Emotional-evaluative communicemas in contemporary prose

Shi Lin' ORCID: 0009-0006-9281-5988 Postgraduate student, Department of Russian as a Foreign Language and Methods of Its Teaching, Saint Petersburg State University 190000, Russia, Leningrad region, Saint Petersburg, Khalturina str., 15, sq. k.503 lin439327393@gmail.com

Introduction

Researchers give the following definitions of the concept of communication: these are "sentence words, an independent functional–structural–semantic variety of a simple sentence (one–part), particles and interjections, non–separable, interjective sentences, stable phraseologized turns, interjections and words, a special category of words, communicative words, relatives, communicates, incomplete sentences, etc." ^{[1, p. 195]}; "the phenomenon of live colloquial speech, created as more economical, concise and emotional forms of expression of the speaker's attitude to the objective world around him" ^{[15, p. 111]}; "economical and concise forms of expression of the speaker to the objective world" ^{[5, p. 8-9]}. One of the important characteristics of a communiceme is that it "is a sign of relationships, feelings and expressions of will, and not concepts, judgments or conclusions" ^{[7, p. 12]}; communicemes convey not only semantic information, but also the emotional coloring of an utterance. The expression of emotions is one of the very important elements of oral communication. Their effective use in the communication process should be based on a deep and comprehensive study, which determined the relevance of the topic chosen for the article.

With the help of communication, you can strengthen and show feelings, emotions and attitude to what is being said. They include various elements of language and paralinguistic characteristics of speech, such as intonation, volume, tempo of speech, use of repetitions, sighs, rhythmic accents and other expressive techniques. For example, raising the voice and increasing the volume can express anger or excitement, and a slow and monotonous pace of speech can express grief or fatigue. The use of interior expressions such as "uh...", "a–a–a–a–a–a–a–a", "ooo", "oh", allows you to express surprise, pain, joy and other emotions. In addition, communication systems also include non-verbal elements of expression, such as facial expressions, gestures, postures and other physical expressions of emotions that may accompany oral speech. These nonverbal cues can be very strong and effective in conveying the expressiveness and oratorical power of an utterance. Communication systems allow you to clarify and enhance the meaning, as well as the rhetorical coloring of words, making statements more expressive and effective. They are important for effective communication, especially in situations where it is important to convey our emotions and establish an emotional connection with the interlocutor, for example, when we express emotions in communication, we show others our true feelings and emotional state. This sincerity and openness helps build trust and promotes deeper communication and closer relationships. By sharing emotions, we better understand and support others, strengthening our emotional bonds with each other.

"The meaning of communication is closely related to the expressive, emotional and volitional sphere of human behavior" ^{[8, p. 12]}. The communication system transmits information about interpersonal relationships, emotional state and expression of will. Therefore, in order to understand the meaning of the communication system, we need to pay attention to its role in the field of emotional expression and expression of will, as well as the interpersonal and communicative background associated with it. In this sense, the communication system is the most important linguistic phenomenon, the soul of language, the bridge of emotional communication between people. "Human experiences expressed in various ways are the same objective fact of reality as the concept or judgment about an object, phenomenon, etc., and the direct objective–subjective verbalization of emotions with the help of communication indicates not only the presence of meaning in the latter, but also its extraordinary richness" ^{[9, p. 76]}.

Communication systems are, from the point of view of their meaning and functions in speech, very diverse and multifunctional. N. I. Gulyaeva writes that "the main functions of communication are the expression of the communicant's communicative intentions (intentions), his emotional reaction to facts of a linguistic and extralinguistic nature, his attitude to reality, motives, various etiquette moments, questions, statements or denials" ^{[4, p. 277]}. Communicems are used in colloquial speech, so most of them have emotionality and expressiveness, that is, they are emotionally colored and pronounced with a special intonation that conveys a variety of human emotions. "Emotive meanings are those specialized semantic components that are characteristic of communication systems" ^{[2, p. 111]}.

