The Yugoslav historiography of the Russian emigration of the first wave

Podmoloda Kirill Stanislavovich Postgraduate student; Faculty of History; Lomonosov Moscow State University 119234, Russia, Moscow, Leninskie Gory str., 1, sq. E755 kirill2405p@mail.ru

Timonina Ekaterina Sergeevna Postgraduate student; Faculty of History; Lomonosov Moscow State University 119234, Russia, Moscow, Leninskie Gory str., 1, sq. D201 timonina202020@mail.ru

The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) was one of the main centers of Russian emigration after the October Revolution of 1917 and the Civil War of 1918-1920. This circumstance has led to a special research interest of historians from Yugoslavia and its former republics in recent decades to this topic.

First publications (1920s-1930s)

The first articles devoted to the phenomenon of the Russian diaspora appeared in periodicals published in the kingdom already in the 1920s. So, in 1921, an article by Luba Yovanovich was published under the title "Russians with us". The author focused on the economic and social problems of the kingdom caused by the influx of refugees into its territory, ravaged by the recent war. "They (Russian emigrants. – KP) cost us money, they occupy our apartments <...> they make our already poor life more expensive," Lyuba Yovanovich wrote bitterly ^{[25, p. 7]}. However, in his opinion, there was also a certain positive side to the arrival of Russian emigrants to the kingdom. He considered the predominance of the elite of the former Russian Empire among the Russian diaspora to be an absolute blessing, with the exception of soldiers. Another Serbian author Ivan Shaikovich wrote in the book "Russian Problems", published in Belgrade in 1927, that among the emigrants who occupied a privileged position in their homeland before the revolution, the prevailing mood is characterized by dissatisfaction with the current situation. The reason is that they will lose their property and social benefits. Russian Russian emigration, Ivan Shaikovich believed, could be beneficial, but this requires the development of a specific program by the Government of Yugoslavia and awareness of their "missionary role" by representatives of the Russian diaspora ^{[28, p. 102]}.

In the 1930s, analytical articles and works on the problems of Russian emigration began to be published in Europe. The first serious historical works on this topic are also appearing ^{[40, p. 14]}. Russian Russians could not but be affected by this process, given that Yugoslavia occupied one of the central positions in the Russian dispersion and in a large number of cities of the kingdom there were significant Russian colonies that lived their own cultural, political and social life. So, in 1939, the article "Russian emigration: History – essence – work – Meaning (1919-1939)" was published in the magazine Hrvatska smotra (Croatian Review), published in Zagreb, the capital of the province of Croatia within Yugoslavia. It was an overview of the history of Russian emigration from its origins to the end of the fourth decade of the 20th century. The article began with the designation and characteristics of the phenomenon of the Russian diaspora. It was noted that in itself, this phenomenon in every point of the globe is characterized as a state within a state without its own territory and government, but in a certain way stands out among other political subjects of international law.

The first stage of Russian emigration was attributed by the author of the publication Nikolai Fedorov back to 1917, after the February Revolution: "... some representatives of the aristocracy, especially people with great wealth <...> anticipating the hardships of the revolutionary days, they went abroad." At the same time, the author spoke far from flattering about emigrants from this group of refugees. In his opinion, they left Russia completely without thinking about the fate of the fatherland, which "was experiencing the most tragic events in these days", they cared exclusively about their own comfort: "... these people were only refugees, without any political ideology and even without the desire to defend this idea" ^{[2, p. 367]}.

As for the emigration caused by the Civil War, especially its military representatives, the author's assessments are completely opposite. The article pays great attention to the description of the prehistory of the evacuation of various anti-Bolshevik forces from Russia. In the description of the Civil War, there is clearly a sympathetic attitude towards the white movement. Nikolai Fedorov associated the reasons for the formation of the Volunteer Army with the conclusion of the Brest Peace, which he characterized as a betrayal of the interests of Russia by the Soviet government. The author called the retreat of the white armies in Siberia after the defeat of the Kolchak government and their further transition to the territory of China "the great exodus" ^{[2, p. 369]}. The evacuation of the Volunteer Army from the Crimea is described in the article as forced, since "the White Guards, unlike the internationally oriented Bolsheviks, fought to the last edge of physical capabilities" ^{[2, p. 370]}. Nikolai Fedorov highly appreciated the role of P. N. Wrangel, the commander–in-chief of the White Guard units in the Crimea in 1920, in organizing this process. He considered the drafting and publication of the proclamation of Peter Nikolaevich to be an important event. In his opinion, it was "full of nobility, humanism, political acumen, courage and awareness of enormous moral responsibility" ^{[2, p. 370]}. The author noted the heterogeneous social composition of emigration. Much attention was paid in the article to the political, social and cultural activities of emigration. The author believed that the only ideology that unites all representatives of the Russian diaspora is "anti–Bolshevism" ^{[2, pp. 367-368, 371]}. However, he noted that representatives of emigration hold different views on other political issues ^{[2, p. 371]}.

