The destructive emotion of anger in Korean idioms

Pak Marianna Davidovna ORCID: 0000-0002-3939-5244 lecturer; Institute of Foreign Languages (IIA); P. Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University of Russia postgraduate student; Institute of Foreign Languages (IIA); P. Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University of Russia 39 Ostrovityanova str., 291 sq., 117342, Russia, Moscow godblessbob@gmail.com

Introduction.

There is a considerable amount of scientific research devoted to the connection between language and culture, although how close this connection is is often the subject of debate among linguists. In this paper, the opinion is expressed that language does not convey reality in its purest form: it conveys human perception and interpretation of the world. Words referring to body parts, as well as words describing the surrounding reality, can be just as specific to a language as terms related to traditions, culture, and religion. This assumption served as the basis for this study, which argues that the same principle applies to idioms and metaphors in language, since "metaphor is not only cognitively but also culturally motivated" (Kövecses, Metaphor in culture: universality and variation, 2005). The work also takes into account the fact that "lexical variation reflects cultural differences between different speech communities and, thus, provides invaluable clues for studying culture and society (WierzbickaA., 1992).

The study examines the variability of the translation of Korean idioms into Russian in order to contribute to the intercultural study of the language and to prove the importance of avoiding "radical post-cultural generalizations formulated in terms of a dichotomy contrasting Western culture with Eastern culture. In the case of variations in idioms, this is often caused by the broader cultural context or the guiding principles and key concepts of a particular culture, which is naturally reflected in the language of that culture.

Due to the close relationship of figurative consciousness with human physiological activity and thinking, people, regardless of culture and race, have more or less similar experiences, that is, similar idioms and metaphors exist in other languages and cultures around the world. In this context, the research of S. Pinker (PinkerS., 2007) is very relevant, where metaphor is called a useful way to combat the limited ability of language to express thought, a high level of abstract thinking must be present.

It is common for a person to intuitively analyze perceived speech, deciphering the hidden meaning conveyed through language. People recognize words, respond to feelings and affects in sentences, and look for meaning in metaphors and hints. Formal language analysis requires going beyond this intuition in order to quantify the meaning of language and measure the constructions it conveys. (Jackson, J.C., Watts, J., Mattis, J., Puryear, C., Drabble, R., Lindquist, K. A., 2021).

Consideration of the Korean idioms of destructive emotions of anger in the context of their comparative analysis with their counterparts in Russian in the form in which they are presented in the literature will allow us to draw appropriate conclusions regarding the similarities and differences between the two languages. Such similarities and differences need to be identified, since the languages studied belong not only to different language families, but also represent different cultures of Europe and Asia, thus this study will reveal the relationship between language, thinking and emotions of peoples of different cultures.

The main part

1.1. The difference between an idiom and a metaphor. Definition of an idiom

The word idiom comes from the Latin word idiom, which means "special property." According to the Meriam-Webster dictionary, this word means "an expression that cannot be understood from the meaning of its individual words, but which has its own, separate meaning."

Scientists have always had difficulty accurately defining the term "idiom." Although there are many definitions, it is sometimes impossible to distinguish between phrases, phrasal verbs, and idioms. However, three themes are repeated in all definitions of idioms: compositionality, institutionalization, and the degree of being frozen or fixed.:

1) Idioms are incompositional because their meanings are not the sum of the meanings of their parts;

2) They are institutionalized, which means they are frequently used by a large number of people in the language community.;

3) Idioms are frozen and fixed, the degree of their freezing varies.

There is an unobvious distinction between idioms and other verbose units, and since these characteristics may be common to them, it is extremely difficult to distinguish between idioms and verbose units.

It is important for the study to establish that idioms are tools through which creativity is given to language, layering of meaning, depth of thought and individuality arise.:

- The expression of abstract or complex ideas. Idioms provide the shortest way to convey ideas that may be difficult to express directly, they serve as a linguistic bridge, allowing the speaker to convey nuanced meanings in a concise and effective way. Such transitional sentences enhance a person's ability to convey complex thoughts effortlessly. An example is the Korean idiom 눈눈눈 뒤집힌다, which literally translates as "eyes turned upside down." This expression is usually used to indicate the extreme degree of discontent and anger in the speaker, reflecting a negative attitude manifested in a physiological change in a person's face, distorted from anger to unrecognizability.

