Lexical peculiarities of the description of natural objects of Moscow and Moscow suburbs (based on the articles of N.M. Karamzin in the journal "Vestnik Evropy" in 1802-1803).

Li Wenwen Postgraduate student; Department of Russian Language; Lomonosov Moscow State University 119991, Russia, Moscow, Leninskie Gory str., 1 18103654701wen@gmail.com

Natural objects are an important environmental component of human life, regardless of where they live. It is not surprising that their study is relevant in a wide variety of fields of knowledge, including linguistic research.

In accordance with Federal Law No. 7-FZ of 10.01.2002 (as amended on 06/25/2012) "On Environmental Protection", a natural object is understood as "a natural ecological system, a natural landscape and their constituent elements that have preserved their natural properties". Thus, we are talking about objects that are not artificial in origin. They will be discussed in our article.

The fact that nature plays an important role in human life is confirmed by a variety of linguistic facts, including how lexical means are used in texts that include descriptions of nature. As a rule, this topic is associated with fiction among native speakers of the Russian language, but in reality descriptions of nature are found in texts of various genres, including journalistic ones. The material of our research was N. M. Karamzin's articles published in the journal "Bulletin of Europe" in 1802-1803, devoted to the history and modern life of Moscow and the Moscow region. The purpose of the study is to identify the lexical features of the description of natural objects in Moscow and the Moscow region in these articles. The work uses a descriptive method. The object of the study is the vocabulary used by N. M. Karamzin.

Studying the use of language in a certain period allows us to identify the features of the evolution of language, its interaction with social and cultural factors. However, there are still practically no works devoted to the study of the lexical features of the description of natural objects in Moscow and the Moscow region in the journalism of the early XIX century. This determines the relevance of this study.

In the articles under consideration by N. M. Karamzin, there is mention of many Moscow and Moscow region natural objects that can be classified into groups traditionally distinguished in lexicology studies, such as ^{[1, pp. 595-607],[2, pp. 48, 57, 127, 146]}.

The description of each of the identified words naming natural objects has the following structure:

- a common name naming an object (M / N "an example from an article by N. M. Karamzin"), (M and N are abbreviations indicating whether the fragment describes a Moscow (M) or a Moscow (N) object).

- a proper name naming the object (M / N "an example from an article by N. M. Karamzin"),

- comments on the use of the word and/or the description of the object (if necessary, given after individual examples).

Examples of using a common or proper name are provided if available. In most cases, one example is given for each word usage.

The names of objects are given in N. M. Karamzin's spelling (including the use of lowercase and uppercase letters) in alphabetical order.

At the end of each section, a general comment is given on the use of the words of this group.

The paper considers three types of natural objects: water bodies, elements of the relief of the earth's surface and vegetation areas.

1. Water bodies

1. Swamp (N "Vopervyh, as the extermination of lavy, drying and booty drugih success civilian activities, the climate becomes tale" ^{[3, p. 221]}).

N. M. Karamzin describes the changes taking place with swamps – their disappearance; probably, the desiccation of swamps is associated with purposeful human activity, since it is mentioned along with the destruction of forests, which clearly has a goal-setting. These changes are of interest to N. M. Karamzin insofar as they are related to human living conditions (they lead to the fact that "the climate is getting warmer").

2. The key

the keys of Mytishchi I e (P "CATHERINE wanted every poor man to find a well of fresh, healthy water near his house, and instructed General Bauer to bring it with pipes from the keys of Mytishchi" ^{[3, p. 213]}).

N. M. Karamzin uses a lowercase letter in the word keys when nominating an individualized object, determined by an attribute naming the location of the object (Mytishchi i e).

The mention of keys is motivated by the fact that they are used by a person in his life.

As it can be seen from the fragment, the spring water is rated as fresh and healthy.

3. The lake (P "The Venetian gondola with multicolored flags flew through the quiet waters of a large lake (this is how the vast Kuskovsky pond can be called)" ^{[4, p. 279]}).

N. M. Karamzin uses the words lake and pond as synonyms, but considers it necessary to clarify this usage.

The mention of the lake is due to the fact that it is used as a place of human recreation.

Describing the lake (= pond), N. M. Karamzin estimates its size (large, extensive) and "static" (quiet waters). These signs stand out precisely because they are important for evaluating the lake as a place of recreation.

4. The pond (The river cleans the air: a large pond fills it only with harmful dampness" ^{[4, p. 281]}).

Kuskovsky Pond (P "What was the Kuskovsky pond worth? It's good to look at it; but is it healthy to live on the shore of a terrible, water mass, almost motionless?" ^{[4, p. 281]}).

filthy pond (M "there was also a Royal stable and a foundry yard, on the place called filthy pond" ^{[5, p. 257]}).