Russian Russian General Military Union (ROVS) was called the most influential and authoritative organization of the Russian diaspora by the author. This association of military representatives of emigration, participants in the white movement, according to Nikolai Fedorov, defended the interests of Russian refugees in the world on various issues ^{[2, p. 373]}. The author also singled out the organization "Russian Falcon". He highly appreciated the activities of the society, the main purpose of which was to educate the younger generation of emigration in the spirit of patriotism and Russian culture ^{[2, p. 374]}. However, the author viewed most of the organizations formed by the most active representatives of the older generation of the Russian diaspora with a significant degree of skepticism. Thus, Nikolai Fedorov called the Supreme Monarchical Council, the main association of Russian monarchists in exile, "a stillborn bureaucratic body, with almost no real significance." The author noted the originality of Eurasianism, a new political ideology that arose among representatives of the Russian diaspora in the Balkans. However, in his opinion, this movement was connected with the Soviet government through its agents, which determined its further decline. Nevertheless, Nikolai Fedorov believed that thanks to the Eurasians, a new stage of discussions opened in the political life of the Russian diaspora, which stimulated its development and contributed to the emergence of new organizations in the future ^{[2, p. 375]}.

Among the associations of emigrant youth formed in the late 1920s and early 1930s, the author singled out the National Labor Union and the Union of Young Russians ^{[2, p. 377]}. Nikolai Fedorov noted a certain ideological conflict between representatives of the older and younger generations of Russian emigration, which, in his words, was "an expression of the eternal confrontation between fathers and children" ^{[2, p. 376]}. He saw the specific reason for this confrontation in the fact that among the oldest organs of the Russian diaspora, specific political goals and objectives were not formulated initially. Therefore, "emigrant youth created a new original ideological activism" that captured "all emigrant youth around the globe" ^{[2, p. 376]}.

Russian Russian Diaspora cultural life, the author especially highlighted the active activities of emigrants in education (establishment of Russian schools, universities), organization of various festive events, including an important ideological component, which consisted in opposing emigration to Bolshevism ^{[2, pp. 378-380]}. The article also considered the activities of composers, writers, directors and other representatives of the cultural elite of the Russian diaspora ^{[2, pp. 386-389]}. Special attention was paid to periodicals of emigration. According to the author, most of them had "local significance", and "the entire emigration" was covered "mainly by only two daily newspapers from Paris – The Latest News and The Renaissance" ^{[2, p. 384]}.

Discussing the activities of the Russian diaspora as a whole, the author came to the conclusion that the meaning of his "work goes beyond the interests of emigration itself and takes on the character of an international factor of historical significance" ^{[2, p. 367]}.

Research on the assignment of the UGB. 1940-1970-ies.

After the outbreak of World War II and in the following decades in Yugoslavia, the topic of the Russian diaspora receded into the background. During the war, this circumstance was due to the difficult conditions in which the Balkan states were at that time. And with the formation of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia in 1945, and especially after the complication of relations between its government and the Soviet Union in 1948, this topic became taboo ^{[30, p. 27]}. From that moment on, the emigrants were under suspicion of espionage in favor of the USSR ^{[30, p. 25]}. Many Russian emigrants ended up in prisons in Yugoslavia ^{[30, p. 18]}. In the early 1950s, some of them were involved by the security authorities to create a manuscript on the history of the Russian diaspora to inform the Yugoslav authorities ^{[30, p. 22]}.

This work was first published for a wide range of readers in 2006. The preparation and editing of the manuscript for printing were carried out by Serbian historians Toma Milenkovic and Momcila Pavlovic. In their research, they used methods of linguistic and morphological expertise. So, according to their conclusions, one of the drafters of the document constantly used one verb, even in places where its use was not required. And a similar situation occurs in chapters 1, 2, 9 and 10 of the manuscript. Another author used the pronoun "his" in the same way, and the third one constantly used vocabulary that is typical for the western part of Yugoslavia. The fourth author often began a new sentence with the same phrases with which he ended the previous one ^{[30, pp. 22-23]}. The preface to the work, according to the conclusions of Toma Milenkovich and Momcila Pavlovich, was written by an employee of the Department of State Security of Yugoslavia ^{[30, p. 21]}.