Emotional assessment is a subjective reaction to external stimuli, usually the assessment of an individual and the expression of the emotional experience that he is experiencing includes positive and negative emotional experiences. Emotions and evaluation are interrelated. G. N. Lenko notes that "evaluation is a necessary component of an emotional reaction, since determining the significance of an event or situation, and, consequently, the activation of emotion, occurs through evaluation" ^{[6, p. 89]}. Emotional–evaluative communication is a very important element of speech that can help people better express their emotions and immediate feelings, and can also help people understand the emotions and moods of others.

Emotional–evaluative communication systems are means of expressing the speaker's emotional–impulsive reaction to the situation, the external environment, the behavior of others, as well as emotional–evaluative replicas–reactions containing the actual emotional assessment ^{[20, p. 91]}. They have a high pragmatic and aesthetic potential due to the fulfillment of a number of important stylistic functions in the text. Communicems give speech ease, dynamism, tension, psychologism, etc., which are due to a number of their linguistic properties. Yu.S. Sorokina points out that "emotional–evaluative communicems, as a rule, are tied to situations typical of the everyday sphere of communication, occurring in a relaxed atmosphere and not limiting the freedom of expression of emotions and assessments" ^{[11, p. 41]}. According to research on the psychology of feelings and emotions, the basic emotions that manifest themselves in frequent situations of human life are: happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, fear, apprehension, happiness, satisfaction, disappointment, etc. ^{[18; 19]}.

Discussion

Expressivity and emotionality play an important role in modern literary texts. "The writer, expressing his feelings and emotions in the text, tries to attract the reader's attention, awaken certain emotions in him, influence his feelings, evoke a sense of empathy. To do this, the writer uses a variety of means of expressing expressivity, without which no work of fiction can do" ^{[10, p. 4]}. In this process, the use of communication techniques such as paronomasia, alliteration, anaphora, rhythmics and other expressive techniques becomes especially significant. Communication systems allow you to enhance the emotional load of the text and create a certain atmosphere. For example, the use of repetitions and rhythmic phrases can give a work a special energy and dynamics. The use of unexpected metaphors, symbols, or hyperboles also contributes to the effect of shocking and surprising the reader. The use of communication in such cases helps the author to reflect his thoughts more accurately and transfer his emotions to the pages of the text. As a phenomenon of live colloquial speech, they are characteristic of the dialogic and monologue speech of the characters of various works of art.

We analyzed the communication systems based on the material of the novels by M. L. Stepnova "The Garden" and E. S. Chizhova "The Time of Women". Marina Stepnova and Elena Chizhova are talented and bright modern writers who are known for their colorful and picturesque writing style. The choice of two novels as research materials is due not only to the living language, but also to their content, which has deep educational significance. M. L. Stepnova's "Garden" is a novel that writer Mikhail Turbin called "a lively and courageous book about a fulfilled parental fear, about love that overshadows this fear, and the duty to cherish it until the end of his days" ^{[14, p. 220]}. About Elena Chizhova's novel "The Time of Women", critic Alice Terentyeva writes that "while working on the book, the writer, using the example of the history of her heroines, wanted to show that a person should experience even the most difficult times with dignity. The author believes that the life story of the novel's heroines will help a modern person find the right guidelines in life" ^[13]. In these novels, the language of the characters helps to understand the instability of situations, the internal atmosphere of relationships, and the changing characters of the characters. The communication systems in these texts are a powerful tool that helps authors to embody their ideas and convey their emotions to readers.

We divide the emotional and evaluative communication systems we study into two groups: evaluative and emotional.

1. Evaluation communication systems. These are stable colloquial phrases containing the speaker's assessment of the subject of speech, which expresses the absolute or comparative value of this subject.

In the novels of M. L. Stepnova and E. S. Chizhova, there are often communication systems expressing a good or bad assessment of the subject or situation. This assessment is expressed, first of all, using lexical means, for example, the words charm, miracle, charming, beautiful, darling, bravo. They convey a positive assessment. Words such as nonsense, nonsense, trouble, sin, vile, mean, bad, etc., express a negative assessment. At the same time, not only the lexical meanings of the communication are important. Of course, the intonation with which they are pronounced is important, which syntactic constructions can help convey in the text, for example, constructions with pronouns such as (–th, –th, –th), such (–th, –th, –th), as, what, what for, what / what and some others.