Ponds are mentioned by the author in connection with the assessment of their benefits vs. harm to human health.

Citing the hydronym filthy pond, which for himself is historicism, N. M. Karamzin distinguishes it in the text not by using capital letters, but by writing in italics, drawing the reader's attention to a nomination that may be unknown to him (for the functions of italics in N. M. Karamzin, see ^[6]).

The hydronym Kuskovsky Pond, like the keys of Mytishchi i e, gets its name from N. M. Karamzin by its location. It is noteworthy that in Karamzin time, Kuskovo was located in the Moscow region, but at the same time it was a place of rest for Muscovites. Currently, Kuskovo is a part of Moscow.

5. The river (M "The ancient Kremlin with golden-domed Cathedrals and its Gothic palace; a large green mountain with steep slopes and flower beds; the river is not small and quite beautiful, with two bridges" ^{[7, p. 284]}, P "The river cleans the air: a large pond fills it only with harmful dampness" ^{[4, p. 281]}).

Moscow River (M "I find nothing better than the coast of Moscow River" ^{[7, p. 284]}, P "One Cyril Poluektovich Naryshkin was able to choose the incomparable Kuntsovo on the high coast of Moscow River" ^{[4, p. 281]}).

Neglinnaya (M "unto three hours of the evening became a terrible fire on the Tverskaya and Dmitrovka, who drew unto ashes all the houses, bivse for the white wall to the Neglinnaya; moved even sew the river" ^{[8, p. 137]}).

The river (P. "It always happened on the great plain, where the river flows from the river" ^{[4, p. 284]}).

Yauza (p. "The dammed Yauza seems to be a big river" ^{[3, p. 215]}).

The use of the common noun reka is associated with human activity: the aesthetic function of the river (not small and quite beautiful) is evaluated; the presence of bridges that allow overcoming this natural obstacle; the benefits to human health. The mention of river names is most often associated with a story about events that took place in the places where they flow. Describing the Yauza, the author draws attention to the abnormal size of the river and the reason why it is such in this place (it was dammed).

The hydronym Moscow River differs significantly from other river names mentioned by the author in that it is always used as a compound word. At the same time, it is noteworthy that in all cases N. M. Karamzin declines both parts of the hydronym (Moscow river ^{[4, p. 286]}, (on the shore) The Moscow river ^{[4, p. 281]}, on the Moscow river ^{[5, p. 264]}, over the Moscow river ^{[5, p. 255]}, on the Moscow river ^{[7, p. 285]} and others), which indicates the existence of Karamzin times the rules of use of the combination that is different from the modern one.

6. The river

The Scouting line (p. "The Scouting line on the left side, fields and meadows make up a very good rural appearance" ^{[3, p. 219]}).

The author uses a colloquial word from the so-called modern native speaker. The object is referred to as an element of the landscape, which has a high aesthetic value for a person.

At the moment, this river is called Skalba (see ^{[9, pp. 176-177]}).

7. The stream (P "It is curious to know whether it (the earthquake – L. V.) produced any kind of disturbance in the vicinity of Moscow: for example, whether some streams were hidden, whether new ones appeared, whether rivers rose" ^{[10, p. 73]}).

The mention of streams is connected with an extraordinary event in the life of Muscovites – the earthquake that occurred on October 14, 1802.

8. A streamlet (P "The smallest streamlet, with its rapid flow and murmur, enlivens rural Beauty much more than these cloudy mirrors, where the water is motionless...." ^{[7, p. 282]}).

The author uses a diminutive, from the point of view of a modern native speaker, which has a colloquial coloration.

The mention of the brook is associated with the assessment of the object as having aesthetic value for a person.

General comment

1. N. M. Karamzin mentions water bodies in cases where they are associated with human activity.

2. In various texts by N. M. Karamzin, the juxtaposition of reservoirs with running and standing water is found, and the criterion for evaluating reservoirs is their effect on human health: according to the author, rivers, streams, springs are useful, being sources of "healthy" water, while ponds, lakes are filled with water that brings harm to health. At the same time, the author gives an aesthetic assessment of these objects: reservoirs with running water are positively evaluated.

3. N. M. Karamzin also indicates the size of reservoirs and the changes that occur with them (appearance, disappearance, dynamics of the water level).

2. Elements of the relief of the Earth's surface

1. The shore (M) is a huge Orphanage on one side, and on the other is a long, boundless shore with small houses, greenery and huge raft meadows; in the distance are Sparrow Hills, meadows, fields – this is a picture! this is a place worthy of a great people!" ^{[7, p. 285]}, P "One Cyril Poluektovich Naryshkin was able to choose the incomparable Kuntsovo on the high bank of the Moskva River, where the most majestic amphitheater appears to the eye" ^{[4, p. 281]}, P "It is located along the low bank of the Oka in a great space, and spring months are flooded with water for about six weeks, so that residents travel to each other in boats" ^{[4, p. 288]}).