The researchers also found out the source base of the manuscript and came to the following conclusions:

– when describing the arrival of Russian refugees in Yugoslavia and their cultural life in exile, the authors used emigrant periodicals and journalism;

– despite the fact that the compilers had a wide range of sources in their circulation concerning these topics, the chapters devoted to them were written more modestly than was possible;

– this circumstance was due to the fact that UGB was not interested in white emigration before arriving in Yugoslavia, as well as its cultural and social activities;

– the main attention of the security staff was attracted by the political parties of emigrants, the religious issue, as well as the attitude of foreign forces towards the Russian diaspora, especially the USSR;

– according to these topics, the authors of the manuscript did not have the necessary amount of relevant documents available;

– as a result of this circumstance, many events in the manuscript were explained by the participation of Freemasons;

– these arguments were not supported by relevant references and were made on the basis of the knowledge and experience available to the compilers ^{[30, pp. 22-23]}.

Toma Milenkovich and Momchilo Pavlovich also note that the authors of various chapters of the manuscript did not have freedom during their work and therefore wrote what was expected of them. Hence, emigration was presented in an unfavorable light in the work ^{[30, p. 23]}.

This manuscript is notable primarily because it was the first post-war study in Yugoslavia devoted to the problems of the Russian diaspora in the 1920s and 1930s ^{[30, p. 18]}. In the preface, special attention was focused on the fact that agents of foreign intelligence agencies – England, France, Germany and the USSR - worked among the emigrants ^{[19, p. 32]}.

At the beginning of the work, it was written about the background of the evacuation of Russian emigrants to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. A list of white commanders was given ^{[19, p. 44]}. Among the main stages of emigration were the Odessa, Novorossiysk, Siberian and Crimean evacuations ^{[19, pp. 70-71, 80]}. According to the conclusion of the author of the first chapter, some groups of Russian refugees changed their route and went to other countries, since not all ships that moved to Serbia from the Crimea arrived in the kingdom ^{[19, p. 59]}. Special attention is paid to the placement of refugees on the territory of the kingdom ^{[19, pp. 76, 94, 111]}. According to the conclusion of the first author, the attitude of the local population towards emigrants was determined by the peculiarities of each specific region. Thus, in Croatia and Slovenia, where traditionally there were no significant Russophile tendencies, the reception of refugees was cold. This was fundamentally different from the situation in Serbia ^{[19, p. 111]}.

The manuscript examined the activities of emigrants in various spheres of social, economic and political life. According to one of the authors of the manuscript, large Russian entrepreneurs mostly settled in Germany and France, while representatives of more modest business circles turned out to be in Yugoslavia ^{[19, p. 157]}. The main sphere of their activity, according to the document, was trade and the hotel business ^{[19, p. 159]}. Russian emigrants also engaged in questionable activities. Thus, with the formation of Russian colonies in various cities of Yugoslavia, expensive brothels began to open on the territory of the kingdom ^{[19, p. 115]}. In addition, some representatives of the emigration were engaged in speculation. Among them, E. Babkin stood out in the manuscript, who founded the Covenant organization in the Macedonia tavern, ostensibly to provide financial assistance to refugees. However, in reality, E. Babkin was engaged in his own enrichment ^{[19, p. 114]}. The real organization that tried to solve the problems of refugees and provide them with assistance was Zemgor, which was originally established in the Russian Empire in 1915 to facilitate the supply of the army ^{[19, p. 172]}.

In general, according to the manuscript, there were more than 100 societies in Yugoslavia created by representatives of the Russian emigration, cultural, scientific, military and political orientation ^{[19, pp. 168-181]}. The text notes that political organizations sought to find support, including within the USSR, since there was an opinion among emigrants that there were secret monarchists, the liberal opposition and other anti-Bolshevik forces in the Soviet Union ^{[19, p. 113]}. There was also no understanding that foreign powers were guided by their own interests and would not assist emigrants if it did not coincide with their goals ^{[19, p. 112]}. Metropolitan Anthony Khrapovitsky stood out among the ideologists of monarchism in the manuscript ^{[19, p. 67]}. In addition, the confrontation between the supporters of Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich and Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich on the issue of the rights to inherit the throne was considered ^{[19, pp. 347, 353, 375]}. Russian Russian Emigration: History – Essence – Work – Meaning (1919-1939) from the Hrvatska smotra magazine, as well as in the 1939 article "Russian Emigration: History - essence - Work - Meaning (1919-1939)", the manuscript noted the difference in the ideology of the older and younger generations of the Russian Diaspora. Marxist and fascist communities were noted among youth political organizations ^{[19, p. 190]}.

Works on the history of emigration in the 1980s and 1990s.