- Adding color and creativity to the language. Idioms make speech more emotionally colored, add creativity to it, making it more interesting and enjoyable. Due to their peculiar and creative style, these expressions are able to capture attention, they often have a poetic character, which can cause an emotional response and form vivid images.

For example, the Korean idiom 사촌 땅을 사면 배가 아프다 (literally translated "when a cousin buys land, my stomach hurts") is used to express feelings of angry envy at the success of a loved one for the speaker. Images of body parts are present in many Korean idiomatic expressions, creating a memorable and easily perceived concept of destructive emotion.

- Improvement of cultural understanding. Idioms are deeply rooted in culture, and understanding them can provide insight into the values, beliefs, and history of a community. Metaphors and analogies embedded in idiomatic expressions often reflect the cultural context in which they originated, including references to historical events, folklore, or folk traditions. By examining these figures of speech present in different cultures, one can gain a deeper understanding of the nuances and subtleties of language. Such an understanding can contribute to cross-cultural enrichment, encourage communication between people from different walks of life and diametrically opposed cultures (Eastern and Western).

- Formation of mutual understanding and friendly relations. The use of idioms in oral speech can help establish mutual understanding and camaraderie. If the participants in communication have a common knowledge of idiomatic expressions, this contributes to more effective interaction and harmony in communication.

Despite the fact that the idiomaticity of expressions can be perceived as largely arbitrary, there are certain structures and organizations among idioms, which means that a large number of expressions have common contextual themes. In Korean, there is a wide range of idioms related to nature, animals, body parts, food, flowers, and all feelings used to describe personality, appearance, work, health problems, etc. Moreover, idiomatic expressions often indicate and reflect social norms, beliefs, attitudes, and the full range of human emotions.

1.2. Definition of metaphor

Metaphors play a significant role in human cognition. They structure and connect mental concepts by projecting the concepts of the target domain onto a more specific experience-oriented source domain, thereby making them more understandable. The importance of metaphors stems from their repeated use, obvious argumentative plausibility, and interactive appeal. Metaphors are discursive tools that generate a limited perspective through their functions of hiding and highlighting meaning (Jakobs M., Hüning M., 2022).

A metaphor is a semantic process in which the form or structure of a linguistic unit is applied to another referent based on an existing similarity in the speaker's perception. Thus, a metaphor is a speech technique in which a hidden comparison occurs: one word or expression is replaced by another, based on similarity or association.

The traditional pragmatic point of view holds that metaphors are statements that are interpreted differently from their literal interpretation. According to this approach, metaphorical interpretation can be found in the process of searching for and excluding literal meanings (AlkhammashR., 2022). Unlike an idiom, a metaphor can be more flexible and variable.

According to one definition, a metaphor in linguistics is "the assimilation of one phenomenon to another based on the semantic proximity of states, properties, and actions characterizing these phenomena, as a result of which words (phrases, sentences) intended to denote some objects (situations) of reality are used to name other objects (situations) based on conditional identity." predicative features attributed to them" ^{[1, pp. 177-178]}.

When using a metaphor, two thoughts or two concepts about different things interact with each other within a single word or expression, the meaning of which is the result of this interaction. A metaphor selects the features of one class of objects and applies them to another class or individual – the actual subject of the metaphor. The interaction with two different classes of objects and their properties creates the main feature of a metaphor – its duality.

Traditionally, linguistic research defines two types of metaphors: individually authored (artistic) and linguistic.

· An individual author's metaphor is a unique, uncharacteristic use of words and phrases in a figurative sense. Individual metaphorical usage reflects the author's perception of the world and contributes to a more accurate transmission of his artistic intentions in the process of creating a literary work. Such a metaphor is inextricably linked to the context in which it is only possible to determine its semantic nature.

· Linguistic metaphor is an important factor in the development of language and the study of different cultures. It underlies many linguistic processes, such as the development of synonymous means, the emergence of new meanings and their nuances, the creation of polysemy, and the development of emotionally expressive vocabulary. It should also be noted that the metaphor allows you to verbalize the idea of a person's inner world.

