Network of literary museums in Moscow: formation and present condition in the context of the historical and cultural process

Korneeva Anastasiia Aleksandrovna ORCID: 0000-0002-2210-1633 Researcher, Vladimir Dahl Russian State Literary Museum 121069, Russia, Moscow, lane Trubnikovsky, 17 p. 1 formuseums1@gmail.com

The exceptional place of literature ("poetry is the highest kind of art ^{[1, p. 7]}") and its author ("a poet in Russia is more than a poet ^{[2, p. 69]}") in Russian self–consciousness created a situation in which the literary text, the author and the hero of a literary work at all times exerted influence the formation of ethical, moral and social values. The role of the literary museum as a curator and translator of literary heritage defines it as an important social institution.

In museology, it is customary to single out literary museums as a separate specialized group. Due to the relationship of literature with other types of arts (theater, music, painting, etc.), in the context of the article, literary museums are also considered, besides having signs of another profile, such as historical and literary, literary and artistic, literary and local history.

For a more complete disclosure of the topic, it also seems important to consider museums of other profiles (for example, musical, artistic, local history, and others), as well as other institutions (museum-type institutions that perform the social functions of a museum, but not in full; libraries, archives, universities) that preserve, study and represent literary heritage. A separate place is occupied by book museums. Despite the fact that they are not literary museums, but belong to a separate profile group, "revealing the socio-historical significance of books as a phenomenon of spiritual and material culture, a means of communication" ^[3], they are close to literary museums in that their collections also contain monuments of literature (including fiction).

Moscow, the capital of the Russian Federation and the largest city in the country, is one of the largest political, economic, historical, cultural and museum centers of international importance. As of 2023, Moscow's museum network is the largest in the country and consists of more than 1,500 museums: over 400 – state, municipal, corporate, private, public, departmental ^[4], more than 1,100 – school ^[5].

Moscow has always played an important role in the history of the country: since the XIV century. it becomes the center of the unification of lands in the process of the formation of the Russian centralized state, at the same time the formation of the language of the Great Russian nationality takes place and the literary process is emerging. In 1325, the department of metropolitans was moved to Moscow, where the princely and metropolitan chronicles were kept. Since the XV century, the literary process has continued to develop: The Trinity Chronicle was compiled (1408), the Moscow Grand Ducal vaults (1472, 1479). There were scriptoriums in Simonov, Chudov, Spaso-Andronikov, Spassky on the Bor monasteries, the Assumption Cathedral.

In the XVI century, book printing played an important role in the formation of the Russian literary language. In 1553, the Moscow Printing Yard was founded; in the 1550s, the so-called Anonymous Printing House printed the Four Gospels of 1553 and the Lenten Triode; in the printing house opened in 1563, Ivan Fedorov and Peter Mstislavets published The Apostle, the first precisely dated book printed in Moscow ^[6], there is an increase in the number of translations and diversity translated book products.

In the XVIII century, despite the transfer of the capital in 1732 to the city of St. Petersburg, Moscow remains one of the main centers of the literary process in Russia. In 1678, the first higher educational institution in Russia was opened here – the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, in which V. K. studied in the first half of the XVIII century. Trediakovsky, M. V. Lomonosov and A. D. Kantemir are the founders of classicism, in the late XVIII – early XIX centuries N. M. Karamzin– one of the brightest representatives of sentimentalism, worked here.

Since the beginning of the XIX century, literary societies have been emerging in Moscow: in 1801, the Friendly Literary Society was founded; in 1811, the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature; in the 1st half of the 1820s, there was a "Society of Comrades" ("Raich Circle"); in 1823-1825, the Society of Love of Wisdom; in 1877-1917– the Society lovers of ancient writing; circles of N. V. Stankevich (1831-1839) and Herzen–Ogarev (1831-1834).

