Initial emergency training of traffic police officers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.

Temnyakov Dmitrii Aleksandrovich PhD in Pedagogy Deputy Head of the Department of Organization of the Work of Road Traffic Safety Protection Units of the V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 143100, Russia, Moscow region, village Staroteryaevo, Staroteryaevo, 1 Dima-terjewo@rambler.ru Other publications by this author

Ruzin Aleksandr Andreevich Lecturer of the Department of units activities organization of road traffic safety, Moscow regional division of the Moscow University of Ministry Internal Affairs of Russia named in honor of V. Y. Kikotya 143100, Russia, Moscow region, village Staroteryaevo, Nikolay Grigoriev str., 1 ruzzin@mail.ru

Any driving starts with getting into a car. It is safe to say that most motorists do not attach due importance to this issue. At the same time, paying more attention to the comfortable location in the vehicle, people often deprive themselves of safety. Of course, it is quite difficult for the driver to abandon the usual location, but this is necessary, since the driver's landing should ensure his readiness for emergency actions.

There are two main positions of the driver's location:

- recumbent;

- relaxed.

The "recumbent" position refers to the position of the driver in the car when the seat back is tilted too much backwards. This situation is comparable to relaxing after a hard day's work in a home chair. However, being a comfortable location for the driver, such a pose in the event of an emergency causes the driver's body to pull up to the steering wheel with a simultaneous short-term loss of control over the car.

The "relaxed" pose is used by drivers in winter, when the left hand rests on the car door. In the summer, a lowered side window is added to this position. In this position, in case of an emergency, the left hand will not be able to react quickly, and the right hand is unable to hold the steering wheel. This driving style is incompatible with a willingness to react quickly ^{[1, p. 152]}.

If you imagine the steering wheel in the form of a dial, it is advisable to set the grip of the left hand to the point corresponding to the number "9", and the right hand to the point "3", so that, without losing control of the steering wheel, the driver can interact with the controls of the car both on and behind the steering wheel (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. The position of the hands on the steering wheel

You should try to hold the steering wheel with both hands at the same time and the so-called "closed" grip. In the case of an "open" grip, when the wheel hits a curb or bump, it will be difficult for the driver to keep the steering wheel in a stable position. The "closed" grip allows for greater control at the expense of the thumbs. For ease of driving, as well as for less energy consumption of the body spent on holding the steering wheel, the hands should hang on the steering wheel, rotating it due to their weight. At the same time, the shoulders should be relaxed.

As mentioned above, in the event that the seat back is tilted too far back, then the human body begins to rest (relax), in an emergency, the driver will always pull up to the steering wheel, losing precious seconds and control over the steering wheel. The recommended seat back tilt angle is 100°. The driver's shoulders are pressed against the back of the seat. (Fig. 2). Perhaps at first such a position will seem uncomfortable to a driver accustomed to the "recumbent" position, but only it is the only correct one, providing the driver with control over the car, for example, at the moment of skidding, and the maximum reaction speed in an extreme situation ^{[2, p. 22]}.

Fig. 2. Correct driver position

Attention should be paid to the correct position of the driver's feet. The left foot should be on the resting area of the left foot, also called the "dead pedal", located to the left of the pedal assembly and used for several purposes at once:

· serves as a resting place for the left leg during the trip;

· in vehicles with manual transmissions, it helps the driver not to keep his foot on the clutch pedal in motion (which is a "bad habit" leading to accelerated clutch wear);

· serves as a fulcrum for the driver when performing extreme maneuvers.

If the left leg is not in the specified position when moving, then when turning, the driver's body will tilt in one direction or another.

Fig. 3. The location of the driver's legs

The correct position of the right foot is between the gas pedal and the brake, with the heel slightly sunk deep. This position ensures a safe transfer of the foot from the gas pedal to the brake and back without lifting the heel from the floor, for example, when a car hits a bumpy road, when in the case of lifting the heel of the right foot from the floor when transferring the foot from the pedal to the pedal, there may be cases of non-falling on the desired pedal (Fig. 3-4).

