Instrumental case of nouns in contexts of adverbialization, modulation and particulation

Shigurov Viktor Vasil'evich ORCID: 0000-0002-0765-0482 Doctor of Philology Professor, Department of Russian Language, National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University 430010, Russia, Republic of Mordovia, Saransk, Serova str., 3, sq. 12 shigurov@mail.ru Other publications by this author

Shigurova Tat'yana Alekseevna ORCID: 0000-0001-5342-8471 Doctor of Cultural Studies Professor; Department of Cultural Studies and Library and Information Resources; National Research Mordovian State University named after N. P. Ogarev 430010, Russia, Republic of Mordovia, Saransk, Serova str., 3, sq. 12 shigurova_tatyana@mail.ru

1. Introductory remarks

The study of the transpositional potential of the forms of the creative case of nouns of the type vernyak, case, hour allows us to identify the features of the interaction of different parts of speech in the process of adverbialization, modalation and particularization. The lines and nature of the intersection of these types of transposition in the structure of such substantive word forms, the degree and signs of their degeneration into adverbs, introductory modal words and particles are not fully clear. This determines the relevance of the research topic. The novelty of the work is due to the very approach to grammatically contradictory material from the standpoint of the methodology of oppositional analysis. The purpose of the work is to describe the features of the interaction of the processes of adverbialization, modalation and particularization in the structure of the uncomplicated forms of the creative case of nouns. The object of the analysis are word forms subject to transposition into adverbs, particles and introductory modal words. The subject of consideration is the stages, signs and limits of their adverbialization, moderation and particularization. The research material is the contexts of the use of homonymous nouns, adverbs, introductory modal words and particles from the "National Corpus of the Russian Language" (hereinafter: [NKRYA]) ^[15]. Access mode: http://www.ruscorpora.ru /., as well as the authors' own examples of the article. The study uses structural-semantic, lexicographic, comparative methods, linguistic experiment, elements of distributive and component analysis. The methodological basis was the work of Russian and foreign scientists on various aspects of the problem of grammatical and lexico-grammatical transposition and syncretism ^{[1; 2; 3; 8, pp. 5-11; 10; 12, pp. 57-71; 13, p. 9-25; 14; 18; 19; 24, pp. 13-26; 25; 26]}, as well as the previous experience of the authors of this article, who studied various transpositional processes at the level of parts of speech and interparticle categories of predicatives and introductory modal words and expressions (see, for example: ^{[21, pp. 34-43; 22, pp. 161-165; 23, pp. 5972-5976; 27, pp. 177-191; 28, pp. 1108-1123]}).

2. Research results and discussion

As a result of the study of transpositional transformations of word forms by vernacular, hour and case, it was found that they can be included both in the "pure" process of adverbialization and in the "combined" with modalization and particularization. There are three types of combining the transposition of nouns in the creative case without prepositions into the class of adverbs, the interclass semantic and syntactic category of introductory modal words and expressions and the associated class of modal particles. In general, the categorical nature of vernacular, hour, and case is ambiguous: they can be (1) nouns, (2) adverbs, (3) introductory modal words, and (4) modal particles (except for hour and case, which are not marked as particles). A comparison of the following types of contexts is indicative:

(1) Typical contexts of the use of nouns:

(a) It was the same young, now just a young boa constrictor, to whom Oblique had once told about his misadventures. He was the first to hear the Herald's song and, according to the custom accepted among boas, received the "right to swallow". From time to time, the King betrayed this or that rabbit through one or another Herald, and the boas have long been accustomed to this. The right to take off was considered a gift of fate, a sure thing [F. Iskander. Rabbits and Boas (1982)][NKRYA]; Who cares who it was with? It will always be a sure thing. People have nothing to do with it, these stories can be real and not real [M. Shishkin. Venus hair (2004) // "Banner", 2005] [NKRYA];

(b) He disappeared into the fog and returned about ten minutes later, which seemed to her a whole hour [d. Ruby. The White Dove of Cordoba (2008-2009)] [NKR]; This usually happens somewhere already at the pre-noon hour, that is, at the hour that in any elite, non-elite, urban courtyard could be called the hour of the dependent [O. Zaionchkovsky. Happiness is Possible: A Novel of Our Time (2008)] [NKRYA]; Violetta Lvovna wanted to sacrifice an hour of science in the name of morality [G. Polonsky, N. Dolinina. Translated from English (1972)] [NKRYA];