A new stage in the study of Russian emigration in Yugoslavia began in the late 1980s. A large number of works devoted to this issue began to be published. Russian Russian Diaspora Literature (1918-1940)" (author Magdalena Medaric-Kovacic) ^{[7, p. 18]}, "Life, culture and publishing activities of Russians" was published in 1987 in Zagreb in the magazine "Književna smotra" ("Literary Review"). emigrants in the New Garden" (author Alexey Arsenyev) ^{[1, p. 39]}, "Russian emigrants in Yugoslavia between the two wars" (author. Irina Lukshich) ^{[6, p. 57]}. The first article examines the literary life of emigration in Russian colonies located in various cities around the world ^{[7, p. 29]}. The author of the second publication, Alexey Arsenyev, is a major modern researcher on the topic of the Russian diaspora. Russian Russian emigration's 1987 article was devoted not only to certain aspects of the literary activity of Russian emigration, but also to the life and organization of the Russian colony in the Serbian city of Novy Sad in general. The author paid special attention to institutions that made a significant contribution to the cultural life of the New Garden. Thus, the article examines the work of the real gymnasium of the Union of Cities and publishing centers of the Gruzintsev brothers, M. G. Kovalev and others ^{[1, p. 55]}. The author of the third publication, Irina Luksic, analyzed the activities of emigrant literary circles in two major cities of Yugoslavia – Belgrade and Zagreb. In total, the researcher notes five such organizations in the capital of the kingdom. Irina Lukshich especially highlights the Literary Environment circle, since the most famous representatives of Russian literary Belgrade took part in its work – Ekaterina Tauber, Ilya Golenishchev-Kutuzov, Kirill Taranovsky and others ^{[6, p. 58]}. In addition to these articles, the journal published a list of emigrant periodicals published in Yugoslavia from 1920 to 1945 ^{[8, p. 66]}, and selected poems by the most famous poets of the Russian diaspora ^{[3, p. 73]}.

Russian Russian emigration in Serbia was also the subject of Ostoj Djuric's dissertation "Russian Literary Serbia: Writers, circles and Publications", written three years after the publication of articles in the magazine "Književna smotra". The work also touched upon the issues of ideological confrontation between the political movements of the Russian diaspora. In particular, the author cited some excerpts from the official open letters of Socialist Revolutionary F. E. Makhin directed against the monarchists ^{[22, pp. 29-32]}. Also, relying on emigrant periodicals, O. Jurich considered the polemic that unfolded in the 1930s on the pages of newspapers and at various meetings on the issue of support for the Soviet Union in the event of a possible foreign intervention on its territory between the "defeatists" (who advocated support for intervention) and the "defencists" (supporters of Soviet Russia in the coming war) ^{[22, p. 186]}. This dissertation is the first comprehensive work on the topic of the activities of representatives of Russian emigration in the field of culture ^{[38, p. 11]}. The work had a considerable influence on the scientific conference "The contribution of Russian emigration to the development of Serbian culture of the 20th century" in April 1993. Based on the results of the event, a two-volume set of reports was published in 1994. Russian Russian Emigration in Yugoslavia was published in 1996, which contained translations into Russian of 16 reports of the Belgrade conference and 5 articles by Russian historians ^{[38, p. 13]}.

In 1994, the memoirs of the daughter of Russian emigrants and a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences Irina Georgievna Gritskat-Radulovich were published in the New Garden under the title "Air Tread" ^{[11, pp. 136-144; 38, p. 14]}. The book also touched upon the most pressing issues in the history of the Russian diaspora in the Balkans. In particular, the cooperation of a certain part of the emigration with Nazi Germany, which occupied Yugoslavia in 1940, and the bewilderment of the Serbian population about this circumstance ^{[20, p. 191]}. Russian Russian emigration ideologues analyzed the emergence and development of Eurasianism in Milan Subotic's article "The Eurasian Interpretation of Russian History" ^{[10, pp. 127-145]}.

In the 1990s, Miroslav Jovanovic, a major modern Serbian researcher on the history of Russian emigration, began his work. Among his works of this period, two articles published in 1994-1995 and a monograph in 1996 "The arrival of Russian refugees in the Kingdom of the USSR. 1919-1924" should be highlighted. His first article was devoted to the activities of Socialist Revolutionaries V. I. Lebedev and F. E. Makhin, as well as Socialist Revolutionary organizations in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia ^{[27, pp. 337-354]}. The second article, "The Kingdom of the USSR and Anti-Bolshevik Russia in 1918-1924," considered the background of emigration, the circumstances of the Civil War, in particular, the formation of the Ufa Directory after the uprising of the Czechoslovak Corps in 1918 ^{[4, pp. 112-118]}. The 1996 monograph contained a detailed and detailed description of the resettlement of Russian emigrants to Yugoslavia in 1919-1924. Miroslav Jovanovich identifies five waves of such resettlement. Russian Russians evacuated Odessa in 1919 simultaneously with the departure of French military contingents, the second wave was the arrival of Russian refugees from Novorossiysk and Odessa during the redeployment of Volunteer Army units to the Crimea, the third wave was the resettlement of Russian emigrants from Thessaloniki to the territory of Yugoslavia, the fourth was the arrival of Russian refugee ships to the kingdom after the Crimean evacuation The fifth is the arrival of units of the Volunteer Army from Gallipoli in 1921 ^{[26, pp. 98-156]}. The researcher pays special attention to the description of the conditions in which the resettlement of Russian emigrants took place. The historian comes to the conclusion that passengers on ships during the evacuation from the Crimea constantly felt the fear of death ^{[26, pp. 55-57]}. Miroslav Yovanovich believes that it is more correct to use the term "refugees" in relation to immigrants from Russia during the Civil War, although the word "emigrant", in his opinion, is not absolutely methodologically incorrect ^{[26, pp. 25-33]}.