Since the middle of the 19th century, the memorialization of the heritage of writers in the country has been taking place through the publication of their writings, materials for their biographies. Russian Russian Antiquity and The Russian Archive magazines can trace this trend. In addition to historical materials and documents, the publications published information on the history of Russian literature, materials about the life and work of writers, autographs and lists of literary works, letters and memoirs. Literary collections containing books and manuscripts were collected by P. V. Annenkov, A. D. Chertkov, P. I. Bartenev, M. N. Longinov, P. A. Efremov, Ya. F. Berezin-Shiryaev and other collectors and bibliophiles. Libraries carried out a lot of work on the search and storage of sources: the Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museums in Moscow and the Public Library in St. Petersburg.

In addition, during this period, anniversaries of writers are celebrated, exhibitions are organized, memorial signs are installed ^{[7, p. 597]}. In Moscow, this trend is reflected in the opening of the monument to A. S. Pushkin in 1880, the holding of exhibitions dedicated to the life and work of F. M. Dostoevsky in 1891, the 50th anniversary of the death of V. G. Belinsky in 1898.

In the second half of the 19th century, there was a desire in Russian public thought to perpetuate the memory of outstanding writers not only through the publication of their works and exhibitions, but also through the establishment of museums dedicated to them. This desire gave impetus to the creation of initially proto-museum forms of literary museums, and, later, these museums themselves.

The first literary museums in Russia appeared at the end of the XIX century. in St. Petersburg - the Pushkin Museum at the Imperial Alexander Lyceum (1879), the Lermontov Museum at the Nikolaevsky Cavalry School (founded in 1881, opened in 1883). This is due to the fact that until 1918 this city was the capital of the Russian state and was the center of concentration of culture, many great Russian writers studied, lived and worked here.

By the end of the 19th century, the first proto-museum forms of literary museums appeared in Moscow. In 1897, the "Room of People of the 40s" was opened in the library of the Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museums - a center for the preservation and representation of materials on the history of Russian literature and Russian emigration. The archives of A. I. Herzen and N. P. Ogarev, documents and publications of V. G. Belinsky, T. N. Granovsky and others were collected here ^{[8, p. 491]}. In 1912, in the same library, with the participation of A. A. Borzov, I. P. Chekhov and V. V. Kallash, the Chekhov Room was created, where manuscripts, photographs, personal belongings of the writer and literature about him were presented.

In 1889, the widow of the writer F. M. Dostoevsky A. G. Dostoevskaya transferred to the Imperial Russian Historical Museum named after Emperor Alexander III the memorial collection she had collected, located at the library in a specially allocated two-level room as the "Department of F. M. Dostoevsky"; in 1906, the collection was donated to the museum and became the "Museum of F. M. Dostoevsky", which existed until 1918 ^{[9, p. 337]}. In 1894, A. A. Bakhrushin founded the Literary and Theatrical Museum. In October 1911, at the Russian Historical Museum, on the initiative of the Tolstoy Society, an exhibition dedicated to the writer was opened, on the basis of which the Tolstoy Museum was created in December with the participation of the Tolstoy Society.

Before the revolution of 1917, the network of literary museums in Moscow had not yet been formed, the creation of museums of this profile was sporadic and was associated with an initiative to preserve the memory of the writer, coming from private individuals or public organizations.

The first period in the history of the formation of a network of literary museums was the 1920s. The Soviet government is beginning to implement a new state policy: the nationalization of cultural values and real estate, the identification and registration of historical and cultural monuments, the creation of state bodies and organizations engaged in their protection. Literary museums appear in nationalized estates, houses, and apartments. In Moscow in 1920, on the basis of the Tolstoy Museum in the Lopukhin-Stanitskaya estate, the State Museum of L. N. Tolstoy was established, in 1921 the museum-estate of L. N. Tolstoy "Khamovniki" was opened, in 1928 – the Museum of F. M. Dostoevsky (the Museum-apartment of F. M. Dostoevsky in 1983-2021, the Museum Center "Moskovsky Dostoevsky House" since 2021).

In 1921, the Chekhov Moscow Museum was organized on the basis of materials received from the writer's relatives. It featured portraits of the writer and his family, photographs, manuscripts and documents from his personal archive, and rare editions of his works. In the late 1920s, the museum was attached to the Lenin State Library of the USSR and became its Literary Museum ^{[10, pp. 54-55]}.