Example 1: Offended by such a demonstrative non-observance of politeness, the cook screamed in the direction of the maiden: – The watermelon has come! – and turned around backwards, rattling the dishes angrily.

– What a waste, think about it, and! No respect! ("Garden") ^{[12, pp. 150-151]}.

The communication system "Frya what" conveys the meaning of contemptuous indignation in response to the arrogance, capriciousness of the interlocutor. The structure of the communication system: "noun + amplifying pronoun".

Example 2: – I went. He's coming back. "Well?" – Evdokia starts. "Oh, I can't," she moans. My lips are shaking. –What kind of people, what kind of people..."–"This," it turns out, –you drop it. Oohs and aahs of their own. Not in high schools. You speak your mind." ("The Time of women") ^{[16, p. 143]}.

The expression "What kind of people" in this text has the meaning of irony, surprise, dissatisfaction and anger, and its construction is "the interrogative pronoun what + preposition for + noun people"

2. Emotional communication systems. This is a reaction to a previous statement with simultaneous expression of the speaker's emotional state – indignation, indignation and surprise at the same time, etc. We have attributed to emotional communicems only those stable communicative units in which a variety of feelings and emotions of the speaker are expressed, devoid of evaluation and any additional meanings. Human emotions are very numerous, so we divide all emotional communication systems into several subgroups depending on the type of emotion:

a) communication of surprise

In our material, there are often surprise communication systems used in unexpected situations. For example, what are you/ what are you! d What about you?! It can't be! really? how is it? that's how? How? Why then? How so? Ah! Oh! and others.

Example 1: And he really came up with a special chair, a real maternity throne, comfortable for both the woman in labor and himself, with leg straps, a magnificent view, and even with armrests and a padded back, so that the princess could not only relax during childbirth, but also take a nap if she so wished. The carpenter, to whom Meisel brought the drawings, looked at him with fright and crossed himself.

– What is this for? What about the car seat? Is it really without her at all? ("Garden") ^{[12, p. 163]}.

In this example, the communication system expresses surprise, while both the construction and vocabulary of these speech units show that the speaker is not equal in status to the doctor, he uses a vernacular language. In the first case, we see the lexical and grammatical construction "the demonstrative pronoun is + the interrogative word + the particle + the adverb / pronoun so / so", in the second – the construction of the union "a" + entity, neutral for expressing surprise. + the question word is how + the particle is the same, in the third – the particle "really" (colloquial).

Example 2: The window is dark. Suddenly, the light flashed like a spark. Wider, wider… And from the house – music. How is that? The swans are standing in a row, flapping their wings…

– Oh my God! Ariadne clasped her hands and pressed them to her chest. – This is "Swan Lake" ... Ballet ... ("The Time of Women") ^{[16, p. 82]}.

In this case, an interjection is used to express surprise and admiration.

b) communication disturbances

In the colloquial speech of Russian people, irritation is often heard, sometimes indignation, but most often indignation. Various communication systems are used with this emotional coloring: Of course! Go away! What the hell! To hell with it! Damn it! What is it! What is it! You're crazy! B red! Here's another one! Get out! What a disgusting thing! and others.

Example 1: The governess, who was supposed to be reading with the girls from French history at that hour, found herself in her room with idle embroidery frames.

– And where exactly?..

She purred, gurgled, rolling almost nightingale balls in her throat, and flapped her pink eyelids.

– Go away, you old fool! ("Garden") ^{[12, p. 209]}.

In the given example, the communication expresses anger and disgust, consists of a verb + adverb.

Example 2: Talking nonsense! Grandma Evdokia's eye flashed. – Everyone, they say, is the same all around – on the same rights? They died, but all in one place: both sinners and the righteous… And they have only one queue? ("The Time of women") ^{[16, p. 35]}.

In this case, the communiceme expresses an attitude towards what has been said as something wrong, incorrect, this communiceme is formed with the help of a noun and a verb. But the word "talking" – colloquially colloquial style, used instead of "talking" – makes us realize that the heroine is very angry.

c) communication of admiration

To express the feeling of the strongest joy, delight, in the analyzed works there are communication systems expressing admiration.