It is generally accepted that one of the popular theories of metaphor is the cognitive theory of J. R.R. Tolkien. Lakoff and M. Johnson. In their opinion, metaphorization is based on the interaction of two knowledge structures: the "source structure" and the "goal structure". The source domain in cognitive theory is the human experience. The goal area is less specific knowledge, "knowledge by definition" (Lakoff J., Johnson M., 2004). This explanation turned out to be very reasonable, since it allows us to define a metaphor not only in terms of a linguistic phenomenon, but also presented it as a mental one. My own observations and special research in this regard have shown that metaphors are the result of common mechanisms of linguistic and cognitive creativity that create new knowledge and present things in different ways, connecting distant elements, highlighting the processes of semantic shift, in which two objects or ideas that were not previously connected are combined and concentrated in a single representation. with varying degrees of intensity throughout the history of the word (Garello, S., Carapezza, M., 2024).

Metaphor in modern linguistics is considered as the main mental operation, as a way of cognition, categorization, conceptualization, evaluation and explanation of the world. Such scientists, researchers and writers as D. Vico, F. Nietzsche, A. Richards, E. McCormack, P. Riker, E. Kassirer, M. Black, M. Erickson and others drew attention to the phenomenon of metaphorical thinking ^{[2, p. 16]}. In metaphorical reinterpretation, during the cognitive process, the speaker examines areas of his long-term memory, discovers two referents (often logically incompatible), establishes a meaningful relationship between them, and thereby creates a metaphor. A meaningful relationship is established based on the discovery of a number of common reference features. These features are reflected in the structure of the lexical meaning. ^[3]

As mentioned earlier, a special place in the development of cognitive theory is given to J. To Lakoff and M. Johnson. It is in it that metaphor, as an object of research, is translated into a cognitive-logical paradigm and studied from the point of view of its connection with deep cognitive structures and the process of categorizing the world. They developed a theory that introduced consistency into the description of the cognitive mechanism of metaphor. The key idea of J. The idea of Lakoff and M. Johnson is that metaphors as linguistic expressions become possible due to the fact that the human conceptual system is metaphorical at its core. That is, understanding and experiencing phenomena of one kind in terms of phenomena of another is a fundamental property of thinking. "Metaphor permeates our entire daily lives and manifests itself not only in language, but also in thinking and action. Our everyday conceptual system, within which we think and act, is metaphorical in its very essence" ^{[4, p.1]}.

These associations are based on the user's ability to enter the abstract space of a concept and connect it with a less abstract physical world, since abstract thinking is difficult. People usually need images to represent things they can't see. Based on this, a person uses the known to understand the unknown, and when there is no clear and familiar image of the unknown, the metaphor can be used as a connecting bridge (Zastrocky, 2020).

Thus, a metaphor is not just a linguistic tool that allows you to decorate speech and portray an image in a more understandable context, a metaphor is a form of human thinking. According to the cognitive approach to the nature of thinking, a person's conceptual system is conditioned by a person's physiological experience, and thinking, acting figuratively to represent concepts that are not conditioned by experience, uses comparison and metaphor. This ability to think figuratively indicates a person's ability to think abstractly.

1.3. The main differences between an idiom and a metaphor

It is important for the research that the role of language in the formation of collective thoughts, feelings and moods in society is very important. Metaphors and idioms make the perception and understanding of speech deeper and more understandable for different segments of the population. Being different figurative forms of communication, the essential difference lies in how metaphors and idioms are used in writing and speech.

A less literal, figurative use of language often makes it more interesting to perceive, as a person can visualize concepts of abstract ideas and deeper emotions. Metaphors, as a rule, sound more poetic than idioms, idioms, in turn, are more often used in everyday speech. However, writers prefer metaphors as a more effective way to refer to cultural concepts.

We assume that the key difference between an idiom and a metaphor is to define an idiom as a stable expression with an already defined meaning, while a metaphor is a speech device that allows you to create new figurative comparisons. The idiom is presented in a ready-made way that does not require decoding, it must be remembered. A metaphor acts as a tool for creating new images. The main differences are categorized in Table 1.:

Table 1.