From 1926 to the early 1930s, there was the Yesenin Museum, created on the initiative of the S. A. Heritage Commission. Yesenin of the All-Russian Union of Writers, in the so-called Herzen House, where writers' organizations and the All-Russian Union of Writers were located, since 1928 this museum has functioned as a department of the Literary Museum of the All-Russian Union of Writers ^[11].

In museology, a museum network means "a historically formed set of museums operating in a certain territory" ^[12] or "a purposefully formed set of museums, or a set of specific groups of museums" ^{[13, p. 56]}. Based on this definition, the period under consideration can be considered the beginning of the formation of a network of literary museums, since their creation in the 1920s was purposeful (preserving the memory of a memorialized personality) and was associated with state policy in the field of culture. At this stage, there are 5 literary museums in Moscow.

The next stage in the development of the network of literary museums was in the 1930s and 1950s. The First All-Russian Museum Congress, held in 1930, set the task of "perestroika" for museums: they should serve socialist construction and cultural service to the masses ^{[14, p. 11]}. In 1932, V. D. Bonch-Bruevich spoke about the urgent need to organize a Central Literary Museum: "Currently, the issue of creating such a literary museum center in Moscow is particularly acute, which could accommodate all the literary materials currently in various places" ^{[15, pp. 342-343]}. In 1933, on his initiative, the Central Museum of Fiction, Criticism and Journalism was organized, which was under the jurisdiction of the Museum Department of the People's Commissariat of Education – the country's first national literary museum. His funds contained museum items acquired, among other things, as a result of the work of the state Commission established in 1931 to identify monuments of literature and art of the peoples of the USSR located abroad ^{[16, p. 141]}. According to the founder of the Museum F. M. Dostoevsky V. S. Until recently, museums built on the principle of historical and cultural monographs ("the life and work of a writer") were the most common. <...> However, the restructuring of literary museums has barely begun – for its successful promotion it is necessary to move on to the creation of a museum of literature reflecting the course of development of the historical process in Russia and putting the class analysis of literary works at the forefront" ^{[17, stl. 524]}. In many ways, to solve this problem, in 1934, on the basis of the Central Museum of Fiction, Criticism and Journalism, the State Literary Museum was established (the Museum of the History of Russian Literature named after V. I. Dahl since 2017), to the funds of which the materials of the Literary Museum of the State Library of the USSR named after V.I. Lenin were also transferred ^{[18, p. 414]}.

At the same time, the state pays attention to the issues of literature, socialist realism is approved as the main method of Soviet fiction. In 1932, the Resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) "On the restructuring of literary and Artistic Organizations" was issued, the Gorky Institute of World Literature of the USSR Academy of Sciences was established, in which, after the writer's death, his museum was opened (1937), based on the exhibits of the All-Union Pushkin Exhibition of 1937, dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the After the poet's death, the Pushkin Museum was also established there (1938, in 1948 its funds were transferred to the Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkin House) in Leningrad).

In the same decade, the Museum of Children's Books was created (1933, existed until 1938); museums of writers recognized by the Soviet government: the Library-Museum of V. V. Mayakovsky (1937); the Museum-apartment of N. A. Ostrovsky (1940).

In the 1940s, the growth of the network of literary museums did not occur due to the events of the Great Patriotic War and the elimination of its consequences. The main focus is on the restoration of the affected museums, the search for lost objects. But in the 1950s, the process of creating new museums gradually resumed, the Chekhov House Museum (1954) and the Pushkin State Museum (1957) were opened.

Despite the termination of the activities of some literary museums, during this period there was an increase in their network: both monographic and national literary museums were created. At the end of the 1950s, there were already 10 of them in the capital.

During the "museum boom" of the 1960s and 1980s, the expansion of the network of literary museums was largely due to the increased popularity of museums, intensive creative search in the field of museum design, exposition and exhibition activities, and museum pedagogy. A large number of monographic literary museums have been organized: the Memorial Cabinet of A.V. Lunacharsky (1964), the "House of N. V. Gogol" (in 1966, it was decided to place library No. 2 with a memorial room of the writer in the house, since 1979 the library was named after N. V. Gogol, and in 1974 a historical and literary library was launched exposition ^{[19, p. 252]}), K. G. Paustovsky Museum (it was a school in 1975, public in 1975-1993, state since 1993), V. I. Dahl Museum and A. S. Pushkin Memorial Apartment on Arbat (1986); houses-museums: A. N. Ostrovsky (1973), A. I. Herzen (1976), M. Y. Lermontov (1978); apartment museums: A.M. Gorky (1965), A. N. Tolstoy (1987), I. D. Sytin (1989).