Russian Russian expatriate Alexei Borisovich Arsenyev, a descendant of Russian emigrants, should be named among the major modern Serbian researchers of the problems of the Russian diaspora ^{[40, p. 5]}. One of his articles, published in 1987 in Zagreb in the magazine “Književna smotra”, was mentioned above. In 1995, he compiled a brief biographical sketch of the life and work of Yuri Lvovich Rakitin, who was a director of the Serbian Theater and a teacher at the Theater School in Belgrade. It tells the story of the arrival of the Soviet Belgrade mission in 1940 and the establishment of cultural ties between Yugoslavia and the USSR. One of the stages of this process was the demonstration of the film "Volga-Volga". Arsenyev examines the perception and assessment by emigrants of this work of Soviet cinema and the subsequent discussion about the film ^{[13, p. 259]}.

At the end of the last decade of the XX century. Arsenyev wrote a monograph dedicated to the Russian colony in the city of Novy Sad. The researcher notes that the Novosad diaspora of Russian emigrants, along with Belgrade and some others, was one of the most numerous in the kingdom ^{[39, p. 16]}. Arsenyev highlights a special role in supporting emigrants in the New Garden of the Committee for Assistance to Russian Refugees, headed by Dr. Kosta Hadji and the manager of the city hospital, Jura Trifkovich, as well as local entrepreneurs Vlad Stefanovich and Nikola Ivkovich ^{[39, p. 17]}. The work also notes certain difficulties in integrating emigrants into Serbian society caused by the difference in mentality of the main part of the Russian diaspora and citizens of Yugoslavia. It is indicated that these difficulties caused the outflow of emigrants from the kingdom to Western Europe ^{[39, p. 24]}. The monograph examines the cultural, political and social life of the Russian colony in Novy Sad ^{[39, pp. 41, 66, 82]}, its social composition, conflicts between different generations of emigration, and the subsequent fate of its most prominent figures after 1940 ^{[39, pp. 133, 180]}.

Generalizing works and the development of new topics in the 2000s-2020s.

In the 2000s, a number of generalizing works on the history of Russian emigration were published in the former republics of Yugoslavia. Russian Russian emigrants in Slovenia in 1921-1941, 2004, should be noted first of all. The author dwells on the issues of accommodation of Russian refugees in various cities of the kingdom, allocated for this purpose by the Government of Yugoslavia ^{[9, p. 16]}. A separate chapter is devoted to the Russian colony in Ljubljana ^{[9, p. 39]}. The paper also analyzes the social and numerical composition of emigrants in Slovenia ^{[9, pp. 24-25]}. In addition, the activities of various professional groups of emigrants – military, doctors, scientists - are analyzed ^{[9, pp. 31, 33, 47, 62]}. In general, Radovan Pulko's work is a comprehensive study of the stay of Russian emigrants in Slovenia during the interwar period.

Russian Russian Diaspora students from the time of the arrival of the first groups of Russian refugees to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and ending with the period of occupation of Yugoslavia by German troops during World War II, Toma Milenkovich's book was published simultaneously with Radovan Pulko's research. Russian Russian Education in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1918-1941 was published on this topic back in 1994 by Lyubodrag Dimich, which highlighted the main issues related to education in Russian colonies in various Serbian cities during the interwar period ^{[21, pp. 38-51]}. However, Toma Milenkovich's research differs in a more detailed study of this issue due to the larger volume of work. The monograph includes 5 large sections. One of them is an introductory one, which examines the prerequisites and conditions for the creation of educational institutions by Russian emigrants, and the four following sections are devoted directly to the problems of research ^{[31, p. 3]}. Educational institutions of different levels are considered separately – primary school, secondary school and universities (universities, individual courses, etc.) ^{[31, pp. 36, 87, 369]}. The researcher sees the main task of Russian schools in Yugoslavia in maintaining spiritual ties with Russia both in educational methodology and in the content of individual disciplines ^{[31, p. 37]}. In particular, this was expressed in teaching the Russian language according to the rules of pre-revolutionary spelling ^{[31, p. 72]}.

