Phraseological microsystem "Deviant human behavior" in Russian, Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar languages

Grozyan Nina Fedorovna Doctor of Philology Associate Professor Department of Russian and Ukrainian Philology, Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University named after Fevzi Yakubov 295015, Russia, Republic of Crimea, Simferopol, lane Educational, 8 n.f.grozyan@mail.ru Other publications by this author     Prudnikova Tatiana Ivanovna PhD in Philology Associate Professor, Department of Russian and Ukrainian Philology, Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University named after Fevzi Yakubov 295047, Russia, Republic of Crimea, Simferopol, Heroes of Stalingrad str., 9, sq. 60 t.i.prudnikova@inbox.ru Other publications by this author

Ibragimova Venera Fevzievna PhD in Philology Associate Professor, Department of Russian and Ukrainian Philology, Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University named after Fevzi Yakubov 295010, Russia, Republic of Crimea, Simferopol, Kuznechnaya str., 20 ibragimova.venera@gmail.com

The study of phraseological units by thematic groups is currently moving into the focus of attention of linguists, since the increased interest in the systematic study of phraseology has posed the problem of ideographic description of the phraseological composition of the language to researchers ^{[1, p. 9; 2, p. 60]}. As for the lexical composition of the language, the problems of describing it in the ideographic aspect have been much more actively studied in the linguistic literature ^{[3; 4, etc.]}. Sometimes the work of several generations of researchers, who sometimes belong to completely remote areas of human knowledge, is necessary in order to eventually present the phenomenon in all its generality and consistency. Phraseological ideography is no exception.

The purpose of the article is to identify from the phraseological composition of the Russian, Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar languages a group of phraseological units (FE), the common semantic feature of which is extralinguistic in nature (all of them denote deviant human behavior), and to describe the semantic features of these FE, taking into account the achievements of modern phraseological and psychological sciences.

In psychological dictionaries, the concept of "deviant behavior (from Latin deviatio – deviation" ^{[5, p. 94]} is interpreted as "a system of actions or individual actions that contradict legal or moral norms accepted in society" ^{[6, p. 407; 5, p. 257]} In the origin of deviant behavior, as evidenced by psychologists [5 6], defects of legal and moral consciousness, personal needs, character traits, emotional and volitional sphere play an important role. Scientists recognize the main types of deviant behavior: 1) criminal human behavior; 2) criminally non-punishable (non-contrary) immoral human behavior. According to psychologists, the connection between these types of deviant human behavior is that the commission of offenses is often preceded by immoral behavior that has become habitual for a person.

In the Ukrainian language, phraseological means of expressing deviant human behavior have already been studied, although not comprehensively ^{[7; 8; 9]}, and in Russian and Crimean Tatar, they were not the subject of research.

The reviewed study uses the scheme of ideographic classification of language proposed by Professor Y. F. Pradid and tested in the works of his students. This classification has the structure: synonymic series ? semantic group ? semantic field ? thematic group ? thematic field ? ideographic group ? ideographic field ^{[1, p. 40]}. The term "phraseological microsystem" used in modern linguistics can be applied to each of these elements, which denotes relatively small structures of grouping phraseological units in their quantitative composition.

The semantic analysis of the FE combining into the thematic field of the FE "Deviant human behavior" gives grounds to propose the structure of the thematic field of FE (Fig. 1), which corresponds to the rubric of deviant behavior presented in psychological science:

Fig. 1. The structure of the thematic field of the FE "Deviant human behavior" 

The studied material indicates that the ideographic structure of the phraseological microsystem "Criminal human behavior" is not branched. There are no links in it: a semantic group, a semantic field. The thematic group of the FE "Criminal human behavior" consists directly of synonymous series. Here are examples of several synonymous series of FE, fixed in the studied languages, with the values:

1) to kill, to kill:

in Russian: send to the next world ^{[10, p. 305]}, send to another world ^{[11, p. 70]}, send to the forefathers ^{[11, p. 69]}, knock out the soul (spirit) ^{[12, p. 133]}, release the intestines ^{[12, p. 96]}, to roll up (remove) the head (head) ^{[11, p. 218]}, to bring to the grave ^{[11, p. 223]}, to drive into the coffin ^{[12, p. 64]}, to take life ^{[12, p. 354]}, etc.;

in the Ukrainian language: in short, life (life) ^{[13, p. 136]}, vidbirati (vydnimati) / vidibrati (vydnyati) life ^{[13, p. 114]}, pererizati lived ^{[13, p. 159]}, laid at the mine ^{[13, p. 913]}, posbavlyati / posbavity life (life) ^{[13, p. 661]}, intestinal vipustity (telbukhi, banduri) ^{[13, p. 100]}, etc.;

in the Crimean Tatar language: ejelsiz mezargaa [erge, kabirge] koymak – ’to bring [to bring, drive, put] into the grave’ ^{[14, p. 275]}, ellerini kangaa boyamak – ’to stain (stain) hands in blood’ ^{[14, p. 267]}, esabyny kesmek – ’to end the scores' ^{[14, p. 271]}, janyn almak – ’drive [drive, drive] into a coffin; send (send) to the next world’ ^{[14, p. 253]}, egeline etmek – ’send (send to the next world)’ ^{[14, p. 275]}, kara yerge kyoimak – ’to drive into the coffin; to reduce [to reduce, drive, put] into the grave’ ^{[14, p. 160]}, kara yerge chekmek [suremek] – ’to drive [drive, drive] into the coffin’

in gi^{[14, p. 160, etc.; 2) beat (beat) someone: in Russian: give a memo [12, p. 176]}, give a pinch ^{[12, p. 177]}, pour hot ^{[15, p. 94]}, lower the skin (three skins, seven skins) ^{[15, p. 94]}, set a bath ^{[15, p. 94]}, prescribe izhitsa ^{[15, p. 94]}, namyat the sides ^{[11, p. 14]}, namyat the withers [neck] ^{[11, p. 14]}, count the ribs [bones] ^{[11, p. 84-85]}, give birch porridge ^{[12, p. 176]}, etc.;

in the Ukrainian language: oblamati (oblomiti) / oblamuvati ribs (sides) ^{[13, p. 569]}; goduvati bebehami (buchantsami) ^{[13, p. 179]}; obidrati / skin off the skin ^{[13, p. 566]}; natovkti (rub) muzzle (peak) ^{[13, p. 537]}, etc.;

in the Crimean Tatar language: yumruk sallamak [siltemek] – ’give (give) free rein to the fists’ ^{[14, p. 278]}, eshek kibi degmek – ’tear [flog, whip] like Sidorov's goat’ ^{[14, p. 275]}, shamar [tayak, sopa] chekmek [yandyrmak] – ’pour [slap] hot ones’ ^{[14, p. 257]}, akkyndan kelmek –’brutally beat someone, pesasyny bermek - ’brutally beat someone’ ^{[16, p. 39]}, zaparta bermek (chekmek) – ’beat someone' ^{[16, p. 39]}, yahshy etip kyzdyrmak – ’beat someone' ^{[16, p. 39]}, ish kesmek (kostermek) – ’beat someone' ^{[16, p. 39]}, ezmesini chykarmak – ’brutally beat, beat someone’ ^{[16, p. 39-40]}, akyl kjoymak – ’beating, smashing someone’ ^{[16, p. 40]}, akkyndan kelmek ’beating, smashing someone’ ^{[16, p. 40]}, ezmesini chykarmak - beating someone ^{[16, p. 83]}, chubuk payy pichmek – giving beryoz porridge ^{[14, p. 249]}, etc.