In addition to monographic museums, there are also museums of the history of literature: in 1962, the Nikitinsky Subbotniks museum was opened, dedicated to the literary association and the publishing house under it (existed until 1973); in 1977– the museum "The Word about Igor's Regiment" (existed until the end of the 1980s).

During this period, the number of literary museums increased slightly more than twice, at the end of the 1980s there were 21 of them.

The next stage of development has been taking place since the early 1990s. In the situation of the abolition of censorship, publicity, the resumption of publications of works by previously banned writers and the emergence of interest in them, new literary museums are emerging. Opened: Marina Tsvetaeva House Museum (1990), Vladimir Vysotsky State Museum (1992), S. A. Moscow Museum. Yesenin (1995), the Museum of the Silver Age ("House of V. Ya. Bryusov") (1998), the Memorial Apartment of Andrei Bely (2000), the State Museum of M. A. Bulgakov (2007), the Memorial Museum of A. S. Griboyedov (2010), the House Museum of V. L. Pushkin on Staraya Basmannaya Russian Russian Abroad Museum (2013), Alexander Solzhenitsyn Apartment Museum (2018) and the Museum of the Russian Abroad (2019) of the Alexander Solzhenitsyn House of the Russian Abroad, I. S. Turgenev House (2018, existed as a temporary exhibition in 2009-2018), the Museum of the History of Literature of the XX century (2021).

Due to the expansion of the capital's territory in 2012, museums in a memorable place – the Writer's Town in the suburban village of Peredelkino – also became Moscow museums. These are the departments of the Museum of the History of Russian Literature, the V. I. Dahl Museum – the House Museums of B. L. Pasternak (since 1990) and K. I. Chukovsky (since 1994), as well as the Memorial Museum of B. Sh. Okudzhava (since 1998).

Thanks to the return of private property rights, private literary museums are also being created: in 1995 – the Museum of Priest Pavel Florensky and the N. Mashovets Children's Museum "House of Fairy Tales "Once upon a Time" (in 2000 its department was opened - the Pinocchio Museum, in 2005-2009 the Museum of Russian Fairy Tales operated); in 2002 – The Baron Munchausen Museum; in 2004 – the Bulgakov House Museum-Theater and in 2009 the Tram 302 BIS mobile museum in its structure; in 2006 - the F. F. House Museum. Konyukhov; in 2017 – the Moscow House of A. A. Akhmatova.

During the same period, the memorial function of libraries was activated, as a result of which literary museums were also created in them: A. L. Barto (2001) Children's Library branch No. 99 named after A. L. Barto (Children's Library No. 178 - A. L. Barto Cultural Center since 2014), Historical and Literary M. Sholokhov "Life, creativity, the tragedy of the great Russian writer" (2002) of the Central Library No. 70 named after M. Sholokhov, the Museum of N. M. Rubtsov (existed in 2002-2012) of the Library No. 95 – the Cultural and Educational Center named after N. Rubtsov, the Literary and Local History "Native Origins" (2003) of the Children's Cossack Library No. 128 - M. A. Sholokhov Cultural Center, Museum-laboratory "I discover the world of books" (existed in 2008-2022) Library No. 3 named after N. A. Dobrolyubov, Hall-Museum of V. A. Zhukovsky (2013) Library No. 7 named after V. A. Zhukovsky, A. F. Losev (2017) Library of the History of Russian Philosophy and Culture "House of A. F. Losev House" (A.F. Losev House – scientific library and memorial Museum since 2019), as well as the Museum-Library of N. F. Fedorov (1993).