The shore is mentioned by the author in connection with human activity (during the flood of the river, "residents go to each other in boats"), and its aesthetic value as an element of the landscape is also assessed.

When assessing the riverbank, N. M. Karamzin pays attention to the location (high and low), length and connection with the natural environment. The low shore is habitable, but residents must cope with seasonal floods; the high shore has favorable conditions for construction; the long coastline provides a wealth of natural resources and a calm habitat. These descriptions reflect the characteristics of the various coastal sites and their suitability. Interestingly, the measure of length is a person's ability to survey an object (a long, vast shore).

2. The mountain (M "The Moscow gulbishche would have been one of the first to enter Europe. The ancient Kremlin with golden-domed Cathedrals and its Gothic palace; a large green mountain with magnificent slopes and flower gardens" ^{[7, p. 284]}).

N. M. Karamzin describes the mountain without naming its specific name, but emphasizing its size (large), color (green), slope level (with steep slopes) and the presence of plantings (with flower beds). We are talking about a relief element located in a specific place – the space between the Moscow Kremlin and the Moscow River. Its mention is connected with the assessment of the aesthetic and practical (a place for walking) value of space.

Vorobyovy Gory (P. "Come to the entrance to Vorobyovy Gory, to the Simonov Monastery, Sokolniki: there are a lot of people walking" ^{[7, p. 281]}).

Vorobyovy Gory (P. "far away Vorobyovy Gory, lotus, fields - this is a picture" ^{[7, p. 285]}).

The mention of this toponym is connected with its role in human life: it is a place of rest for Muscovites, and its perception from the outside gives a person aesthetic pleasure.

Attention is drawn to the variation in the spelling of this toponym: in one case, the word "mountain" is written with a lowercase letter, in the other with a capital letter (for the distribution of lowercase vs. uppercase letters in N. M. Karamzin's articles, see ^[11]). It should also be noted that in the time of N. M. Karamzin, Vorobyovy Gory was an object near Moscow.

Mount Volkusha (P "I climbed Mount Volkusha.... Russian Patriots! This must be done from the outside" ^{[3, p. 225]}).

N. M. Karamzin does not characterize Mount Volkusha itself, but with the help of a special rhetorical figure, he urges readers to recall the historical events that took place on this mountain.

Kremlin Mountain (M "Then a resident of Paris or Berlin, sitting on the ledge of the Kremlin Mountain, would have forgotten his boulevard, his linden street" ^{[7, p. 285]}).

Currently, this mountain is called Borovitsky Hill (see ^{[12, p. 63]}).

3. The valley (P. "The aqueduct goes over a bridge through a low valley, on stone arches, and will be 60 fathoms long" ^{[3, p. 213]}).

The mention of the valley is connected with the description of a man-made structure (a water conduit).

To describe the valley, N. M. Karamzin uses the definition of low, estimating the valley by height, not depth.

4. Ravine (P "It is difficult to understand why the Yard did not go directly to Trinity at that time, but stopped in a village surrounded only by its ravines" ^{[3, p. 225]}).

N. M. Karamzin's mention of ravines is due to the fact that, according to the author, they represent a natural strengthening of the place where a person lives; thus, the benefits of the mentioned ravines for humans are assessed.

5. Sands (P. "Five versts from Kolomna, the Moscow River flows into the Oka, among the deep sands" ^{[4, p. 286]}).

When describing the sands, N. M. Karamzin characterizes their depth, giving an idea of the peculiarities of the flow of the Moskva River (the influence of the depth of sand on the flow of the river is emphasized).

6. The desert (N "such a beautiful place, surrounded by water and thickly surrounded by old trees, which could have covered the largest building, now remains a wild desert" ^{[3, p. 216]}, N "Russia, in comparison with other European lands, is of course a new country in terms of habitability; in the first days of Christianity It consisted of vast deserts, where nomadic peoples sometimes appeared" ^{[3, pp. 220, 221]}).

N. M. Karamzin uses the word desert to denote a desolate space – a vast area not inhabited by humans (see the definition of this word in ^{[13, p. 1201]}: "Desert is an uninhabited place; steppe") (and not in the usual sense for a modern native speaker of the language "A vast area devoid of vegetation or with sparse vegetationyu, not inhabited by people" ^{[1, p. 587]}).

7. The plain (P. "It always happened on the great plain, where the river flows from the River" ^{[4, p. 284]}).

N. M. Karamzin evaluates the plain in terms of its size (large).

8. Pit (N "Moscow is not much visible from the Windows of the Palace; but wrote that bivsi with this side of the fence (pit pillars still not healed unto nataraj places) is not permitted and see" ^{[3, p. 210]}, M "Newry servant pointed him to the rebels, who killed Tirana miserable and thrown to the courtyard unto the pit" ^{[8, p. 132]}, P "I saw a deep pit, where sat miserable; saw the iron bars unto Malenkiy Windows through which the light passed, and the air say state criminals" ^{[14, p. 130]}).