Example 1: – What a charm this Natasha is!

Nadezhda Alexandrovna stroked the book with a small, sturdy hand and even squeezed her eyes shut with pleasure. The binding was leather, warm – all the books in the Boryatinsky house, including those that had just been published, were bound anew, and the leather was specially ordered in Florence – thin, brownish, with a delicate live tan ("Garden") ^{[12, p. 9]}.

The communication "What a charm" is used to express admiration or surprise at something pleasant or charming. The lexical and syntactic structure of the communication system: a particle of What + essence. + demonstrative pronoun + noun.

Example 2: Mom is beautiful, she is happy with a dress with poppies. It smells like sweet glue. I ran into the kitchen to show it.

– Look at you, – Grandma Evdokia admires. – She's got a workshop.… So I'll find some scraps – you'll dress up all your own: both the girl and the uncle of this ... ("Time of Women") ^{[16, p. 80]}.

The communiceme "Look at you" is used to express amazement, admiration ^[3], its construction is an interjection + a personal pronoun.

d) irritation communication systems

While studying the text, we often encountered two emotions: the communication of irritation and indignation, which foreign students can find very difficult to distinguish from others and distinguish between each other. Irritation occurs when a person begins to get angry, it can occur for various reasons, in various situations that do not necessarily cause outrage. Outrage is our reaction to the result/process of someone else's actions, which, as we expected, would have to be completely different, often the opposite in quality/quantity, etc. Indignation is stronger than irritation.

Example 1: The young lady – to us? Yes, such a surname? To learn horses, excuse me, to stick your hand up to your elbow in the ass? I don't know, sir, which one of you is crazy, you or your prot?g?, but I'll tell you both as a person and as a doctor…

You'd better tell me as a father," Meisel interrupted. – You have children, don't you?

– What does my children have to do with it?! ("Garden") ^{[12, pp. 333-334]}.

In the given example, the communication system expresses that the interlocutor does not understand the connection between what is said or done at the moment and the previous event or situation. It is formed using the preposition with + pronouns than + adverbs here, which enhances the effect of discontent and irritation. Punctuation marks – a combination of exclamation and question marks - help to create an emotional background of irritation.

e) communication of doubt

 In the dialogues of the works we analyze, doubt communication systems are often used, expressing uncertainty about the truth of something, lack of firm faith (in anyone or anything).

Example 1: Once again, taking away plates with frozen cue balls and untouched pies, Maria Alexandrovna could not stand it, asked her eldest son carefully – maybe your friend just does not know how to behave at the table? So tell him that we…

He's just not hungry, Mom. ("Garden") ^{[12, p. 251]}.

The "maybe" communication expresses doubt about the possibility and acceptability of something. Its structure is formed with the help of the verb can and the infinitive be.

Example 2: – Oh, – sighed. – I'm scared. After all, Solomon is right. We're doing something stupid. And Nikolai – he's afraid of it now. But he will move in, he will not forgive anyone, he will not forget: neither us nor Sophia... But where is she? – I remembered.

"And she,– Ariadne sits proud, "is reading a book.

– By yourself, or what? That's what the Lord has done... Others will live their lives, but all through the stump of the deck. And this one, see for yourself... ("The Time of women") ^{[16, p. 165]}.

The communiceme "is it" formed using the construction "pronoun + union", used after the demonstrative pronoun. In this case, the communication expresses uncertainty, confusion and doubt.

(e) Communication systems of disgust

In literary works, the author emphasizes strong feelings of disgust and disgust in order to express the emotions of a character or extreme dissatisfaction with a certain behavior or thing, emphasizing emotion and deepening the reader's impression of the story. For example, Ax!, Ugh!, Fu!, Br–r–r, Be and others.

Example 1: Some horse screamed – it must have been in pain – thumped its hoof, and Andrei, gasping, fell silent, and then indistinctly, through his teeth, said – oh, you fierce whore! – and, not satisfied, he overlaid it on top of his mother – more complicated, with a doorway. Meisel winced, but Tusya stopped, took his hand away from him – and laughed again ("The Garden") ^{[12, p. 132]}.