2. Definition and concept of idioms in the Korean language.

The following characteristic and definition of the term "idiom" is given in the Korean scientific literature: "a syntactically complex lexical structure consisting of two lexemes, but semantically it is a group of metaphorically petrified chain words with a third, single meaning" (LeeK., 1997), an idiom is a lexical complex of two or more independent elements that create a single meaning, but being a linguistic unit in which the meaning of the constituent lexical elements is not alive from a generative point of view (Byon, A. S., Pyun, D. O., 2022).

The basic characteristic of an idiom is a phrase, that is, a structure in which two or more words are combined, that is, a "multi-word composition", and the meaning of the entire Korean expression cannot be captured using the traditional principle. Compositionality defines an idiom as "two or more composite elements, and the meaning of the whole cannot be comprehended by the sum of the meanings of each component. Thus, Korean linguists define an idiom as a linguistic or "idiomatic expression" (LeeJ., 2022).

It should be noted that idiomatic expressions are created by using other linguistic forms instead of general expressions to more effectively convey the content experienced in a particular situation, and new expressions created in this way gain popularity and become "petrified." An expression becomes idiomatic when it is widely used in a linguistic society, it "hardens" and becomes semantically opaque, and a new meaning is acquired by losing flexibility between literal and figurative meanings without any further association of meanings.

2. Korean idioms of the destructive emotion of anger.

In the classical version of the theory of conceptual metaphor, the motivation of an idiom is a matter of a basic (conditional) image and its connection with a conceptual metaphor rooted in the conceptual system. It follows from this that in order to belong to the sphere of conceptual metaphor, an idiom must be "figurative", i.e. have a conditional image (KovaliukY., 2022).

The origin and meaning of the words "화" (anger), "증오" disgust, "경멸" contempt in the Korean language. "화" (anger) comes from the Chinese character 火, symbolizing the image of fire, personifying anger and rage. The hieroglyph indicates an instantaneous outburst of anger, as well as a longer and growing feeling of angry irritation. In Korean linguoculture, this is not just a word, but a symbol of a deeply rooted emotion that expresses anger and extremely strong irritation. (LeeS.S., 2016).

About the semantic features of Korean idioms, we can say that they are transferred to the "third sense" and, accordingly, the entire phraseology can be replaced by another lexeme. This explains the semantic characteristics of idioms from the position that they are fixed metaphors that have no further association through the metaphor itself. Thus, from the existing position, idioms and figurative meanings are in an arbitrary relationship, idioms containing the destruction of anger are considered expressions made up of vocabulary unrelated to anger and having the lexical meaning "to get angry". Therefore, the semantic correlation of Korean phraseological units expressing anger is quite significant. Table 2 shows specific patterns of idioms associated with expressing anger.

Table 2.

All of the above patterns are common idioms in the Korean language that express the destructive emotion of anger. These examples can be included in the semantic category of anger, but the semantic domain and emotional meaning of each idiom of anger expression are replaced by a set of specific words. None of these patterns directly mentions the state or degree of anger through its constituent elements, but the words used in these expressions demonstrate the cognitive mechanism of idioms and express a person's physiological response. However, it can be argued that this indicates that there is a systematic concept of anger in the human mind, which is involved in the process of creating and understanding idioms expressing anger.

The vast majority of Korean idioms expressing the emotion of anger metonymically or metaphorically project the physiological and physical reactions experienced by a person when anger arises, respectively, the expressions in Table 2 were created through metonymy and conventional metaphors based on the physical experience of anger experienced by a person.

In this study, the idioms of the destructive emotion of anger are considered from the position that the combination of the elements that make up the idiom is not arbitrary, but primarily motivated by physiological reactions or conceptual metaphors of anger. This point of view can systematically explain the semantic characteristics of idioms expressing anger.

