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Philology: scientific researches
Reference:
Vlasova V.V.
The discursive formation of British national identity: the lexical aspect
// Philology: scientific researches.
2024. ¹ 4.
P. 57-72.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2024.4.70508 EDN: PYQYHY URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=70508
The discursive formation of British national identity: the lexical aspect
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2024.4.70508EDN: PYQYHYReceived: 20-04-2024Published: 06-05-2024Abstract: British national identity has been in the zone of constant study by scientists for a long period of time, but after Brexit, interest in this topic has increased significantly. The British nation, especially the part of it that was on the side of the Eurosceptics, after Brexit was aimed at strengthening the British identity and completely destroying any influence of globalization on the British nation. But despite the expectations of the British, many scientists agree that the national British identity is still in crisis. Thus, the object of this research is the culture-bound lexical elements of the English-language political discourse of online mass media, and the purpose is to identify the current state of British national identity through the analysis of the words-realities of the British political discourse. Current works (not older than five years) by Russian and foreign scientists in the fields of political discourse and national British identity form the methodological basis of the research. The analysis of the culture-bound lexical elements of English-language political discourse is carried out on the basis of online media texts for the period January–April 2024, which makes the study innovative and reflects the trends of modern linguistic science. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the national British identity is in a state of crisis. Brexit and subsequent events gave the British nation hope for the ascent of national identity and the return of its former imperial greatness, but analyzing the current articles of British online publications on political topics, it becomes evident that international processes still prevail over the British identity. The further perspective of the research lies in the field of studying the discursive formation of British identity from the point of view of syntactic, grammatical, and social aspects. Keywords: discourse, national identity, Great Britain, British national identity, online-magazine, culture-bound elements, political discourse, vocabulary, Brexit, English languageThis article is automatically translated.
In the era of globalization, the issue of national identity is particularly acute. Speaking about the UK, scientists agree that the national British identity is in a state of crisis. The reason for this is many external (transfer of part of the EU's sovereignty while in the European Union, etc.) and internal (weakening of the monarchy, the end of imperial greatness, etc.) reasons. The purpose of this study is to identify the current state of British national identity by analyzing the words—realities of political discourse from English online publications. In accordance with the purpose, the following research objectives are defined: to describe the features of the national British identity and its functioning in political discourse; to sample the words-realities of political discourse in the texts of British online publications for the period January 2024 - April 2024 and carry out their classification description; to analyze the results and identify the current state of British national identity. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study consists of works on discursive research of domestic (MGIMO team of scientists — Chigasheva M. A., Elizarieva M. A., Larina T. S., Kryachkova A. P., etc.; Matytsina M. S., Alyoshina E. Yu., Golova D. D., Shekhovtsova E. E., Melnichuk M. V., Starodubtseva E. A., Garcia-Kaseles K., Malenkova A. A., Banshchikova M.) and foreign (Abrahamyan S.) scientists; national British identity of domestic (Kornienko O. Yu., Atapin E. A., Kazakov I. V., Ignatova E. S., Gavrilenko N. V., Malkin S. G., Mosyagina M. S.) and foreign (Edverton F., Record O., Honeimann V., Painter K., Ashford R.T., Bevir M., Tranter B., Donog J.) scientists.