N. M. Karamzin uses the word pit, naming 1) the features of the relief, 2) the underground prison (see ^{[15, p. 1657]}) located in the pit.

General comment

1. Describing the banks, N. M. Karamzin indicates whether they are low or high, evaluates and emphasizes their suitability in terms of location, extent and connection with the natural environment – primarily the river.

2. N. M. Karamzin evaluates the characteristics of the Earth's surface according to the parameters "size", "height", "depth" and "color".

3. N. M. Karamzin is interested in the relationship and mutual influence of the relief of the earth's surface and human activity.

3. Areas of vegetation

1. Forest (M "of the tree are falling, the forest thins, revealing views of the surrounding area" ^{[16, p. 305]}, M, "Where people reproduce, Tam (especially unto the Northern lands) disappear LSA" ^{[3, p. 221]}, P "tut before they were solid LSA, which, wrote, stretched further to the North, that is, toward the Pereslavl" ^{[3, p. 220]}, P "Present cheerful meadows and fields were nagda or bloomy or thick Lamy" ^{[3, p. 220]}, P "seven Miles from Trinity open, and greenery lavy, Golden heads of the churches of her, Vokrug a huge bell tower, similar to the majestic pillar" ^{[3, p. 225]}, P "Vopervyh, as the extermination of lavy, drying and booty drugih success civilian activities, the climate becomes tale" ^{[3, p. 221]}).

When describing the forests of Moscow and the Moscow region, N. M. Karamzin reports on the changes taking place with them: they are thinning, disappearing, and being exterminated. In most of the fragments, the author associates these changes with the human impact on nature, while evaluating it positively. Describing the forests of the Moscow region, the author specifically mentions their density and color.

2. Meadow (P. "The present cheerful meadows and fields were once either a swamp or a dense meadow" ^{[3, p. 220]}, P. "Tailors and shoemakers with their wives and children tear flowers in the meadows, and with bouquets return to the city" ^{[7, p. 281]}, P. "or to a good view, or to a vast meadow, or to a picturesque game" ^{[7, p. 282]}).

N. M. Karamzin gives an assessment of the meadows near Moscow, indicating their size and function: examples show that meadows are perceived by the author as a place where you can walk and enjoy the beauties of nature.

3. The field (P. "The Scaub river on the left side", fields and meadows make up a very good rural appearance" ^{[3, p. 219]}, P. "The present cheerful meadows and fields were once either a swamp or a dense forest" ^{[3, p. 220]}, P. "they did not know how lovely the landscapes were to the eyes fields, and how the village air is necessary for health" ^{[7, p. 280]}).

N. M. Karamzin draws attention to fields primarily from the point of view of their aesthetic value for humans.

4. The grove (P "He loved Alekseevskoe, although for some reason its location is very ordinary: smooth and smooth, a pine grove is visible on both sides) ^{[3, p. 211]}).

Maryina Grove (M "Residents of Moscow know the old Nemetsky cemetery, in Maryina Grove" ^{[17, p. 100]}).

In the description of the grove, N. M. Karamzin reports on which trees grow there. It is also noteworthy that the modern toponym Marina Grove was used in the time of N. M. Karamzin as a dreamonym.

General comment

The description of plant areas in N. M. Karamzin's articles is not limited to their natural characteristics (size, color, "density" and indication of which trees grow), but also talks about what role they play in human life, and how a person affects them.

Conclusions

The analysis of fragments of N. M. Karamzin's journalistic articles, in which natural objects are mentioned, allowed us to establish that the author describes them, indicating: 1) their natural characteristics (size, length, color, height, etc.); 2) the changes that occur with them (appearance, disappearance, etc.); 3) the influence that human activity has on them; 4) their "influence" on a person is an aesthetic effect when contemplating; 5) their use by humans (as a place of rest and under.). Naming various natural objects, N. M. Karamzin uses nouns; the characteristics of these natural objects are conveyed using adjectives and descriptive constructions. The author uses both common nouns and proper names, while the latter can be complex words. The analysis of the vocabulary used by N. M. Karamzin for the nomination of natural objects shows its traditionality: the words described in the study are also used in modern Russian (there are features in the use of the lexemes desert and pit, the establishment of the exact meanings of which requires certain efforts from the modern reader). It should also be noted that when describing natural objects, N. M. Karamzin uses various means of paraphemics (lowercase and uppercase letters, italics), stylistically colored means – colloquial forms of nouns and synonyms.