2.1. Cognitive mechanisms of idiom formation.

The obvious component of experiencing an emotion is the reaction of the human body. In fact, the formation of word meanings plays an important role in the semantic formation of the entire idiom. Compound words of idioms have semantic independence. The semantics of idioms are generated through the mechanisms of metaphor, metonymy, and conceptual integration to form the meanings of words. This mapping scheme, through long-term use, is fixed in a person's long-term memory and forms a generally accepted concept, namely the semantics of the idiom (HaiyingZ., 2024).

Korean idioms can be characterized as conceptual in that they are the result of people's physical experience and cognitive processing of the objective world, as well as conceptualization of the objective world. The reason why the semantics of idioms are unclear and difficult to understand and translate into Russian is that they do not represent the literal meaning of words, but contain a conceptual meaning with cultural specifics.

The metaphorical representation of idioms is based on people's physical experience and encyclopedic knowledge about the objective world, which are reflected in conceptual systems. Metaphor, metonymy, and conceptual integration mechanisms are important mechanisms for the semantic generation of Korean idioms. The structure of the display, due to its long-term use, can become fixed in people's long-term memory, forming metaphorical, metonymic and integrated meanings. It has a conditional nature and can be retrieved at any time in long-term memory. The metaphorical, metonymic, and integrated meanings of idioms, which have long-term and widespread use among native speakers of the Korean language, are anchored in idiomatic semantics.

For a more complete description of the issue under consideration, works have been studied in a number of scientific fields that study the cognitive processes of the human body during emotional experiences, from which it follows that the idioms of the destructive emotion of anger are the most striking markers for expressing a person's emotional state, due to their high degree of correlation with body language. When a person is angry, their muscles tense up and their heart rate increases. This is due to the activation of sensory nerves that produce catecholamines in the brain with the release of chemicals known as neurotransmitters. A person feels an explosion of energy, which entails the intention to take individual protective measures (Park, M., Kim T., Baek E., Song G., Lee S., Lee Y., Jeong M., Choi W., 2023).

Adhering to this definition, we consider it important to differentiate idioms expressing anger, dividing them into those that have a close relationship with the external organs of the body, and those that use the names of the internal organs of the human body.

The external organs of the human body used in expressing anger include: head, neck, body, flesh, face, teeth, forehead, mouth, lips, and tongue. All these words are often used by Koreans in everyday life.

Table 3. Idioms with external organs

Words referring to the inner parts of the body are often used in idioms expressing a person's psychological state. Human internal organs used in idioms to express the destructive emotion of anger include the chest, abdomen, abdomen, spleen, stomach, viscera, and nerves. It should be noted that the names of external human organs used in Korean idioms are mostly expressed in Korean words, while the names of internal organs in idioms include archaic words in Chinese characters and slang. For example, the word 배알 (intestine), sometimes abbreviated as 밸, is a slang term that can be translated into Russian as "giblets", 부아 is the original Chinese character for lungs, has the slang meaning "blowhole", "blowhole" in Korean, as well as 비위 is a Chinese character for In some cases, the stomach is translated into Russian by the word "tripe".

Table 4. Idioms with internal organs

3. Types of idioms of destructive emotion of anger and ways of their occurrence

It should be noted that despite the apparent vastness of research, many properties and mechanisms of the formation of metaphorical meanings of idioms require additional study. The central question in the problem under study is how the content of feelings that influence the emergence and disappearance of destructive emotions of anger, staying in a state of anger, becomes a metaphorical meaning of idioms expressing anger through the emergence of emotions accompanied by various changes within the body.

These processes are based on the physiological and physical reactions of the human body that occur when anger arises, caused by destructive emotion. The intensity of anger varies from a mild level of irritation to an extremely strong emotional outburst of anger. For example, irritation, anger, and anger represent three levels of intensity of one basic emotion. These are emotions that vary in intensity but are related to each other (JeonJ., 2023). Thus, the abstract concept of anger becomes the semantic content of idioms expressing it.

The figurative meaning of idioms expressing anger is inseparable from the meanings of its components and cannot be explained by the simple meaning of the word. However, native speakers are able to unknowingly recognize differences in meanings, use and understand them appropriately depending on the communication situation, respectively, idioms expressing anger are not just a matter of language. Expressing the abstract meanings of anger, Koreans use expressions that have a concrete, tangible meaning. In the described situation, figures of speech based on proximity and similarity find their application. Since metonymy and metaphor are based on the above principle, this paper will explore the way they arise, as well as explore idioms created through the designated figures.