In 2005, Miroslav Yovanovich's fundamental study "Russian Emigration in the Balkans, 1920-1940" was published. The author highlights several aspects of the topic. First, the political activity of Russian refugees and the place of the elites of the Balkan states in the interwar European layouts are considered ^{[40, pp. 21-82]}. Secondly, the internal life of the diaspora is assessed – its formation, social structure and movements ^{[40, pp. 83-172]}. Thirdly, the social life and the main organizations uniting various groups of Russian emigrants are analyzed ^{[40, pp. 173-374]}. Fourth, the individual perception of the representatives of the Russian diaspora of the prevailing reality in which they found themselves after emigration is analyzed ^{[40, pp. 370-450]}.

In the 2000s, research also continues on certain narrow topics related to the stay of Russian emigrants in Yugoslavia. A number of articles by Nasib Polibrk-Sukic were published on certain aspects of the stay of Russian refugees in the Serbian city of Pancevo ^{[34, pp. 10-11; 42, pp. 97-103]}. In 2005, a generalizing monograph on this topic was published ^{[35, p. 3]}, which was republished with additions in 2019 ^{[36, p. 3]}. Russians Russian Orthodox Church Abroad (ROCOR) history was considered in the article by Miroslav Yovanovich "Priest and society: Here is the slogan" – The Russian Orthodox Church abroad in the Balkans in 1920-1940" ^{[5, pp. 67-100]}. Separate articles by Alexey Arsenyev were devoted to Russian colonies in various cities of the kingdom ^{[14, pp. 166-171; 15, pp. 60-67; 17, pp. 113-126]}. Among the researcher's works, the monograph "At other shores and steppes: the Russian section of the Assumption Cemetery in Novy Sad" should also be highlighted. The paper examines the causes of mortality of emigrants. According to the author's conclusion, representatives of the first generation of Russian emigration most often died due to cardiovascular diseases and tuberculosis ^{[12, p. 17]}. The problem of the spread of epidemics among emigrants was developed by Arsenyev in later publications. So, in the monograph of 2011 "Samovars on the plain. Russian emigration in Vojvodina" it was noted that of the 750 refugees who arrived in the city of Pancevo, one third was infected with typhus ^{[18, p. 8]}.

Russian Russian Diaspora's monograph "Both the Cross and the Pentacle: Russian Burial Complexes in Yugoslavia in the 20th Century", published in 2020, was devoted to issues closely related to mortality, namely, the history of burials and the design of monuments in cemeteries equipped with representatives of the Russian Diaspora. In it, the author used extensive source material, including archival material ^{[23, pp. 12-13]}. Russian Russian graves Russian research is devoted to the history of Russian graves on the territory of Yugoslavia throughout the XX century. – monuments on the graves of soldiers from the Russian Expeditionary Corps who fought on the Salonika front of the First World War, the burial complexes of Russian emigrants, the graves of the Soviet military during World War II ^{[23, p. 7]}.

If we talk about the interwar period, the author touches on the following topics. At first, she dwells on the issue of the graves of Russian soldiers from the expeditionary force. The work notes that "Russian soldiers, participants of the First World War, who were buried in Serbia, were citizens of a state that no longer existed (for the period of the 1920s-1930s – KP) (the Russian Empire. – KP), and Yugoslavia recognized the Soviet Union only in 1940. Therefore, during the interwar period, detachments of local Russian refugees and the Embassy of tsarist Russia in Belgrade, which officially existed until March 1924, took care of the burial sites of Russian soldiers" ^{[23, p. 86]}. Other emigrant organizations, including ROCOR, were also involved in this. The monograph also examines the history of the creation of large memorial complexes. First of all, a monument to Russian soldiers who died in the First World War should be highlighted here. The history of the creation of this monument is described in detail in the monograph. The idea of its creation originated immediately after the arrival of the Russian military continents of the Volunteer Army from Gallipoli. One of the initiators of the monument's construction was General Kutepov. Russian Russians and officers piled up a pile of stones back in 1923 and put up a cross on Mount Ovali, where a burial of Russian soldiers was found in a moat, "very neglected" ^{[23, p. 95]}. In the first half of the 1920s, a project competition was organized, the winner of which was Ivan Afanasievich Rick. However, due to lack of funds, despite donations, the project was not implemented ^{[23, pp. 97-99]}. The opening of the memorial complex took place already in the 1930s and was associated with the activities of the editorial office of the newspaper Tsarsky Vestnik. In 1934 and 1935, two projects were presented in the newspaper. Both options were similar in many ways. Both were to feature Archangel Michael on a high pedestal striking a dragon with a sword, and below was to be placed the entrance to the crypt where the Russian soldiers were buried. The differences were in the shape of the pedestal and other individual details. So, in the first version, the pedestal was supposed to be a rock, and in the second, which was eventually implemented, the stone block was replaced by a pillar ^{[23, p. 139]}. In 1935, the crypt was illuminated, and the monument was unveiled the following year ^{[23, p. 142]}.