(c) The doctor on duty was afraid to call the police, waited for instructions from his superiors, and only in the morning the chief physician called the district police officer, and the nervous investigator of the prosecutor's office found nothing better than to entrust Ropna and Sinitsyn in addition to the tram, not without hope that a seasoned policeman would understand: it is desirable to explain the death of the patient by accident, suicide, but in no way not by the negligence of the medical staff [A. Azolsky. Regional Drama Theater // "New World", 1997] [NKRYA]; Delighted with the unexpected support, I decided to take the opportunity to ask him about the "local" life (not American, but afterlife), he waved it off, chewing: "Yes, I rarely go there..." [A. Bitov. Scattered Light (1981)] [NKRYA];

(2) Typical contexts of the use of adverbs:

(a) "The whole mine would talk. They would have given me a bonus... – They would have given it for a Thunderbolt," Severin asserts aloud, hitting the sand with a heavy fist [M. Kravkov. The Red Horse (1934)] [NKRYA];

(b) Gesa, – Pavel Egorovich explained, – Gesa rules the river: the water will rise in an hour, it will roll away in an hour [V. Astafyev. The King Fish (1974)] [NKRYA];

(c) Several Antonov apples, which happened to remain on the tree, turned into white puffy lamps [Yu. Koval. Listoboy (1972)] [NKRYA]; Quietly said so, childishly: "I also suffer from my analogies. Soshka had no doubt that she was suffering. But she won't go to confession to Father Gregory anyway, just by chance. It is better to write a note to Father Ignatius... and forget [N. The black ones. Small fry // "Volga", 2009] [NKRYA]; It happens that a hardworking man gets into an alcoholic whirlpool by chance [M. Tarkovsky. Grandma's Alcohol (2004)]; In their life, this lady appeared by chance [A. Khrutsky. The cursed days of Ivan Alekseevich // "Zvezda", 2001] [NKRYA]; He met Polina by chance, and his tongue stuck to the sky [Grapevine (2001) // "Life of Nationalities", 11/23/2001] [NKRYA];

(3) Typical contexts of the use of introductory modal words:

(a) Look, he'll beat everyone, sure enough;

(b) Valentin Alekseevich grinned significantly and spoke with a malicious subtext: "Is the old man ill, by any chance?" [A. Matsanov. The Master and the Apprentice (2016) // "Ark", 2015] [NKRYA]; "Aren't you a sectarian by any chance?" – Evgeny Dmitrievich struck back [D. Glukhovsky. Metro 2033 (2005)] [NKRYA]; I say, "Did you fall asleep by any chance?" "No," he says, "I hear everything." Dovlatov. Compromise (1981-1984)] [NKRYA]; Anton kept dragging his wires. "Are you deaf, by any chance?" "Are you crazy, by any chance?" asked Anton [G. Vladimir. Big Ore (1961)] [NKRYA];

(q) "Where did you get this from? Was it stolen, by any chance?" - "Come on, Uncle!" [F. Stunned. Second–hand bookseller's Notes (2016) // "Ark", 2015] [NKRYA]; "I've been here for the second year..." - Zhebrovsky tensed, realizing that they could easily do all this. "Have you heard, by any chance, where is he? Maybe you saw the tracks?" [V. Remizov. Volya volnaya // "New World", 2013] [NKRYA]; Anonymous hastily picked up the ID, shook off the dust from it, folded it carefully, put it in the breast pocket of his jacket. "Are you, by any chance, not Tazikov's son?" – Pal Ivanovich stared intently at the vague features of the uninvited guest [A. Titov. Anonymous // "Volga", 2012] [NKRYA];

(4) The typical context of the use of the modal particle:

(a) "Will he be able to come first?" – "Sure thing."

The adverbial transposition of the above formations has a twofold character. It can be either purely functional (actually grammatical) or functionally semantic. In the latter case, we can talk about combining transposition with the morphological and syntactic way of word formation.

The adverbialization of the grammatical type proper takes place in the bowels of the original substantive lexeme, without violating its semantic identity, which is what we have in the case of the creative case of the noun vernacular. In the "Great Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian language" ^{[5, p. 119]}, the word vernacular, given with the mark "Razg.", has a lexical meaning of 'a bad, undoubted thing'. For example: And the sure thing breaks down. Here, within the framework of the dictionary entry for the noun, the modal adverb is also given with the meaning of 'vernyak'. The introductory modal type of vernacular usage, accompanied by isolation in speech and punctuation in writing, is not recorded in this dictionary. Russian Russian dictionaries do not have it either, such as the Dictionary of Grammatical Homonyms of the Russian Language by O.M. Kim and I.E. Ostrovkina ^[11] and the Explanatory Dictionary of the Official Parts of Speech of the Russian Language by T.F. Efremova ^[7]. Russian Russian noun and vernacular vernacular, both in proper adverbial and introductory modal usage, are not given in the four-volume Dictionary of the Russian Language ^[17] and in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by S.I. Ozhegov and N.Yu. Shvedova ^[16].