At the initiative of managers and teachers, literary museums appear in universities and colleges to perpetuate the memory of the writer, whose name was assigned to the educational institution, as well as to include in the educational process: the Y.V. Bondarev cabinet Museum (existed in 1994-2015), the cabinet museum of teaching methods of the Russian language and literature (existed in 1996-2014) and the M. A. Sholokhov Literary Museum (existed in 2000-2015) of the Moscow State Open Pedagogical University (named after M. A. Sholokhov since 2000, Moscow State University for the Humanities since 2006), the S. Ya Museum. Marshak (since 2002) of the Pedagogical College No. 13 named after S. Ya. Marshak College (S.Ya. Marshak College as part of the Moscow City Pedagogical University since 2015), M. A. Sholokhov Memorial Museum (since 2005) of the Moscow Cossack Cadet Corps named after M. A. Sholokhov (Moscow Presidential Cadet School named after M. A. Sholokhov of the National Guard of the Russian Federation since 2016), M. A. Sholokhov Museum (since 2015) Moscow State University of Technology and Management named after K. G. Razumovsky (First Cossack University), S. T. Aksakov Museum (since 2016) Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography.

A large group of literary museums in Moscow consists of school museums, according to the author's calculations, there are 32 of them in 2023. The formation of this group of museums was influenced by both the "museum boom" and the cultural policy of the 1960s. At that time, regulations and special literature on school local lore and the activities of school museums were published. Thus, according to the Resolution of the secretariat of the Komsomol Central Committee, the Board of the Ministry of Education of the USSR and the Board of the Ministry of Culture of the USSR dated April 8, 1968 "On measures to further improve the activities of school museums", they were considered as a means of education, the creation of museums dedicated to outstanding people of the country was promoted. The first school literary museums in the capital appeared in the mid-1960s. These are: the V. V. Mayakovsky Club Museum at school No. 483 (named after V. V. Mayakovsky since 1981, Gymnasium No. 1274 named after V. V. Mayakovsky since 2011, the V. V. Mayakovsky School since 2017) and the Literary and Historical Museum A. S. Pushkin "The edges of Moscow, the native lands" at school No. 353 (No. 345 since 2013) named after A. S. Pushkin, created in 1965. In the 1970s, the Nadia Rusheva Memorial Museum (1971) was opened at school No. 470 (No. 1466 since 2009), the A. S. Pushkin Museum (1972) at school No. 777 (named after Hero of the Soviet Union E. V. Mikhailov since 2015), A. T. Tvardovsky Literary Museum (1975) at school No. 279 (No. 293 since 2014) named after A. T. Tvardovsky. In the 1980s and 1990s, the Museum of A. P. Chekhov (1980) was opened at school No. 170 (Educational complex "Kindergarten-school" No. 1695 since 1993, named after A. P. Chekhov since 1999, the Center of Education No. 170 named after A. P. Chekhov since 2003, the School named after A. P. Chekhov Chekhov since 2012, Chekhov School No. 170 since 2014); museums at school No. 364 (No. 1530 "Lomonosov School" since 1994): M. V. Lomonosov (1990), "Pushkin Corner" and "Artistic Traditions of Moscow"; M. I. Tsvetaeva Museum (1992) at school No. 1619 (named after M. Tsvetaeva since 1996); The Museum of "Tales of the Peoples of the World" (1994) at the Yuzhnoportovy Center for Children's Creativity (the Palace of Creativity of Children and Youth named after A. P. Gaidar since 2015); The Museum of the book "Ordinary Miracle" (1994) at the Education Center No. 1490 Lianozovo district (school No. 1573 since 2013); Museum and Exhibition complex "Path to Yesenin" (1995) at school No. 641 (named after S. A. Yesenin since 1996); A. S. Pushkin Museum (1999) in the education center No. 1881 (school No. 2087 "Discovery" since 2013). In the 2000s, museums were opened: S. Yesenin at school No. 1238 (2000), "Rus of the times "Words about Igor's regiment"" (2002) at school No. 1825 (No. 2114 since 2014), named after T. Snezhina at school No. 97 (2005), "Visiting a fairy tale" (2006) at school No. 384 (named after D. K. Korneev since 2011), "From writing to printing" in Maryinskaya school No. 1566 in memory of the Heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad (2007), "Cheburashka's Apartment" (2008) in kindergarten No. 2550 (preschool building of school No. 2036 since 2013), "Tales of P. P. Bazhov" (2008) in school No. 352 (No. 1499 since 2013, named after the Hero of the Soviet Union Union of I. A. Dokukin since 2015), "V. D. Berestov and his entourage" (2009) in gymnasium No. 1565 (gymnasium No. 1565 "Sviblovo" since 2011, Sviblovo School since 2015), The Russian word (2009) in gymnasium(school since 2017) No. 1636 "Nika". The 2010s were also marked by the growth of the network of school literary museums. Museums have been created: A. S. Pushkin (2010) at school No. 1018, "Vasily Terkin" (2010) at the Center of Education (school since 2013) No. 1694 "Yasenevo" (named after P. M. Fitin since 2022), Literary and Local History named after O. V. Belikov (2011) at the gymnasium (school since 2017) No. 1528 (named after Hero of the Soviet Union I. V. Panfilov since 2016), literary and local history "F. M. Dostoevsky in Lublin" (2015) at school No. 1148 (named after F. M. Dostoevsky since 2001), "Heroes of the Golden Age of Russia" at school No. 1208 named after Hero of the Soviet Union M. S. Shumilov (2015), A. I. Solzhenitsyn in school No. 1948 "Linguist-M" (2016), the Scientist's Cat at school No. 2114 (2016), literary and artistic "Visiting a fairy tale" at school No. 827 (since the 2010s). In 2022, the museum "Automaton and Guitar" was opened at school No. 1515, dedicated to the authors-performers – participants of the fighting. The B. S. exposition has been operating in the museum of School No. 69 since 1998. Okudzhava.