Considering the history of the graves of the emigrants themselves, the researcher stops at determining their location, highlighting the most significant ones ^{[23, pp. 181-182]}. According to her conclusions, in the early years of the formation of the Russian diaspora in Yugoslavia, places were allocated for refugees for cemeteries that were located <...> on the front plots of land of urban and rural cemeteries." However, later emigrants were assigned plots of land for burial in more remote territories ^{[23, p. 182]}. As for the design of the tombstones, Milana Zhivanovich notes that most of them were "eight-pointed crosses with quotations from the Holy Scriptures, as well as a few epitaphs." They were mostly wooden crosses, although stone ones have been appearing since the 1920s. At the same time, the process of integration of representatives of emigration into local society, expressed primarily in the conclusion of mixed marriages, as the author writes, was reflected in the design of tombstones. It gradually becomes more modest and, accordingly, less decorated ^{[23, p. 182]}. According to the size of the area and the number of buried refugees, Milana Zhivanovich identifies the Russian necropolis in Belgrade ^{[23, p. 182]}, as well as the cemetery in the city of Pancevo, where former patients of the sanatorium-hospital of the Red Cross named after King Alexander I the Unifier rest ^{[23, p. 184]}. Among the graves of Russian emigrants located in other territories of the former Yugoslavia, the author notes the site allocated at the old military cemetery in the city of Sarajevo in Bosnia, where 9 students of the cadet corps and 7 members of the staff of this institution were buried during the interwar period ^{[23, p. 186]}. The cadet corps in Sarajevo began its work back in 1920, when "263 cadets and 40 teachers and pupils arrived here from the Crimea" ^{[23, p. 185]}. The article by A. B. Arsenyev, published in 2011, was devoted to the stay of Russian emigrants in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Based on the census data, the author concludes that 2,636 people lived there in 1921 ^{[37, p. 141]}.

In the early 2010s, when a significant body of research literature on the topic of Russian emigration in Yugoslavia had already accumulated, there was a need to systematize it. In 2011, A. Arsenyev's article "Russian Emigration in Serbia" was published: a review of publications in recent years", where the author presented a list of the main studies of the 1990s-2000s, analyzed them, classified them according to the main topics encountered ^{[38, pp. 11-31]}. At the same time, an article by the Serbian historian B. Kosanovich about Metropolitan Anthony (Khrapovitsky) was published. It begins with a brief biographical information about the life of Metropolitan Anthony ^{[41, p. 217]}. Then the author examines the main political and philosophical views of the bishop. As the researcher notes, Anthony Khrapovitsky was a "convinced monarchist." As an illustrative example of Vladyka's statements characterizing his political position, B. Kosanovich cites the well-known humorous maxim of Anthony Khrapovitsky: "I can't stand words ending in revolution: constitution, revolution, prostitution" ^{[41, p. 218]}. B. Kosanovich's research from the point of view of Christian morality is also noteworthy. The author comes to the conclusion that Vladyka linked the denial of murder and war with the preaching of the Kingdom of Heaven, whereas the war is waged by the state. Consequently, there is no prohibition on actual military action in either the Old or the New Testament. And the sixth commandment ("thou shalt not kill") should be understood as a prohibition on unauthorized killing ^{[41, p. 218]}.

In the 2010s, research on the history of educational activities of Russian emigrants continued. Russian Russian-Serbian Men's Gymnasium, Russian-Serbian Women's Gymnasium in Belgrade in 1920-1940" by Maya Nikolova should be noted here. Just like Toma Milenkovich, Maya Nikolova notes the ideological and political nature of teaching in Russian schools in Yugoslavia, due to the desire to preserve and pass on cultural and national identity to future generations ^{[33, pp. 82, 85]}. The paper provides basic data on the organization of education in the Russian colonies of the kingdom ^{[33, pp. 82-83]}. The author pays special attention to both gymnasiums in Belgrade. Maya Nikolova highly appreciates the preparation of students for the next stages of education. The researcher also examines the curriculum and its changes throughout the study period. In general, her work shows the state of the educational process in the Russian colony in Belgrade in the 1920s and 1930s in accordance with the ideology of emigration and the legislation of the kingdom ^{[33, p. 87]}.

It is worth noting some works by historians from the former republics of Yugoslavia devoted to the stay in the kingdom of representatives of various nationalities who emigrated from Russia after the revolution and the Civil War. In particular, Toma Milenkovich's 1998 monograph was devoted to this problem. The researcher examined the cultural, religious and social activities of the Kalmyks in Yugoslavia, who fought on the side of the Volunteer Army during the Civil War, and after its completion arrived on the territory of the kingdom ^{[29, pp. 3, 8, 112]}. Milos Damianovich's 2016 publication is devoted to a similar problem, telling not only about Kalmyks, but also about Jews and Gypsies who emigrated to Yugoslavia ^{[32, pp. 171-194]}.