3.1 Idioms expressing anger through metonymy

Based on the works of psychologists and linguists who have studied the issues of language perception to one degree or another, as well as their own theoretical research, we suggest that in cognitive linguistics, metonymy, along with metaphor, should be considered as one of the main characteristics of understanding language. The above is confirmed in two ways: First, a person can easily understand the metonymic expressions that are widespread in everyday language. Secondly, it is natural for a person to express his feelings and thoughts metonymically. The question arises about the reason for using metonymic expressions rather than direct names of objects or events. In this case, it is fair to say that the principle of metonymy is a cognitive effect, being used for the purpose of semantic and emotional saturation of words, as well as understanding the content of an emotional state due to the flexibility of human cognition.

The above highlights the need for a thorough consideration of which characteristics of the object of expression are distinguished in the principle of metonymy. In this regard, J. Lakoff considers metonymy as one of the main characteristics of cognition and argues that people often choose a well-understood or easily perceived aspect of something to represent one or another aspect of this phenomenon (LakoffG., 1987). In this case, the aspects that are well understood or easily perceived will be the most important or noticeable attributes of the object.

According to the above, an expression that does not refer to what it originally means, but refers to something related, can be called a metonymy. However, there are idioms expressing anger that express the physiological reaction that occurs when anger appears in the literal sense, and have a state or degree of anger in the idiomatic meaning. This set of expressions are idioms expressing anger, created according to the principle of metonymy, and the principle used to create idioms is called physiological metonymy.

3.1.1 Causal relationship between anger and physiological reactions

Anger is a destructive emotion that is one of the universal human emotions. It is common for a person to get angry and express it through actions or words. When verbally expressing anger in Korean, lexical expressions can be used, but idioms that are typical for people of a certain culture are more often used.

A: (annoyed)

B: (gets up) "It's pointless to talk for too long, both of us are already on fire, so let's stop. (He goes out and turns around again.) It's such a risky job, but what should I do? It's amazing how the soul trembles... (Leaves)"

Na Hye-seok. "The woman on the flower ship"

The underlined part is idioms expressing anger, used in this case to demonstrate to the opponent the speaker's strong angry irritation. The expressions "insides are burning", "soul is trembling", can be translated into Russian as "angry, confused by displeasure, irritated by excitement."

The physiological reactions of anger in Korean linguoculture are signs such as an increase in body temperature, increased blood pressure (blood pressure, muscle pressure), mental and physical arousal, inhibition of normal perception, as anger increases, its physiological effects also increase. There is a certain limit, and if it is exceeded, physiological effects disrupt the normal functioning of the psyche: blood rushes to the head, chest, stomach, intestines, liver heat up and twist, which leads to a state of strong emotional arousal. As for signs of anger on external organs, symptoms may include redness of the face, eyes, and neck, discoloration of the face, and trembling and frowning on the forehead, teeth, and lips.

Thus, we can say that according to the effects discussed above, the physiological reaction of anger occurs in the internal and external organs of the body, emanate from the internal organs of the body and are expressed in the external. A causal relationship is established between emotional and physiological reactions. At the same time, the physiological reaction of a certain emotion, that is, a physical symptom, illustrates the emotion and it is fair to say that idioms expressing anger can be created using the principle of metonymy based on the physiological reaction of the body.

3.1.2. The physiological metonymy of anger

Note that the process of metonymy emergence is systematic, therefore systematization of aspects of metonymy seems quite possible. Fever, burning of the face, and boiling inside serve as indicators of anger, and these results manifest themselves due to a person's condition or the fact that anger has arisen.

One of the first physiological symptoms that occur when anger is manifested is an increase in body temperature. Many phraseological units expressing anger studied in this study have the literal meaning of the physiological phenomenon of fever and express anger in an idiomatic sense using the principle of metonymy.

Table 5.