Since the 1990s, in connection with the commercialization of the recreational sphere and the expansion of leisure forms, museum-type institutions have been appearing in the capital, representing and popularizing literary heritage. Here you can note the interactive Museum of Ural fairy Tales (opened in 1993 as "On a visit to the Mistress of the Copper Mountain. The Museum of P. P. Bazhov's Tales"); the Yesenin Cultural Center (since 1994).

The literary component is represented not only in literary museums, but also in museums of other profiles, such as the State Central Theater Museum named after A. A. Bakhrushin, the Museum of Noble Life of the 40s (existed in 1919-1929), the Oneginsky Hall of the Memorial House-Museum of K. S. Stanislavsky (since 1948), the Pedagogical Museum A. S. Makarenko (existed in 1983-2014), the Museum "House on the Embankment" (since 1989), the N. K. Roerich Public Museum of the International Roerich Center (existed in 1989-2015), the Matvey Muravyov-Apostol House Museum (since 1998), the Roerich Museum (since 2016).

There are 8 book museums for 2023 in the capital. In the State Library of the USSR named after V. I. Lenin (Russian State Library since 1992), the Book Museum was originally opened in 1926 after its renaming and existed until the early 1930s; in 1976, the functions of creating a Book Museum in the library were assigned to a specially organized Scientific- the research department of the History of Books (the Museum of Books), in 1988, after a number of structural changes, it received its modern name – the Research Department of Rare Books (the Museum of Books) ^[20]. The Museum of the Ex-Libris of the All-Union Voluntary Society of Book Lovers (the International Community of Book Lovers since 1992, the International Union of Public Organizations of Book Lovers since 2010) was established in 1991, and in 2003, with the opening of the Museum of Miniature Books, the two museums merged and became the Museum of Ex-Libris and Miniature Books. In 1994, a Book Museum was established, which since 2007 has been called the Wolfson Book Gallery. In 2000, the Museum of the History of Printing, Book Publishing and the Moscow State University of Printing (named after Ivan Fedorov since 2010, the Higher School of Printing and Media Industry as part of Moscow Polytechnic University since 2016) was opened, in 2007 – the Museum of the History of the book "IstoK" at school No. 1980. There are rare book museums at the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (since 1995) and the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (since 2011). In 2022, an e-book Museum was opened in the Russian State Library for Young People.