Among the publications of recent years, it should be noted the article by Ksenia Koncharevich "Russia and Russians in Serbian memoirs of 1917-1927", published in 2020. The author analyzes the changes in perception in Serbian society of the Russian state and its citizens over the specified period. The researcher reviewed more than two dozen memoirs of Serbian cultural figures, officials, as well as volunteers from the Red Army ^{[28, p. 95]}. The author believes that back in the XVIII century in Serbia there was a perception of Russia as a state that provided protection to the Orthodox population of the whole world. During the 19th century, certain changes of opinion on this issue took place in the worldview of the Serbian people. On the eve of the revolution, about 30 thousand Serbs turned out to be on the territory of the Russian Empire. Among them were diplomats, officials, and students. However, the largest group consisted of representatives of the South Slavic peoples mobilized into the Austro-Hungarian army, from where they deserted to Russian military units and formed their own volunteer formations ^{[28, p. 96]}. Many of the Serbs who found themselves on the territory of Russia sent letters to their friends back home during the revolutionary events, and upon arrival home began writing memoirs. The authors of the memoirs were adherents of various political views and ideological trends. In their memoirs, they sought to assess the events that took place – the defeat of the empire in the war and the emergence of a new Russia ^{[28, pp. 97-99]}.

Russian Russian Diaspora Milana Zhivanovich's article "Investigation in the First Cadet Corps of Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich in the White Church in 1934" should also be noted. The article analyzes the attitude of representatives of right-wing ideological movements of emigration to pro-Soviet tendencies in the Russian Diaspora of Yugoslavia on the example of an investigation organized in the First Russian Cadet Corps of Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich in the White Church, conducted with The aim is to identify the intentions of students to create a communist organization ^{[24, pp. 43-70]}. The basis for the opening of the case was the content of two letters from Nikita Rakitin, a student of the Russian-Serbian gymnasium in Belgrade, addressed to Boris Maksimov, a cadet cadet. Despite the fact that the results of the investigation revealed that the organization had not been formed, the defendants in the case were expelled from the educational institution. Based on the analysis of the investigation data, Milana Zhivanovich concludes that the attitude of the director of the cadet corps and individual representatives of the teaching staff to pro-Soviet positions and, in general, to defensiveness (the ideology according to which representatives of emigration in a situation of intervention by foreign states have a moral duty to support the USSR in a future war) was extremely negative.

In 2023, the work of A. Arsenyev was published, which is a systematic list of all works on Russian emigration in Yugoslavia from the 1920s to the 2020s. The publication includes several sections. One of them presents studies examining the activities of Russian emigration in general. Another section lists the works devoted to legal issues on the legal status of emigration in Yugoslavia. In the next section, the author provides a list of literature on the activities of emigration within the borders of the Russian colonies on the territory of Yugoslavia. Another section includes a list of works analyzing the contribution of representatives of emigration to the cultural and economic development of Yugoslavia ^{[16, p. 5]}.

Conclusion

The historiography of Russian emigration in Yugoslavia can be divided into several stages. The first one dates back to the 1920s and 1930s. This period was marked by the publication of separate review and analytical articles in newspapers and magazines of the kingdom. Their authors considered the phenomenon of Russian emigration in general. Some of them were applied in nature, as they were published during the formation of Russian colonies in Yugoslavia. Therefore, the authors often sought to show how the Government of the kingdom needs to benefit from the current situation in the economic, cultural and social spheres. In the next decade, the problems of Russian emigration receded into the background due to the Second World War. And with the advent of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia, the topic of Russian emigration becomes taboo. Russian Russian emigration in the post–war decades is the only study devoted to the history of Russian emigration in the early 1950s. Under the patronage of the UGB of Yugoslavia, representatives of the Russian diaspora under arrest. However, this work was first published only in 2006. The next stage in the study of Russian emigration in Yugoslavia dates back to the 1980s and 1990s. The first studies of this stage were devoted to the literary activities of Russian emigrants. However, in the second half of the 1990s, works and individual articles were published that examined the evacuation of Russian refugees to Yugoslavia during the revolution and Civil War, as well as articles on the ideology of various political groups in emigration. The next stage in the study of Russian emigration by specialists from the former republics of Yugoslavia dates back to the 2000s. This period was marked by the publication of generalizing monographs on the history of Russian emigration, as well as on certain aspects of its activities, including in the field of school education, cultural and religious spheres. The final stage of the Yugoslav historiography of Russian emigration dates back to the 2010s and 2020s. Russian Russians have published a number of works on certain aspects of this topic – on the history of burial complexes, on education in Russian colonies, on the discussion between "defencists" and "defeatists", as well as on the perception of Russian refugees by citizens of Yugoslavia and the position of the Russian state in the world.