The research uses both modern (linguocultural and discursive analysis) and traditional research methods that have proven their effectiveness (continuous sampling method, descriptive method, comparative historical method, linguistic statistical method, structural method, method of studying dictionary definitions). The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the state of national British identity is for the first time considered by analyzing the words-realities of the political discourse of current publications of British online publications. The practical value of the work consists in the possibility of using the research results in classes on a practical English language course; in seminar-type classes on lexicology, stylistics and linguoculturology of the English language; in related humanitarian fields of knowledge, for example, special courses on political or mass media communication; as well as in further research work of both students and researchers in various fields of humanitarian knowledge. The issue of British national identity is the subject of research by a huge number of both Russian and foreign scientists. The fundamental factor in this issue is considered to be "English exclusivity", based on imperial, at the moment already past, greatness [1]. O. Y. Kornienko in his research draws attention to the fact that traditional British identity can include such values as the importance of the rule of law, patriotism, sovereignty of the royal power, tolerance, freedom of speech, the right to private property, the history and culture of the nation, sport and fair play [2]. It should be noted that the formation of the British identity was influenced by the languages and cultures of the regions of the United Kingdom (Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales). If in the 19th century the national identity of the British could be described as "Englishness" (Englishness), i.e. commitment to everything English, then today the picture has changed to the opposite and is described as "Britishness" (Britishness) — British identity, consisting of culture, languages and traditions not only of the British, but also of regional peoples [3]. B. Tranter and J. Donog conducted a study on national British identity from a rather unexpected side — they tried to refute the theory that national identity in the eyes of its bearers is represented by national characters (Robin Hood, etc.), figures of classical literature (William Shakespeare, etc.) and famous historical military and political figures (King Arthur, etc.). After conducting an empirical study, scientists found out that modern Britons consider Queen Elizabeth II, Winston Churchill, Margaret Thatcher and David Beckham to be the "color of the nation". Donogh came to the conclusion that when describing personalities important from the point of view of national identity, the British do not turn to historical and folklore heroes, but to relatively modern personalities who influence citizens both morally and financially. Regarding David Beckham, scientists note that he has become the physical embodiment of the British nation, while Queen Elizabeth II and Winston Churchill are its symbols [4]. Brexit has become an important recent event for British national identity, the causes and consequences of which are still being discussed not only by scientists, but also by the media [5]. The concept of "Brexit" is represented in modern dictionaries as a lexeme already ingrained in the language and is, first of all, not a linguistic, but an extralinguistic phenomenon of political discourse [6]. As E. A. Atapin writes in his research, today the United Kingdom is characterized by contrasting itself with the rest of the world, including the EU countries — in this the scientist sees the manifestation of their national identity by the British, which was able to manifest itself in response to the challenges of globalization during Britain's membership in the EU [7]. According to E. S. Ignatova, the British by their nature need a stable social belonging to their nation, which is why the Eurosceptic campaigns were so successful and were able to win [3]. Both domestic (Kazakov I. V., Gavrilenko N. V., etc.) and foreign (Honeymann V., Painter K., Ashford R.T., Bevir M., etc.) scientists agree that Brexit was primarily influenced by political discourse [8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. I. V. Kazakov notes that national identities are produced and transformed primarily discursively, and there cannot be one national identity — different identities are constructed based on context, audience and communicative tasks. In the discourse, according to I. V. Kazakov, there are key thematic areas in which there is a divergence of views on national identity: the idea of the nation in different historical periods, common culture, territory and the appearance of a person belonging to the nation [8]. In his study of national British identity in the context of Brexit, N. V. Gavrilenko highlights the issue of immigration as one of the main reasons why Britain left the EU, which was presented in a negative way, harmful to the British population, due to the formation of the necessary discourse in the media. The scientist also indicates the importance of political discourse in the campaign before Brexit — in the confrontation between Eurooptimists and Eurosceptics, the second managed to win, since they used the pronoun "we" in their discourse, showing unity with voters, while eurooptimists used mostly impersonal passive constructions [9]. F. In their study of British identity, Edverton and O. Record conclude that Brexit is the logical result of a discourse in which British political elites maintained a sense of "otherness" of the British compared to other nations, which eventually increased euroscepticism and negative perception of the EU by residents of Albion [13]. Modern political discourse, along with British national identity, is the object of close attention of scientists. Discourse, including political discourse, is inextricably linked to events taking place in the