The structure of the FE thematic group "Criminally non-punishable (non-unlawful) immoral human behavior" has the following form (Fig. 2):

Fig 2. The structure of the FE thematic group "Criminally non-punishable (non-unlawful) immoral human behavior"

The semantic fields of FE, denoting criminally punishable (non-contrary) immoral human behavior, consist directly of synonymous series. The structure of the ideographic classification of such FE lacks one link – the semantic group. Consequently, the thematic group of FE "Criminally non-punishable (non-unlawful) immoral human behavior" is formed by the semantic fields of FE, characterizing :

1) human drunkenness:

in Russian: insole ^{[15, p. 193]}, like a shoemaker^{[15, p. 193]}, like a snake ^{[15, p. 193]}, into a board ^{[15, p. 193]}, to hell^{[15, p. 193]}, to the green snake^{[15, p. 193]}, barely able to stand on his feet ^{[12, p. 202]}, into a board ^{[12, p. 213]}, into an insole^{[11, p. 279]}, like an insole ^{[11, p. 279]}, drink magarych ^{[11, p. 176]}, from drunken eyes ^{[12, p. 137]}, etc.;

in the Ukrainian language: tinyatiya by the shinkas (by the tavern, by the tavern in the tavern) ^{[13, p. 883]}, in the mountains of sourness ^{[13, p. 373]}, in the circle (by the way) sleeping ^{[13, p. 848]}, etc.;

in the Crimean Tatar language: tutmagaa yeri ek [kalmamak] to be drunk, to be very drunk ^{[14, p. 237]}; ayak ustyunde turamamak chi ayaklary tutmak can hardly walk, move from intoxication ^{[16, p. 45]}; zil-sarkhosh; ker-sarkhosh to get very drunk ^{[16, p. 55]} and others .;

2) human greed. As evidenced by psychosemantic studies ^{[17, pp. 305-306]}, the general meaning of the semantic field of the FE "Human greed" includes a sign of dishonesty. According to V.F. Petrenko, this feature is "semantically very multifaceted and complex. Dishonesty consists in the discrepancy between the individual values of the subject and the forms of their realization to social values and norms with an external demonstration of recognition of these norms" ^{[17, pp. 305-306]}. The most numerous synonymous series of this semantic field of FE in the Russian, Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar languages are:

a) deceive, outwit, mislead (use another person as a means to achieve their own goals; supply another person with incorrect information about their own goals, social and objective reality, etc.):

in Russian: to lead by the nose ^{[12, p. 88]}, to rub glasses ^{[12, p. 111]}, to cover up eyes ^{[12, p. 249]}, to lead by the nose ^{[12, p. 88]}, to play cat and mouse ^{[12, p. 270]}, to rub glasses ^{[12, c. 111]}, to circle around your finger ^{[11, c. 43]}, to let (induce) fog ^{[11, c. 16]}, to muddy the water ^{[12, c. 387]}, to cast a shadow (on a fence, on a clear day) ^{[11, c. 7]}, to charm teeth ^{[12, p. 241]}, etc.;

in the Ukrainian language: let (perti) let the fog [at vichi] ^{[13, p. 718]}, lead / bring half a cloud (bilmo) to the eyes ^{[13, p. 520]}, let / let the stupor ^{[13, p. 532]}, zamiluvati (militi) / zamiliti ochi ^{[13, p. 312]}, circle (wrap, wrap, wrap) / circle (wrap, wrap, wrap) a circle (circle, navcolo, dovcola) fingers (bundles) ^{[13, p. 563]}, lishati (zalishati) / lishiti (zalishiti) with a nose ^{[13, p. 432]}, lead / lead for nis (for the nose) ^{[13, p. 142]}, circumvent / circumvent for nis ^{[13, p. 563]}, brothers / take on a blackamoor ^{[13, p. 51]}, zabivati / zabiti baki ^{[13, p. 297]}, zamovlyati (conspiracy) / zamoviti (conspiracy)zubi ^{[13, p. 313]}, nakinuti lasim okom ^{[13, p. 586]}, zamazuvati / zamazati ochi^{[13, p. 311]}, etc.;