The fact of an increase in body temperature has an effect on the human body. Blood flows to the head, organs such as the brain, stomach, and liver heat up, increasing the internal pressure in the human body. This physiological reaction motivates the creation of the Korean idioms for expressing anger listed in Table 6.

Table 6.

The above expressions are patterns of using metaphor before applying the principle of metonymy. Verbs such as "to rise, expand, explode" are combined with the names of body organs for a more expressive definition of the level of anger. This is made possible by a conceptual metaphor.

Table 7.

As for the external organs of the body, when blood pressure rises, the face, eyes and neck become bloodshot, the complexion changes, the forehead, teeth and lips tremble and frown. Such reactions of external organs are involved in the creation of idioms expressing anger through the principle of metonymy.

Table 8.

When reaching the highest point of angry arousal, it is common for a person to experience physical and mental stress, causing his teeth or body to tremble. Such physical reactions also contribute to the formation of Korean anger idioms based on the principle of metonymy.

Table 9.

It is important that after an extremely negative event has occurred, normal perception may be disrupted, which can lead to a loss of sanity from an angry emotional state. The above-mentioned idioms indicate that the severity of anger becomes higher or the survivor is experiencing severe stress, losing his mind from anger.

A general description and origin of the Korean idiomatic expressions discussed in Tables 5 to 9 can be presented as follows:

1) Anger occurs when a person is agitated or angry because of something wrong or unfair, and this is accompanied by physiological reactions or physical changes. These physiological reactions become an important basis for the creation of Korean anger idioms through the principle of metonymy.;

2) Phraseological units expressing anger (getting hot, blushing, boiling inside) have a figurative meaning of "angry", but its literal meaning of these properties is included in the metaphorical meaning.;

3) When experiencing anger, some physiological phenomena are a reaction of fever, redness of the face and boiling inside;

4) Anger is recognized by the expression of a boiling external reaction. These two meanings are understood as the connection between the whole and the parts, as well as the connection between the cause (anger) and the result (physiological reaction).;

5) When the body temperature rises, it affects the internal organs of the body. Blood flows to the head, the brain, stomach, and liver heat up, increasing the internal pressure in the body.

3.2 Idioms expressing anger through metaphors

The literal meaning of the idiom expressing the emotion of anger indicates a physiological reaction, but the transmitted content is an emotional experience that includes these reactions. This relationship can be described as follows:

+ =

This allows us to conclude that the literal meaning of a phraseological unit is a physiological, physical reaction (A), the meaning conveyed by an idiom is an emotional experience (A+B).

Idioms can be considered as diachronic metaphors that do not evoke analogy or association, they are able to acquire new meanings due to the loss of flexibility between direct and figurative meanings. This assumption departs from the traditional view of metaphor, in which the figurative meaning is considered deviant. The traditional view of metaphor divides linguistic expressions into "literal" and "figurative" meanings, focuses on "literary" and "everyday" definitions of metaphors, and does not pay due attention to everyday figures of speech.

In Korean, metaphors are a means of conceptualizing abstract and opaque areas of experience in a concrete and understandable way, while metaphors that appear in everyday Korean speech reflect conceptualization and are understood as a normal, natural phenomenon. From this point of view, in this study, the Korean idioms of the destructive emotion of anger are considered as conditional expressions created in the process of experiencing and conceptualizing anger.

3.2.1 Conceptual metaphors of anger

Conceptual metaphors of the Korean language can be defined as a tool by which abstract events, actions, emotions and thoughts are perceived and visualized in the form of concrete objects or substances. In other words, conceptual metaphors in the Korean language contribute to the realization of the perception of objects with unclear boundaries, and to make such boundaries clearer. A person experiences emotions, which, in turn, are intangible. However, if the tool is used in the form of numerous linguistic expressions, it is possible to determine emotional experiences as concepts with obvious boundaries.

It should be assumed that idioms expressing anger are related to a conceptual way of thinking. To do this, it is necessary to determine how the destructive emotion of anger is conceptually formed and expressed in language. The position of this study is that idioms for expressing anger are related to a person's conceptual way of thinking. Thus, idioms expressing anger are expressions created based on the usual idea of anger.