world and evolves at the same speed as real life — their interaction is in a constant dialectical relationship [14]. Thus, M. S. Matytsina argues that in modern political discourse there is a tendency to consider language not only as a communication tool, but also as an instrument of speech influence on the population [15]. In the study of political discourse, E. E. Shekhovtsova draws attention to the fact that the British political elite prefers to use Latin catch phrases in their discourse, this expresses the commitment of English society to traditional values characteristic of British education [16]. As V. Honeimann notes, the "nostalgic" language emphasizing the national British identity in the speech of the conservatives became the very instrument of influence that attracted ethnocentric voters to the Conservative Party [10]. S. Abrahamyan and M. Banshchikova, considering the political discourse of Britain, draw attention to the fact that among other value tools that are used in British political discourse, emotional arguments such as love, hate, sense of duty, and patriotism play an important role. Despite the fact that the British nation is not stereotypically emotional, UK politicians still use emotional arguments. Scientists, analyzing the speech of Theresa May, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, noted that T. May justified the need to preserve the unity of the country with such an argument as a sense of duty to the new generation. Also, citing the example of T. May, scientists point to the fact that she linked the possibility of preserving the country with such a universal value as the "British dream", which, in essence, is the same fiction as the world-famous "American dream" [17]. According to E. Y. Alyoshina and D. D. Golova, the specific structure of speech, the use of rhetorical techniques, strict observance of speech protocol, media, as well as the emphasis on national identity create a unique linguistic landscape of the political discourse of the United Kingdom [18]. A team of MGIMO researchers, investigating the issue of national identity in political discourse, considered the national German identity through the analysis of statements by former German Chancellor Angela Merkel for the presence of culturally marked vocabulary or, in other words, words-realities of political discourse, which are an indicator of the demonstration of national identity. In their study, the scientists came to the conclusion that the national German identity in the analyzed material is expressed many times less than the European and international realities [19]. This paper explores the expression of national British identity using culturally marked vocabulary. To select examples of culturally marked vocabulary, an analysis of the publications of the online editions of The Guardian was carried out https://www.theguardian.com and the Daily Mail https://www.dailymail.co.uk for the period January-April 2024: a thematic block devoted to politics. A total of 30 articles (15 articles each in the online editions of The Guardian and Daily Mail, respectively) of the thematic block devoted to politics were analyzed, 676 lexical units were allocated (276 - The Guardian, 400 — Daily Mail). The classification description of the English-language culturally marked vocabulary was carried out according to the classification of the MGIMO team of scientists (M. A. Chigasheva, M. A. Elizarieva, T. S. Larina, A. P. Kryachkova, etc.), which, according to the onomastic principle, distinguishes the following types of culturally marked vocabulary: toponym (designation of geographical objects), polytonym (designation specific to the political sphere of activity as well as for the public administration system of professional and public associations), an anthroponym (names and surnames of specific personalities), an official name (names of positions), a georthonym (designation of holidays, important historical events), a document name (names of documents), an ethnonym (names of groups of people united by national or geographical principle) and combinations of the type "ethnonymous adjective + entity", ergonym (the name of professional associations of the business (not political) sphere of activity), gemeronym (the name of the media), deonym (appellatives formed from anthroponyms) [20]. It should be mentioned that during the analysis, the characteristic features of each online publication under study were identified, which naturally influenced the results of the study. "The Guardian" is considered one of the most reliable publications in the UK, focusing on not only British, but also global news of politics, economics, ecology, etc. "Daily Mail" is popular with a predominantly female audience, hence the readers' demand for material about show business stars, shopping, travel, etc. Political news also They are present, but they are more correlated with world news and the news of the royal family than with the British domestic political agenda. The Daily Mail has a wider range of English—language anthroponyms, toponyms and official names compared to The Guardian for an objective reason - a column related to the royal family. This column is called "Royals" and contains subsections dedicated to the King, Prince William, Kate Middleton, Prince Harry, Meghan Markle and the Queen Consort. Example 1. «There were racing house parties at Royal Lodge, fishing house parties at Birkhall in Scotland, weekend house parties at the Castle of Mey [21].» "There were house races at the Royal Lodge, fishing parties at Birkhall in Scotland, weekend parties at Castle May." Token: Royal Lodge, Birkhall, Scotland, Castle of Mey Type of English-language culturally marked vocabulary: English-language toponym. Example 2. «King Charles has always had a close relationship with his son and daughter-in-law with the monarch said to have got even closer to the Princess of Wales due to their shared cancer diagnosis [22].» "King Charles has always had a close relationship with his son and daughter-in-law, and the monarch is said to have become even closer to the Princess