A slightly different lexicographic development is found in the "Great Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language" ^{[4, p. 424]}, where the noun vernacular with the meaning of 'something quite reliable' is given with the mark "Simple."; the connection of this meaning with the predicate function is noted; the adverb vernacular is fixed within a separate dictionary entry with the meaning of 'vernacular without a doubt.’ The introductory modal function of the adverb is not marked correctly in the specified dictionary. The adverb itself is illustrated by sentences with its interpositive (between the subject and predicate) and postpositive use; cf.: Fyodor Yevgrafovich smoothly, afraid to move a branch, took out a revolver. He's sure to nail these two [fascists], still in the water, on the way. B. Vasiliev. And the dawns are quiet here...; He leaned overboard and touched the fish: – Six pounds sure. That's lucky! Yerymovsk. Three in one boat… A similar interpretation of the noun vernacular and the adverb vernacular is contained in the Explanatory Dictionary of Profanity of the Russian language by D.I. Kveselevich ^{[9, p. 77]}.

The line between the proper adverbial and introductory modal use of the word form by vernacular is often blurred, especially when used in a position between the subject and predicate. In such cases, the adverbialized form of the creative case balances between adverbs of measure and degree and introductory modal words with the meaning of categorical certainty, which makes it a hybrid, the isolation of which in speech and the allocation of commas in writing are optional. Something similar can be observed when using words like for sure, certainly in constructions like He is certainly right.

With the introductory modal use of the adverbialized form of the creative case of a noun, the transpositional process of modalation can be associated with particularization. So, in the preposition, there is a functional convergence of the word vernyak with modal, affirmative particles (such as yes.). For example:

(5) "Would you have worked out 130 percent of the daily allowance?" – "Sure enough, you could even do 150" (≈ ', of course').

In the function of an inarticulate word-sentence, a vernacular is a modal particle expressing, for example, the speaker's agreement with someone's point of view. For example:

(6) "They would have given you a bonus for that right away." – "Sure thing."

The adverbialization of linguistic units of a functional semantic type leads to a violation of the identity of the original substantive lexemes and the exit of word forms beyond their semantic zone, which occurs, for example, in the case of an hour in the meaning of 'sometimes, sometimes, at times', which is reborn when explicating an unlimited multiplicity of events into an adverb of an interval exceeding the norm (see: ^{[5, p. 1467]}). The adverb by chance, on the contrary, appeared as a result of a purely grammatical adverbialization of the form of the creative case of a noun and is given in dictionaries as part of the dictionary entry for the noun case (see: ^{[5, p. 1213]}).

Cf. the use of partial homonyms:

(7) "Do you really not know what happened?" – the editor [M.] took advantage of the opportunity. Bakonin. Nine grams of plasticine (2000)] [NKRYA] (noun meaning 'appropriate time, circumstance');

(8) Before they fished here, now they wandered only by chance [B. Ekimov. The highest measure (1995)] [NKRYA] (an adverb meaning 'randomly').

The transpositional process of modalation is the use of adverbialized substantive word forms by a sure thing, by an hour, by a case in a special introductory modal function to express subjective modal semantics, i.e. the relationship of the subject of speech to the information transmitted by him. At the same time, the point of view of the subject of the mode is represented here by such characteristics of the utterance as: (9) assessment of the state of affairs as corresponding to reality, which corresponds to the so-called categorical reliability (vernyak; see also: for sure, unconditionally, indisputably, etc.); (10) assessment of the logical structure of a fragment of speech (utterance) as a kind of clarification, explanation, generalization, opposition, etc. (by chance, by the hour; see also: by the way, by the way, by chance, etc.). Cf.:

(9) He'll warm it up, sure enough, you'll see.

(10) Are you by any chance from Saratov?

The modalation of a substantive adverb by a vernacular has a stepwise character. Its movement into the category of introductory modal words with the semantics of persistence can be represented in the form of three stages (stages). The starting point is the stage of nuclear adverbs [N(arech)] (11), the next stage is represented by a zone of hybrid, vernacular-modal formations [n(arech) m(od)] (12) and, finally, the limit of modalation is the zone of peripheral introductory modal words functioning within the original adverbial lexemes (13). Cf. contexts of their use:

(11) He is used to acting correctly;

(12) He would have won a sure thing;

(13) He would have beaten everyone anyway, sure enough.