in the Crimean Tatar language: bash (bashyny) kutmek – ’intentionally mislead, deceive' ^{[16, p. 29]}, aldar agachyna mindirmek – ’intentionally mislead, deceive’^{[16, p. 29]}, ayyn-oyun yapmak – ’deftly deceive' ^{[16, p. 50-51]}, Alinin kjalpagany Velige –'deftly deceive' ^{[16, p. 50-51]}, Velinin kjalpagyny Alige kiidirmek – 'cheat around your finger' ^{[16, p. 50-51]}, yymyrta kosterip, bor tuttyrmak – 'deftly, cunningly deceive' ^{[16, p. 78]}, suvga alyp ketip – 'deftly, cunningly deceive’ ^{[16, p. 78]}, suvsyz kaytarmak – ’cleverly, cunningly deceive' ^{[16, p. 78]}, goat boyamak – ’cleverly, cunningly deceive’ ^{[16, p. 78]}, goat boyamak –’deceive, mislead’ ^{[16, p. 47]}, esame okumak –’lying’ ^{[14, p. 271]}, masal okumak – ’lying, telling tall tales’ ^{[16, p. 48]}, ufurtme yagdyrmak – ’shamelessly, shamelessly lying, telling tall tales ^{[16, p. 62]}, yalan patlatmak – ’shamelessly, shamelessly lying, telling tall tales ^{[16, p. 62]}, masal udurmak –’to speak or write nonsense, nonsense, lie ^{[16, p. 73]}, iftira atmak – ’to slander, slander someone ^{[16, p. 73]}, etc.;

b) change value orientations:

in Russian: both ours and yours ^{[11, p. 21]} (about the behavior of a person who seeks to please two parties different in their views and interests); keep your nose to the wind (unscrupulously change your views, beliefs, adapting to circumstances), where the wind blows ^{[12, p. 72]} (fickle in his opinions, decisions and an unreliable person); where the wind blows ^{[12, p. 72]} (applying to circumstances, not having his firm beliefs); on his own mind ^{[11, p. 327]} (secretive, cunning, does not reveal his thoughts, intentions), etc.;

in the Ukrainian language: I am ours and yours ^{[13, p. 538]}, trimati (holding) nis (nose) behind the screen (according to the screen) ^{[13, p. 897]}, sobi na umi ^{[13, p. 914]}, etc.;

in the Crimean Tatar language: em sizden em bizden – ’both ours and yours’ ^{[14, p. 269]}, tavshan sen kach, tazy sen tut – ’both ours and yours’ ^{[14, p. 223]}, o yakta-bu yakta –’here and there; then there, then here’ ^{[14, p. 205]}, o yak-bu yak (o yakka-bu yakka) – ’so long as this and that; back and forth’ ^{[14, p. 205]}, sezyuni bozmak – ’to break (break) the word’ ^{[14, p. 217]}, dogru eldan chykmak – ’to change his behavior in a bad way’ ^{[16, p. 98]} and others.

Phraseological units of this semantic field convey, according to psychologists, the behavior of the subject associated with changes in value orientations, goals and objectives depending on life circumstances, but in favor of the subject himself and ultimately to the detriment of other participants in the joint activity in which this subject is included. Here is how V.F. Petrenko argues on this score: "...Some subject turns out to be a weak link in joint activity due to the instability of the value-motivational structure of his personality: one cannot rely on him" ^{[17, p. 306]}. Phraseological units of the semantic field "Human greed" convey the absence of certain superindividual "transcendental" values in subjects that stand above direct pragmatic values and determine the stability of human behavior and its cooperation with other people in situations where joint activity requires becoming above selfish and egocentric interests ^{[17, p. 306]}.

Thus, as the phraseological material under study has shown, deviant human behavior is transmitted by a wide range of phraseological means of the Russian, Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar languages. As a result of the study, 2 thematic groups of phraseological units denoting deviant human behavior were identified: 1) "Criminal human behavior"; 2) "Criminally non-punishable (non-contrary) immoral human behavior". The first thematic group of FE is less numerous in all the languages studied and consists directly of synonymous series. The second thematic group consists of two semantic fields of FE. The most numerous in the studied languages is the semantic polephraseological units "Human greed". The ideographic and semantic analysis of phraseological units combined into the phraseological microsystem "Deviant human behavior" gave grounds to conclude that the structure of this thematic field corresponds to the categorization of deviant behavior presented in psychological science.

The analysis of phraseological units denoting deviant human behavior will contribute to further linguistic research of phraseological ideography, the development of a general typology of research methods for phraseological microsystems in ideographic and semantic aspects.

Deviant human behavior.