Metaphor is a natural phenomenon, conceptual metaphor acts as a natural part of human thinking, and linguistic metaphor is a natural part of any language. It should be added that the types and meanings of metaphors depend on the cultural environment, the physiology of the human body, its interaction in the physical environment, as well as social practices.

Table 10.

The above Korean expressions are idioms expressing anger, but the interpretation of the expressions "I'm angry" cannot be found in any of the components of each of these idioms, due to the fact that the meaning of these expressions is conveyed not through words, but through conceptual metaphors. Thus, based on the above, we can conclude the following:

1) Conceptual metaphors are systematic, i.e. there is a fixed correspondence between the domain that is the object of understanding and the domain that is used for understanding;

2) Conceptual metaphors are usually understood based on shared experience;

3) Conceptual metaphors are mostly unconscious, and their cognitive action is almost automatic.;

4) Conceptual metaphors are deeply integrated into the language. That is, there are numerous words and idiomatic expressions in the language based on conceptual metaphors.;

In the Korean language, namely in the conceptual metaphor (anger is an entity), abstract anger is understood as a concrete entity. To understand and verbalize the concept, it is necessary to metaphorically project the experience of a specific entity onto the abstract concept of anger. There is a similarity between the experience of "anger" and the experience of a "human", so it is possible to understand "anger" from the point of view of a "human". Understanding and structuring "anger" from this perspective is possible because there is an empirical correlation between them. However, considering something abstract as a much more concrete object allows for a much more detailed understanding of the speaker's speech.

Conclusion

The results of our analysis allow us to draw some particular conclusions, namely that the Korean idioms expressing the destructive emotion of anger are partially synthetic and their metaphorical meaning is motivated by the principle of metonymy of the physiological reaction formed when anger arises, or is motivated by metaphorical knowledge of the area indicated by the idiom expressing anger.

Along with this, it should be noted that knowledge of the metaphorical connections between source and target areas provides the basis for the proper use and interpretation of idioms in specific discursive situations. A person who speaks Korean understands and experiences the abstract, intangible emotion of anger as a real object, feeling it by metaphorically projecting the experience of a specific entity onto the abstract concept of emotion. Considering the relationship between the physiological reaction of anger and the Korean idioms of anger, we can conclude that the structure and meaning of idioms expressing anger are not in an autonomous relationship, but are closely synchronized with physical experience.

Along with this, it should be noted the following: anger occurs when a person is agitated or angry due to an inherently destructive, irritating factor and this is accompanied by physiological reactions or physical changes. These physiological reactions serve as an important basis for the emergence of anger idioms through the principle of metonymy. Such idioms have a figurative meaning of "angry", but their literal meanings are determined by physiological changes inside a person at the moment of feeling emotions.

Thus, the metaphorization of anger as "liquid heat in a container", "fire" and "ball" can be considered as the most fundamental method of conceptualization in Korean culture and equates the abstract concept of anger to a specific entity. Therefore, it can be considered as the result of a cognitive process that strives for effective expression depending on the current situation. The concept of anger is embodied through the autonomic nervous system, and the conceptual metaphors and metonymies used to understand anger are by no means arbitrary. They are motivated by the speaker's physiological experience.

The semantic characteristics of Korean idioms expressing anger can be summarized into three categories:

Firstly, the meaning of idioms expressing anger is not just a sum of lexical meanings, it is synthetic in view of its motivation by physiological metonymy or conceptual metaphor.

Secondly, most Korean idioms expressing anger are very transparent, as their meanings are clear and easy to relate or predict.

Thirdly, such idioms do not have common qualities within the category of anger, but are organized into a structure that has family similarities between similar idioms.

At the same time, it should be emphasized that the idiomatic meaning of a phraseological unit expressing anger is not just a sum of lexical meanings, but it is not created in a completely arbitrary way. In other words, Korean idioms expressing anger are synthetic because they are motivated by physiological metonymy or conceptual metaphor. Most of these Korean idioms are transparent because their meanings are easy to relate or predict. These figures of speech do not have common qualities within the category of anger, but are organized into a structure that has family similarities between similar idioms. Thus, among the conceptual metaphors that generate idioms for expressing anger, there are more productive ones, and there are less.