Crimean realities in F.'s travelogue Remy "Crimea in ethnographic, geographical and historical terms" (1872)

Krygin Roman Vyacheslavovich ORCID: 0000-0002-9840-8498 Lecturer, Department of German Philology, Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University named after Fevzi Yakubov 295014, Russia, respublika Krym, g. Simferopol', Turistov, 24 romakrygin@gmail.com Other publications by this author

For a practical analysis of the data on Crimea compiled by a German traveler, it is important to define the concepts of "reality" and "travelogue" and establish its types in the work under study.

The concept of "reality" in Russian literature has been analyzed by various authors.

In the work of V. M. Rossels, realities are understood as "foreign words that denote concepts, objects, phenomena that do not exist in the everyday life of the people into whose language the works are translated" ^{[5; 21]}.

According to G. D. Tomakhin, realities are "the names of objects of material culture inherent only to certain nations and peoples, historical facts, state institutions, names of national and folklore heroes, mythological creatures, etc." ^{[7; 70]}.

           L. N. Sobolev presents realities as "... words from national life that do not exist in other languages, because these objects and phenomena do not exist in other countries." ^{[6; 38]}.

          Related concepts for the term "travelogue" are such as "travel notes" or "travel notes". For the first time, Burton Holmes uses this term to describe the performances, which are narrated about the travels he has done. In the XX century, the concept of travelogue was more well–established - "Travel report: a book, article, or film describing the places that people have visited and what they have encountered." ^{[4; p. 14]}

          Let's move on to the direct analysis of F. Remy's travelogue. It is worth noting that the work of F. Remy, despite its name, is written in simpler language than the travelogues of other German travelers who set clearer scientific goals (for example, P.S. Pallas, who paid attention to the flora and fauna of the Crimea or G. Abbikh, who studied the geology of the peninsula). ^{[11, 13, 14]}

Let's consider the thematic classes of realities mentioned in Remy's work:

geographical names, including:

- oikonyms

a) astyonyms:Saki, Eupatori a / Koslow / Geslew, Sewastopol, Chersones, Bagtschi-Sarai / Perle der Krim / Gartenpallast, Balaklawa, Alupka, Jalta, Gurzuf, Aluschta, Sympheropol / Ak-metschet / Wei-e Kirche, Theodosia / Gottesgabe / Kaffa / Keffe / Stadt der Sieben G ? tten / alte Taurien, Sudak, Karassubasar, Inkerman / Inkjerman. (total – 25);

b) homonyms: Achtiar / Att-jar, Livadia, Orianda (total – 4);

- hydronyms

a) potanomimy (names of rivers) Tschernaja Retschka (total – 1);

b) limnonyms (names of lakes) Schlammb ? der von Saki (total -1);

- oronyms (names of land-based relief objects):

 a) the names of the mountains Tschufut-Kale, Mangup (total – 2);

b) the name of the valleys Katscha Thal / Bjout Dufen (total – 2);

- urbanonyms (proper names of inner-city objects):

a) coffee houses: Kaffeh - user (total – 1);

b) capes: Tatill-Bur ? nn, Uff-Bur ? nn (total – 2)

c) stations: Burundi (total – 1)

d) Markets: Laufchan basar (total – 1)

e) hotels: Rlubb, G ? denn (total – 2)

- burials (proper names of territories) Krim, Jaila (total – 2)

- personalities

a) proper names Kornilow, Istomin, Rachimow, Lasarew, Nuri Baffri, Gelim Ghirei Chan, Katharina II (total – 7)

b) the names Anife, Urie, Gaineb, Gulsum (total – 4)

ethnographic realities:

a) religious realities: Mullah, Mohamedanern, Minarets (total – 3);

b) ethnic groups: Tataren, Karaimen (total – 2);

c) clothing: Turban, M e (total – 2);

d) Measure: Werste (total -1)

e) military realities: Forts Konstantin, Michael, Battarie nummer 4 (total -3).

Speaking of astyonyms, it is necessary to mention in more detail such as:

Astyonyms.

Eupatoria / Koslow / Geslew. The object of the name is the city of Yevpatoria. Remy, visiting this city, talks about the etymology of this word. It is noteworthy that the author explains the etymology of the city. (ges – Luge, which in this case should be translated into Russian as "viewing slit" and Lew – house) ^{[14, p. 6]}. The etymology of the word is explained by the traveler by the fact that in this city houses have small windows. The modern name of the city – Yevpatoria was given by the Russian population in honor of the king of ancient Pontus, Mithridates VI Evpator. In Crimea, Franz Remy also notes the presence of unusual European "coffee houses" in this city (Kaffeh-user).