Cultural institutions are also engaged in the preservation, study and popularization of the creative heritage of writers, for example, the Aksakov House (existed in 1984-2003), the V. D. Berestov Cultural Heritage Center (since 2012), the Bulat House Cultural Center (since 2019); libraries and expositions in them: Library No. 210 – cultural center A. T. Tvardovsky (since 2010), literary and artistic exposition of S. A. Yesenin in Library No. 186 (deployed in 2012, before that it existed as a literary and art museum of S. A. Yesenin in 1994-2008), memorial expositions of V. G. Korolenko in Library No. 44 and Central Library No. 65 bearing his name.

In addition, it is possible to highlight the exhibition grounds that have arisen in memorable places and in connection with the buildings obtaining the status of historical and cultural monuments for the representation of literary heritage: the department of the State Museum of the History of Russian Literature named after V. I. Dahl "House of I. S. Ostroukhova in Trubniki" (active since 1983, existed as a Museum of the History of Soviet Literature in 1984-1992), a branch of the State Museum of L. N. Tolstoy "Tolstoy Center on Pyatnitskaya-12" (since 1985).

Along with literary museums, literary monuments and collections of rare books contain collections of museums of other profiles. Among them are the State Historical and Cultural Museum-Reserve "Moscow Kremlin", the Moscow State United Art Historical, Architectural and Natural Landscape Museum-Reserve, the State Historical Museum, the Museum Association "Museum of Moscow", the State Museum of Oriental Art, the State Central Museum of Modern History of Russia and other museums.

There are many memorable places in Moscow associated with writers and the literary process: in 1932, the House of Writers was founded, which in 1934 became the Central House of Writers; the House of Writers (Lavrushinsky Lane, 17); the House of Poets (Trekhprudny Lane, 8); Pogodinskaya hut (Pogodinskaya str., 12a); an object of museum significance is the Atrium (since 1994); The Literary courtyard "Krylov's Fables" (Open sh., near d. 2). In 2021, at the intersection of Dostoevsky and Chernyshevsky lanes, Seleznevskaya and Novosushchevskaya streets, the art space "Quarter of Poets" was created, divided into two parts: the first is a square with a monument to the Unknown a poet holding an umbrella and a sheet of paper with text, as well as a wall of corten with quotations from writers, musicians and directors; the second is the "Wall of Poets" in the courtyard of the Yesenin Center (the building of the Moscow State Museum of S. A. Yesenin): compositions with silhouetted figures of poets from different eras. In the same year, a Literary square with a stone sculpture in the form of an open book "Books – ships of Thought" was opened at the Central City Business Library on Boris Galushkin Street near 19 building 1, which is complemented by two architectural objects made of dark wood in the form of large bookcases.

Based on the above, it can be concluded that the network of literary museums in Moscow has developed and developed since the 1920s. In order to understand the context of the emergence of the network, the author identifies significant historical and cultural prerequisites for the emergence of museums of this profile. The history of the formation of the network of literary museums in Moscow is qualitatively and quantitatively investigated, which confirms the already existing periodization ^{[21, p. 111]}: formation (from the end of the XIX century to the end of the 1910s), formation (1920s) and gradual progressive development (1930s-1950s, 1960s-1980s, with from the early 1990s to the present). Periodization correlates with the key factors that influenced the creation of new literary museums: the initiative of individuals, public organizations, government policy, and the cultural development of the country as a whole.

By 2023, the network of literary museums in Moscow, according to the author's calculations, has 83 museums, which is about 6% of the total number of museums. It is the largest in the country ^{[22, p. 154]} and is represented by various groups of museums on the basis of affiliation (state, municipal, departmental, public, private). In the capital, this profile group of museums is represented by both monographic museums and museums of literary history (reflecting various phenomena in the history of literature and the literary process and including the Museum of National Literature, museums of literary genres, museums of children's literature, fairy tale museums, museums of literary works and their heroes).

The tendency to preserve, study and represent literary heritage reflects the presence not only of literary, but also of book museums close to them, as well as museum-type institutions of literary subjects capable of becoming classical museums. Memorials associated with writers and the literary process serve as an off-site memorial space.

The analysis allows us to fix an objective picture of the development of the network of literary museums in the context of the historical and cultural process, fill in the gaps in statistical data and more fully present this profile group of museums within the framework of the museum network of the capital.