for recruiting Cossacks assumed that the Cossacks should be recruited exclusively from among the children, brothers, nephews, and other relatives of Cossacks to fill a vacancy due to the death or retirement due to old age and injury of the defeated Cossack (at a reduced salary). However, due to the lack of the necessary number of relatives, raznochinets were also recruited into the Cossacks.

In our opinion, periodic reductions in the staffing of the Yenisei Cossacks (Mangazeysky, Yeniseysky Krasnoyarsk counties) in the period from 1720 to 1820, from 1194 to 733 defeated Cossacks, is not a policy of deception. During this period, the States decreased, both as a result of the natural decline of the Cossack population, and as a result of the government's desire to reduce the cost of maintaining the Cossacks by transferring them from monetary and material maintenance to exclusively land maintenance. The withdrawal of the Yenisei Cossacks from the States did not lead them to lose their class status, it allowed them to re-enlist in the event of a vacancy both in the counties of the Yenisei Region and in other Cossack teams in Siberia.

The only exception to this practice is the Staff Reform of 1737. Designed to find financial and human resources to create regular military units in Siberia, the Staff Reform of 1737 for the first time changed the legal position of those Cossacks who were enlisted in the regular army. The Yenisei Cossacks, who were transferred to serve in the soldiers' regiments, lost their estate status of Cossacks and acquired the status of soldiers.

The second period, the second quarter of the 19th century (from 1822 to 1851), is characterized by the legal separation of the Cossacks of the Western Siberian border lines and other territorial groups of the Cossack population of Siberia, as well as the normative division of the Cossack class of Siberia and the Far East into two social categories.: city and village Cossacks.

This is evidenced by the publication of the Highly approved Regulations on the Siberian Linear Cossack Army of August 19, 1808, which applied to the Cossacks of the Irtysh, Ishim and Kolyvan-Kuznetsk border lines, and the Charter of the Siberian City Cossacks of July 22, 1822, which regulated the service of city Cossacks and the duties of village Cossacks of Tobolsk, Tomsk, Yenisei, Irkutsk provinces, the Yakut region and the Okhotsk Region.

As a result of the reform of 1822, the Yenisei city Cossack regiment was created in the Yenisei province with a full-time strength of 571 people, while the Cossacks of the Abakan command, remote northern settlements of the Yenisei province, who wished to continue to be Cossacks, formed the stanitsa Cossacks of the province.

The legal status of the urban Cossacks of the Yenisei province differed significantly from the legal status of the Siberian Cossacks, which had a military form of organization primarily due to their different functions. If the Siberian Cossacks mainly performed military service for the protection of the state border, then the Yenisei city Cossacks mostly performed administrative and police functions, and were completely subordinated to the civil government of the province.

The right-wing position of the Stanitsa Cossacks of the Yenisei province actually brought them closer to the draft class of peasants, since they were obliged to carry out local duties for the maintenance of roads, the provision of transport and accommodation. At the same time, it did not completely lose its privileged status as a military class, as it was freed from all state taxes and monetary zemstvo fees, gained freedom of industry and trade, retained the right to self-government and transition to urban Cossacks in the presence of full-time vacancies.

In fact, the second period can be characterized as a period of "soft" storytelling, when the number of Yenisei Cossacks in full-time city service was reduced, and the retired Cossacks lost some of the privileges characteristic of the service class, which led to a certain convergence of their legal position with the legal position of the Yenisei peasantry.

The third period – the third quarter of the 19th century (from 1851 to 1871) falls on the next reform of the Yenisei Cossacks. During the reform of 1851, the Yenisei Cossacks were transferred from the civil administrative and police department to the military department. These legal changes will lead to the formation of a legal and territorial community of the Cossacks of Irkutsk and Yenisei provinces, to the allocation of this community of their right field, which regulates the position of the urban Cossacks, and will set a vector for the convergence of the right status of the Yenisei Cossacks with the status of the Siberian and Trans-Baikal Cossack troops.

In fact, the reform of 1851 occurred in the last years of the state policy on the creation of military settlements, which contributed to the decision on the administrative and territorial separation of the Yenisei Cossacks from the rural population of the Yenisei province. However, these legal requirements have not been fully implemented. Most of the Cossack population remained in the same settlements with other estates of the empire, which was one of the factors that influenced the decision to curtail this reform.

The third period of the reform of the Cossack population of the Yenisei province is an attempt to significantly increase the number of the Cossack population of the province by enrolling state peasants in seven rural settlements of the Krasnoyarsk district and one rural settlement of the Achinsk district of the Yenisei Province, allowing free citizens to be enrolled in the Cossack estate.

The fourth period occurred in the last quarter of the 19th and the first quarter of the 20th centuries (from 1871 to 1920). This period is characterized by the reform of 1871, aimed at transferring a significant part of the Cossack population to the estate of peasant owners. The reform of the Yenisei Cossacks in 1871 was, in fact, the first attempt at mass storytelling in the Yenisei province. The significant reduction in the number of the Yenisei Cossacks, both in service and with this estate status, was largely the result of the military reform of 1856-1874.

The change in the recruitment system of the regular army, which culminated in the introduction of universal military service in 1874, significantly increased the mobilization potential of regular military units in wartime.

In conditions when the regular army could significantly increase its numbers in a short time during wartime, and the cost of its maintenance was significantly reduced, there was no need to maintain numerous irregular troops on a permanent basis, which included Cossack troops and regiments. Therefore, the reduction or even liquidation of Cossack military units has become an obvious political decision within the framework of ongoing military reforms.

The liquidation of the Yenisei Cossack Regiment and the creation of the Krasnoyarsk Cossack Hundred in 1871 were primarily aimed at reducing the number of Cossacks in military service. Naturally, such a reduction in staffing required the transfer of most of the "extra" people from the military service class of Cossacks to the draft class of peasants, who were not exempt from conscription, and could become the mobilization reserve of the regular army.

However, the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905 showed the need to increase the staffing of the Krasnoyarsk Cossack Hundred to a three-hundredth division. Changes in legal norms in the period from 1904 to 1910 made it possible to improve the mobilization potential of the Cossack population of the Yenisei province.

In our study, for the first time, the historical stages of the change in the legal status of the Yenisei Cossacks in the pre-revolutionary period of national history are highlighted, common features and differences in the legal status of the Yenisei Cossacks are revealed in comparison with the Cossacks of the Siberian and Trans-Baikal Cossack troops, as well as with the Siberian peasantry.

The obtained research results will be used to compile an educational course on the regional history of the Russian Cossacks in the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

This study is the foundation for a deeper and more detailed study of problematic issues related to the change in the right position of the Yenisei Cossacks in each historical period highlighted in this study. The historical and legal periodization proposed in this study will allow further research on the problematic issue.: how the change in the right-wing position of the Yenisei Cossacks influenced the change in the socio-economic position of the Cossacks in the Yenisei province in the years under study.

Conflict of interest: The author declares that there are no potential conflicts of interest regarding the research, authorship and/or publication of this article.