Franz Remy notes that the local population "does nothing to develop such an important place" (Leider tut die Bev ? lkerung nichts f ? r ? bung so wichtigen Ortes) ^{[14, p. 9]}, "neither good rural houses nor a sufficient choice of food can be found here" (Man findet hier weder gute Landh ? user noch hinreichende Auswahl von Lebensmittel" ^{[14, p. 10]}, "Tatars and Karaites do not completely reject foreigners. Their egoism goes beyond all bounds" (Tataren und Karaimen nehmen Fremde gar nicht auf. Hat Ihre Egoismus zu extrem ausgebildet») ^{[14, c. 8]}.

Sewastopol. The object of the name is the city of Sevastopol. The traveler notes Konstantinovskaya, Mikhailovskaya and Battery number 4 (Forts Konstantin, Michael und die Batterie Nummer 4). The traveler mentions a village that once existed near the city of Sevastopol, namely Akhtiyar (Die Bucht, an welcher das tatarische D?rfer Achtiar oder Att–jar lag war im Jahre 1783 zum ersten Mal von den Russischen Flotte bei Gelegenheit Einverleibung der Krim befe?t.) This settlement, which was formerly under the rule of the Mangup kadylyk, was renamed in 1784, to Sevastopol by order of Catherine II (Das Dorf welches unter der Botm?sigkeit Mangups stand, war 1784 auf Befehl der Katharina II in Sewastopol unbenannt zur Erinnerung an das ersten Jahrhunderten). In this city, Remy visits the graves of Russian military figures. These are the graves of Kornilov, Istomin, Rakhimov, Lazarev (Admirale Kornilow, Lasrew).

Inkerman. The object of the name is the city of Inkerman. Remy himself notes that it would be more correct, from his point of view, to write and pronounce with the letter j: richtiger Inkjerman ^[14].

Bagtschi-Sarai / Perle der Krim / Gartenpallast. The object of the name is Bakhchisarai. Unlike Yevpatoria, this city made a much stronger impression on the traveler. Franz Remy calls it the "pearl of the Crimea" (Perle der Krim). The traveler stops at the gostiny dvor called "Khan-Sarai" (Gasthaus "Chan-Sarai"). The author liked the hospitality of the Crimean Tatars in this city. Remy also notes that some of them speak Russian well, and many speak fluently. Franz Remy, like P.S. Pallas, adapts the toponym Bakhchisarai for the German–speaking reader - "Garten Pallast". In the city, the author observes the evening prayer of the Crimean Tatars, which also makes a great impression on the author. When describing in detail the process of prayer, one can find such realities as: Mullah (Mullah) – an Islamic cleric, an expert in the Koran, as well as headdresses that the author observed among residents of the city of Bakhchisarai – turban for men and Fez for women ^{[14, p. 55]}.

Alupka. The object of the name is the city of Alupka. Visiting Alupka, Franz Remy notes that the city has become very famous in Russia.

Jalta. The object of the name is the city of Yalta. In this city, Remy celebrates the beautiful panorama (Ein wundervolles Panorama).

Sympheropol. The object of the name is the city of Simferopol. The author also mentions Ak Mosque (Ak–Metschet, Wei-e Kirche) under both the first and second variants. Describing the city, Franz Remy emphasizes that part of the city looks modern, "European", and part does not. At the same time, it indicates an unfavorable distribution of space in the city (Platzverschwendung) ^{[14, p. 183]}.

Karassubasar. The object of the name is the city of Belogorsk. Having visited this city, Remy notes that after his visit to Bakhchisarai, this city cannot significantly surprise, but emphasizes the large number of religious institutions – 23 mosques, 5 churches, 4 synagogues.

Theodosia / Gottesgabe / Kaffa / Keffe. The object of the name is the city of Feodosia. Many names of the city of Feodosia can be found in the author's work. This is Theodosia, which the author translates as "the gift of God" (Gottesgabe), old Tavria (alte Taurien), as well as "the city of the seven gods" (Stadt der Sieben G ? tten). In the travelogue, the author describes the former greatness of this city and notes the spelling of its name in Turkish – Kefe ^{[14, p. 196]}.