Like adverbialization, the modalation of a word form by a vernacular has a functional nature: it is associated with its introductory modal use and does not lead to the formation of a lexical homonym. In the opposition of vernacular (noun) – vernacular (adverb) and vernacular (introductory modal word), one should consider proper grammatical homonyms that do not violate the semantic identity of the original substantive lexeme (for intra-family grammatical homonymy, see also: ^{[6, pp. 1-13; 20, pp. 190-196]}).

The modal case is noted in modern explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language within the framework of a dictionary entry for the noun case, which is characterized by both substantive, adverbial and introductory modal usage. The adverbialized word form casually acts as an adverb in the function of the circumstance of the mode of action with the meaning 'randomly’ [Did I offend you by any chance?] and as an adverb in an introductory modal function with the meaning of 'right, by the way ' [Is he a spy, by any chance?] (see, for example: ^{[5, p. 1213]}).

Unlike by chance and chance, education by the hour is given in explanatory dictionaries as an independent word, interpreted within the dictionary entry into an adverb, where two lexical meanings are attributed to it: 1. ’Sometimes, sometimes, at times’ and 2. 'By chance, by the way'; the possibility of its use in the meaning of the introductory word is also noted; for example: Aren't you an engineer, by any chance? (see: ^{[5, p. 1467]}).

The starting point in the transposition of adverbialized nouns by vernyak, hour, case into the category of introductory modal words and expressions are typical adverbs by vernyak, hour, case with partial semantics of the sign of the sign, acting in the primary syntactic function of the circumstance. The result of their modalation is the formation of both functional homonyms – introductory modal words by a sure and a case, explicating the zone of the periphery of the semantic and syntactic category of introductory modal units, and a functional and semantic homonym - introductory modal word by the hour. Cf.:

(14) Someone will turn up by the hour – and the case is ready, the apartment is gone ... [A. Volos. Real Estate (2000) // "New World", 2001] [NKRYA] (≈ ',, sometimes');

(15) "I'm not only telling you my personal opinion, I'm authorized by someone else with political experience." "Isn't that Osipov, by any chance?" asked Mostovskoy. – "And even though he is" [V. Grossman. Life and Fate, part 1 (1960)] [NKRYA] (≈ 'by chance’).

From a comparison of the above sentences, it can be seen that in the case of (14) an hour is a typical circumstantial adverb in the function of circumstance, adjacent to the verb predicate, and denoting the interval between the cases of realization of the unlimited multiple action indicated by it, and in the case of (15) it is modulated in the function of a separate introductory word, with which the subject of speech –thoughts logically assesses the transmitted fact as a kind of accident.

Thus, the modalata by a sure sign, by an hour, by chance can be used as part of introductory constructions to express subjective modal semantics, allowing the subject of the mode to indicate his position in relation to a particular state of affairs, to evaluate the utterance (or its fragment) both from the point of view of its reliability, and in terms of logical organization, sequence of thoughts and their connections with each other.

It is important to keep in mind that along with modal words in the Russian language, there are also adverbs motivating them, which arose as a result of the adverbialization of the forms of the creative case of nouns. Thus, the use of vernacular, case, hour in the introductory modal position does not exclude the use of the original adverbs vernacular, case, hour in the syntactic function of circumstance, predicate, inconsistent definition. When distinguishing them, one should rely, on the one hand, on the categorical properties of adverbs (the meaning of a feature of a feature, the function of a sentence member – circumstances, etc., adjunction as a way of verbal subordination, lexico-grammatical categories, etc.), and on the other – on the properties of modal units (the general meaning of subjective modality, the function of introduction, a special type of intonation characterized by such signs as a decrease in the tone of voice and a more accelerated pace of speech, introduction as a way of communicating with an utterance or its fragment, etc.).

3. Conclusion

The conducted research has shown that word forms, by chance, by hour, being involved in the transpositional processes of adverbialization, modalation and – partially – particularization, form both grammatical homonyms (by chance, by case – nouns, adverbs, introductory modal words; by chance, in addition, a particle) and lexico-grammatical homonyms (by hour – noun, adverb, introductory modal word). As a result of these transpositional processes, grammatical homonymy of the intra-family and inter-family types arises. The study of different types of intersections of transpositional processes in the system of parts of speech and interparticle categories of predicatives and introductory modal words indicates the complex mechanisms of interaction between grammatical and lexical in the structure of linguistic units of the Russian language.

Gratitude.

The research was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Academy of Sciences within the framework of scientific project No. 24-28-00674 "The study of adverbialization as a type of stepwise transposition of substantive word forms in the system of parts of speech of the Russian language."