Fig. 4. Moving the right foot

If all the above requirements are met, the driver forms a so-called "stability triangle", which includes:

- shoulders pressed against the back of the seat;

- the left leg, located in a resting place;

- the heel of the right foot, resting on the floor.

Let's now consider driving a car with one hand.

When turning the steering wheel with one hand, the grip should also be carried out at the points of the imaginary dial "9" (left hand) and "3" o'clock (right hand). When gripping both with the left and right hand and turning both to the right and to the left, the hand reaches point 6, after which, releasing the grip, the driver must intercept the steering wheel rim by rolling his hand over the hand, or rather its back side (Fig. 5-8).

Fig. 5. The initial position of the left hand

Fig. 6. The extreme position of the left hand

Fig.7. Interception in the lower position

Fig. 8. Return to the starting position

This method makes it possible to expand the brush immediately by 180°, while not losing contact with the steering wheel. Thus, the transition from downward thrust to the opposite thrust, that is, upward, is carried out. With a calm interception of the steering wheel, the interception itself is carried out on an imaginary dial at points from 6 to 11 o'clock. To reduce the interception time, it is necessary to lift the elbow joint up during the specified maneuver, thereby reducing the interception by 2 hours.

After the driver has assumed an optimally safe driving position, it is necessary to adjust the mirrors. The reflection in the side mirrors should reflect the traffic situation behind the car, as well as a small fragment of your own car ^{[3, p. 174]}. At the same time, the fragment of your own car should not be large so as not to take up much space in the mirror, but its presence is mandatory – this allows you to snap the image in space. The interior rearview mirror displays the rear window, including its lower edge. Naturally, all mirror adjustments are calculated for the driver's working position. If the driver is forced to change his position to adjust the mirrors, then after each change he must return to his usual working position to check the quality of the mirror settings.

A very important aspect is the driver's knowledge of the so-called "dead zone". To determine it, it is necessary to resort to outside help. The assistant should stand behind on the left, so that he can be clearly seen in the left exterior mirror. After that, the driver must ask the assistant to gradually move away (to the left). The driver's task is to signal to him at the moment when the person disappears from the field of view. Mentally connecting the edge of the mirror with the position of the assistant, the driver draws a line that limits the viewing sector through the mirror. When the driver looks forward, he controls approximately 180 degrees of space in front, including side vision.

Thus, between the area covered by the eyes and the area visible in the mirror, there is a zone that is not visible either in the mirror or with the eyes at the initial position of the driver's head. This is the "dead zone". It fits directly to the car. It must be remembered that this area expands as you move away from the car. At a distance of 2 meters from the side of the car, this area is so large that it is easy for a passenger car moving in the next lane to fit in it. Therefore, it must always be remembered that the "dead zone" is located not from behind, but from the side, and the car that is there, and towards which the driver is moving, will not be able to brake. At best, if the driver of this car has a good reaction, and he has room to maneuver to the left, in this case he will be able to avoid a collision. Therefore, an inspection of the "dead zones" is mandatory before any change in direction of movement. It is necessary to look towards the "dead zones" by turning your head. The gaze time should be short, because if you look away for a long time, the driver may lose control of the transport ahead.

Special attention should be paid to the exit to the main road, carried out at an angle. In this case, the entire main road turns out to be in a "dead zone". As a rule, there is a Stop sign at such exits, which obliges the driver to stop, which gives him time and the opportunity to fully inspect the main road. In the absence of this sign, the driver must choose a safe interval to the car in front and take a few quick glances at the main road, while not forgetting to control the vehicle in front, because it may suddenly stop.

A similar "dead zone" is located to the right of the car and requires the same close attention. It is necessary to look towards the "dead zone" also when returning to your lane after overtaking, because there is a risk of getting into an oncoming lane – the driver can clearly see the car that he overtook, but he does not suspect that someone can also overtake him in the right lane and change into the next right lane. Every driver should develop the habit of looking at the "dead zones" at any change in direction. This habit will help him to protect himself from many troubles associated with pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists, etc.

Experienced drivers control not only their own "dead zones", but also pay attention to it at the moment when they themselves get into such "dead zones" of neighboring cars – this allows them to predict and prevent possible traffic accidents.