of Wales due to their shared cancer diagnosis." Token: King, the Princess of Wales Type of English-language culturally marked vocabulary: English-language official name; Token: Charles Type of English-language culturally marked vocabulary: English-language anthroponym. An interesting toponym associated with British reality can be designated the metonym "Downing Street" — this is how the residence of the British Prime Minister is otherwise called in political discourse. This toponym is a metonym used in both editions. Example 3. «Rishi Sunak has welcomed the Rwandan president to Downing Street amid signs that ministers are struggling to find an airline or housing in Kigali to carry out their flagship deportation plan [23].» "Rishi Sunak welcomed the President of Rwanda to Downing Street amid the fact that ministers are struggling to find an airline or accommodation in Kigali to implement their main deportation plan" Token: Rishi Sunak Type of English-language culturally marked vocabulary: English-language anthroponym; Token: the Rwandan president Type of English-language culturally marked vocabulary: ethnonym and combinations of the type "ethnonymous adjective + entity" of a different kind; Token: president Type of English-language culturally marked vocabulary: an official name of a different kind; Token: ministers Type of English-language culturally marked vocabulary: English-language official name; Token: Downing Street Type of English-language culturally marked vocabulary: English-language toponym; Token: Kigali The type of English-language culturally marked vocabulary: a toponym of a different kind. The meanings of polytonyms, georthonyms, ethnonyms and gemeronyms are almost identical in both editions. Documentonyms are completely absent from The Guardian edition, but are contained in The Daily Mail. Example 4. «I am proud that today I'll be the first Labour Party leader in over 30 years to visit the shipyard of Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria, to see these incredible boats being built [24].» "I am proud that today I will be the first leader of the Labour Party in 30 years to visit the shipyard in Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria, to see how these incredible boats are being built." Token: Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria Type of English-language culturally marked vocabulary: English-language toponym; The token: Labour Party leader Type of English-language culturally marked vocabulary: English-language official name; The token: Labour Party Type of English-language culturally marked vocabulary: English-language polytone. The importance of Brexit and its consequences for the British is confirmed by the fact that the georthonym "Brexit" is used in both publications, the Daily Mail also contains the documentonym "the Windsor Framework" — an agreement signed by the United Kingdom and the EU because of Brexit. Example 5. «Praising the political leaders in Northern Ireland, Mr Harris said: 'I think British Irish relationships are a lot better now than they were even a year ago, thanks to the Windsor Framework [25].» "Praising the political leaders of Northern Ireland, Mr. Harris stated: "I think British-Irish relations are much better now than they were even a year ago, thanks to the Windsor Agreement." Token: Northern Ireland Type of English-language culturally marked vocabulary: English-language toponym; Token: Harris Type of English-language culturally marked vocabulary: an anthroponym of a different kind; Token: British Irish relations Type of English-language culturally marked vocabulary: English-language ethnonym and combinations of the type "ethnonymous adjective + noun."; Token: the Windsor Framework Type of English-language culturally marked vocabulary: English-language documentonym. Example 6. «Gove also told the podcast, which is running a mini-series about the referendum called The Brexit Plots, that he had decided to stand to become leader of the Conservatives, and prime minister, after losing confidence in Boris Johnson’s suitability for the role [26].» "Gove also told the podcast, which airs a mini-series about the referendum called Brexit Plots, that he decided to run for Conservative leader and prime minister after he lost confidence that Boris Johnson was suitable for the role." Token: Gove, Boris Johnson Type of English-language culturally marked vocabulary: English-language anthroponym; The token: Brexit Type of English-language culturally marked vocabulary: English-language georthonym; Token: the Conservatives Type of English-language culturally marked vocabulary: English-language polytonym; Token: prime minister, leader of the Conservatives Type of English-language culturally marked vocabulary: English-language official name. English-language ergonyms are absent in both analyzed media, but they contain foreign-language lexemes-ergonyms. Example 7. «In its annual reports on the death penalty around the world, Amnesty international does not include figures from Vietnam on account of a lack of data. [27].» "Amnesty International does not include data on Vietnam in its annual reports on the death penalty worldwide due to a lack of data." Token: Amnesty international Type of English-language culturally marked vocabulary: an ergonym of a different kind; Token: Vietnam The type of English-language culturally marked vocabulary: a toponym of a different kind. Speaking of gemeronyms, it is impossible not to mention the fact that both the analyzed publications mentioned both British and world media. Example 8. «Writing for the Observer, Miliband, now president and chief executive of the International Rescue Committee, said that in order to reverse the decline, the UK needed to enter new “structures and commitments” with the EU on foreign policy [28].» "In an article for The Observer, Miliband, now president and CEO of the International Rescue Committee, wrote that in order to reverse the downward trend, the UK needs to introduce new "structures and commitments" to the EU on foreign policy." Token: the Observer Type of English-language culturally