The "Oh you" communication is an interjection that is usually placed at the beginning of a sentence and separated from the following words by commas to emphasize the expression of extreme dissatisfaction, disgust and a desire to stay away.

Example 2: – For those who are ill, – Ariadne speaks, – neither meat nor fish is forbidden.

– Ugh, – she got up from her seat. – Christ also renounced the loaves... Ah! Do it your way. At least take everything down at once – and put your teeth on the shelf. ("The Time of women") ^{[16, p. 155]}.

The communication "Ugh" is used as a modal particle to express the speaker's disapproval and contempt for the above content.

g) satisfaction communication systems

The communicative purpose of an emotive speech act expressing joy is to give a positive assessment of an action or object, to praise, admire something, gloat ^{[17, p. 76]}. We often hear the following examples of expressions of satisfaction communication: Great! Bravo! well done! That's it! That's it! That's good! Wow! and others.

Example 1: The men at the fairs boasted that our lady – wow, she can't put anything in her mouth, she can't get any further, and your count is as awesome as it is, a stupid jelly, tyutya! ("Garden") ^{[12, p. 144]}.

The communication "Uh" is formed by an interjection, expresses high appreciation, admiration and satisfaction.

Example 2: – And they already listened to you! Did she listen to you a lot – is this Sytina? She sat with her tail between her legs. Nikolai is a night cuckoo... Well, what about you? What," he asks, "did you advise?" There is no way to go.

– Yes, what can I do... – Glyceria is waving her finger. – She said, think for yourself – you, they say, live.

"You're much younger,– he praises. – She advised me correctly ("The Time of Women") ^{[16, p. 122]}.

The communication "young–ec" is expressed through a noun. This is one of the most frequently used words in the Russian language and has different meanings in different cases. In the above dialogue, it expresses the meaning of praise, approval and recognition of the speaker's behavior.

h) fear communication systems

The communication of fear, horror or fright is also often found in the texts of fiction, because these close states arise quite often in life situations. These are words like: Ah! Ah! Oh– oh– oh! The horror! A nightmare! Oh, my God! and others.

Example 1: Meisel wiped the stained lancet on the coat board. He took someone's hand – without sorting it out, male, female, child's. Dead or alive. Quick footsteps sounded on the stairs, closer, closer still. The door slammed. Meisel hunched his head into his shoulders. He was afraid, yes. Oh, my God. He was afraid. Absolutely. ("Garden") ^{[12, p. 348]}.

The communication phrase "Lord God" is here an interjection that expresses emotional fright (but note that it is often used to express pain, surprise, relief, joy or other strong feelings).

Example 2: – Dear friends! Glyceria screamed. – Look, I've cut my finger open!

– I need iodine, iodine! Evdokia rushed to the locker. – The tree is dirty, I don't know where it was lying ... ("Time of women") ^{[16, p. 55]}.

The "Father" communication system appears in our research material as an interjective construction expressing surprise and fear (usually about something unexpected happening).

Conclusions

We see that in the works of M. L. Stepnova "The Garden" and E. S. Chizhova "The Time of Women" evaluative and emotional communication systems are presented. They can be divided into communication systems of surprise, communication systems of indignation, communication systems of admiration, communication systems of irritation, communication systems of doubt, communication systems of disgust, communication systems of satisfaction. The main parts of speech and the constructions that serve to express them are interjections and nominal and verbal constructions with particles, adverbs and interjections. The lexical and syntactic composition of the communication makes it possible to analyze both the attitude of the speakers to the situation and the speech of the characters from the point of view of their social and speech characteristics.

So, communicemes are words, expressions or phrases that carry not only lexical meaning, but also have emotional, stylistic and semantic nuances. They can add additional qualities to a statement and make it more effective and memorable. The analysis of emotional and evaluative communication in fiction makes it possible to better understand and evaluate the aesthetic value of a work, its emotional power and ability to influence the reader.