Hydronyms

Schlammb?dervonSaki. The object of the name is the mud lakes of the city of Saki. The traveler emphasizes the benefits of mud baths, which he visits in the western part of Crimea. According to him, they help with rheumatism, migraines, anthrax and so on (Rheumatismen, Megren, Milz un.s.w.) ^{[14, p. 18]}.

Urbanonyms

Laufchanbasar. The reality also includes the port market (Hafenmarkt) on the southern coast of Crimea with the name "Laufchan bazaar", where the author really liked the fruits sold there.

Visiting Karasubazar, Franz Remy talks about the Crimean Tatar language and writes that the Crimean Tatar language is a dialect of Turkish, which is well understood in Constantinople. The peculiarity of this dialect is the frequent stress on the last syllable and in Bakhchisarai it sounds softer than, for example, in Karasubazar. It acquires the most gentle sound in female names such as: Anife, Urie, Ulife and so on. (Die Tatarische Sprache ist ein Dialekt des T?rkischen, der in Konstantinopol vollkommen verstanden wird. Sie hat den Accent fast auf dem stets Vokal der letzten Silbe, klingt in Bachstisarai, weicher als in z.B. Karassu-Basar, am weichten Jedoch im Munde des weiblichen Geschlechts, dessen Name – Anife, Urie, Gaineb, Gulsum u.s.w., das Ohr angenehm ber?hren.) ^{[14, c. 147]}.

As for the temporal characteristics of the realities of the peninsula described by Remy, some of the realities were relevant at the time of the author's visit to the peninsula. These are all variations of the name of the city of Feodosia (Theodosia / Gottesgabe / Kaffa / Keffe), Simferopol (Akmetsched).

The results of the analysis of the time parameter of the realities of Remy's travelogue are reflected in Table 1.:

Table 1

Temporary types of realities in Remy's work

The reality that is relevant until the creation of the travelogue. Remy's work mentions three historical realities-astyonyms. These are the former names of the straits of the Greek origin. In this case, the naming object has been preserved, but the reality has changed-the word (L-reality) ^[2].

          A reality that is currently missing. In this case, we can talk about such a form as:

          - the naming object was preserved, but was renamed: Kaffa, (today Feodosia), Karassubasar (today Belogorsk), Akmetsched (today Simferopol), etc.;

Among other features of writing realities, we note the following cases:

- the use of doublet names: Eupatoria / Koslow / Geslew, where Kozlov is the old Russian name of Yevpatoria, an adaptation of the Crimean Tatar Geslew; Sympheropol / Ak–metschet / Wei-e Kirche, where Wei- e Kirche is an adaptation of the Crimean Tatar word into German; Theodosia / Gottesgabe / Kaffa / Keffe / Stadt der Sieben G ? tten / alte Taurien, where Gottesgabe is an adaptation of a Greek word into German.

Remy's travelogue mainly contains descriptions of the peoples of the Crimea, as well as Crimean cities of the XIX century, quite often we find subjective assessments of the author.

Conclusions

In the travelogue F. Remy, we observe 7 classes of reality words. These are primarily oikonyms, hydronyms, oronyms, urbanonyms, burials, personalities and ethnographic realities. The most extensive group is occupied by toponyms (58 units). The total number of identified realities is 85 units. Quite often, we see several names of the city mentioned in the names, which is typical of Crimea. For example, Eupatoria / Koslow / Geslew, where Kozlov is the old Russian name of Yevpatoria, an adaptation of the Crimean Tatar Geslew; Theodosia / Gottesgabe / Kaffa / Keffe / Stadt der Sieben G?tten / alte Taurien, where Gottesgabe is an adaptation of a Greek word into German.

Based on the results of the analysis, the most characteristic realities for the Crimea of the sample of the XIX century are the realities–astyonyms, including doublets, which is associated with the ethnic diversity of the Crimea, as well as with the rich history of the peninsula.

In addition to the names of cities, the names of hotels, clothes, measures, military realities, proper names were found in the travelogue, but in smaller numbers.

Some of the realities were relevant at the time of the author's trip to the Crimea, but today they have changed their name. For example, these are all variations of the name of the city of Feodosia (Theodosia / Gottesgabe / Kaffa / Keffe).

Sometimes a traveler tries to explain the etymology of the word. F. Remy also faces communication difficulties due to cultural differences.  In addition to the astyonyms, the author finds noteworthy coffee houses that are absent in his homeland, quite often we find subjective assessments of the author.