marked vocabulary: English-language gemeronym; Token: Miliband Type of English-language culturally marked vocabulary: English-language anthroponym; Token: president, chief executive Type of English-language culturally marked vocabulary: an official name of a different kind; Token: International Rescue Committee Type of English-language culturally marked vocabulary: an ergonym of a different kind; Token: UK Type of English-language culturally marked vocabulary: English-language toponym; Token: EU The type of English-language culturally marked vocabulary: a different kind of polytonym. Deonyms, as shown by the analysis of articles on political topics, have become a lexical phenomenon that is not in demand in the modern British press. An example of such a phenomenon for native speakers of the Russian language is the noun "tsar", formed from the person of Gaius Julius Caesar. It should be noted that the publications of recent months (January-April 2024) practically do not mention the internal problems relevant to the United Kingdom. Analyzing an article about such problems (in the example we are talking about the immigration crisis, which at one time became one of the main causes of Brexit), it becomes clear that the media rarely take up domestic political topics in order not to lose their readers. Such articles carry disregard for the slow solution of important problems for the state. Example 9. «The two leaders discussed the ?500m plan before Sunak’s safety of Rwanda bill returns to the Commons on Monday – exactly two years after Boris Johnson announced the plan to deport “tens of thousands” of people arriving across the Channel in small boats. So far, none have been sent [23].» The two leaders discussed a ?500 million plan before Sunaka's Rwanda Security bill returns to the House of Commons on Monday – exactly two years after Boris Johnson announced a plan to deport "tens of thousands" of people arriving across the English Channel in small boats. So far, none of them have been deported." Token: Sunak, Boris Johnson Type of English-language culturally marked vocabulary: English-language anthroponym; The token: Rwanda Type of English-language culturally marked vocabulary: a toponym of a different kind; Token: the Commons Type of English-language culturally marked vocabulary: English-language polytonym; The token: Channel Type of English-language culturally marked vocabulary: English-language toponym. The media divert attention from internal problems with articles about news from all over the world – the USA, Canada, the European Union, Asia (Vietnam, Japan, etc.), Africa (Rwanda, Kenya, etc.), Latin America (Brazil, Mexico, etc.), the Middle East (Iran, Israel, etc.), etc. Various methods are used to manipulate readers' minds, for example, imposing the fear of World War III in connection with current events in the Middle East. Example 10. «It comes after footage was released of the moment Iran began its attack, as the world holds its breath over fears of World War III [29]. » "This happened after footage was released capturing the moment the Iranian attack began, when the world held its breath for fear of World War III." Token: Iran The type of English-language culturally marked vocabulary: a toponym of a different kind. Table 1 shows the classification of English-language words-realities of political discourse as a percentage based on the material of the online publications "The Guardian" and "Daily Mail" for the period January – April 2024: a thematic block devoted to politics (see Table 1). Table 1 — Classification of English-language words-realities of political discourse as a percentage based on the material of the online publications "The Guardian" and "Daily Mail" for the period January – April 2024: a thematic block devoted to politics.
Quantitatively, the results of the study amount to 676 lexical units (276 — "The Guardian", 400 — "Daily Mail"), of which toponyms (67 — "The Guardian", 104 — "Daily Mail"), polytonyms (39 — "The Guardian", 37 — "Daily Mail"), anthroponyms (99 — "The Guardian", 125 — "Daily Mail"), official names (28 — "The Guardian", 82 — "Daily Mail"), georthonyms (2 — "The Guardian", 7 — "Daily Mail"), documentonyms (0 — "The Guardian", 5 — "Daily Mail"), ethnonyms (19 — "The Guardian", 17 — "Daily Mail") and combinations such as "ethnonymous adjective + noun", ergonyms (11 — "The Guardian", 10 — "Daily Mail"), gemeronyms (11 — "The Guardian", 13 — "Daily Mail"), deonyms (0 — "The Guardian", 0 — "Daily Mail"). The largest number of English-language words —realities of political discourse — 50% and 43% - have georthonyms, which suggests that the national British identity is still viable despite the deep crisis and reminds itself in the media with the help of important dates and events for the nation. The study revealed that there is no predominance of English lexemes over other lexemes in any class of English-language reality words, which allows us to conclude that the crisis of national identity, despite Brexit, is still progressing. At this stage of the national identity crisis, the British media is faced with the task of diverting readers' attention from the state problems that have filled their teeth, for example, the immigration crisis, with the help of a huge amount of news from all parts of the world; articles about the scandal over the sale of titles almost a century ago, with which the British royal family is associated [21]; publications about how King Charles III helped Prince William and Kate Middleton choose the music for their wedding, which took place in 2011 [22], etc. In this study, an attempt was made to find evidence (or refutation) of the British crisis of national identity by analyzing culturally labeled vocabulary, which in political discourse is an indicator of national identity. Thus, by analyzing relevant articles of the English-language media on political topics, it was proved that the main focus of attention of the British audience, even after Brexit, still lies in the international, not national, plane. References
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