Genetic and genealogical research of the Itygin family: from documentary reconstruction to DNA genealogical examination

Nilogov Aleksei Sergeevich PhD in Philosophy Head of the Laboratory of Genealogical Research; GBNIU RH 'Hakniiyali' 655017, Russia, Republic of Khakassia, Abakan, Shchetinkina str., 23, room 5 nilogov1981@yandex.ru Other publications by this author

March 14, 2023 marked the 150th anniversary of the birth of the Khakass statesman and public figure Georgy Ignatievich Itygin (1873-1928). In our first study devoted to the documentary reconstruction of Itygin's family tree, emphasis was placed on identifying archival primary sources on the history of his ancestors ^{[40, pp. 53-58]}. In this work, we have attempted a comprehensive genetic and genealogical study of the genus, when, along with classical genealogical methods, modern molecular genetic methods for verifying ancestral information at the descendant level are used (^{[60, pp. 1065-1074],[59, pp. 981-994]}; see also ^[10]).

From the biography of G. I. Itygin, we know that he had two official marriages. The first was concluded with Kaleria Semyonovna Korosteleva in the early 1890s, when Itygin worked at the Ust-Abakan Foreign Language School. In 1896, their son Erasmus was born – a famous teacher and writer, the author of the book "The Life of Egor Itygin, or Essays from the life of the working intelligentsia of Siberia at the end of the XIX – early XX century." Also, from the first marriage, the Itygins had in the village of Rybinsk, Kansk district: a second son, Lev (1898)^[1], then a daughter, Evgenia (1899)^[2], then a third son, Vladimir (1900 – 1901)^[3], who died in infancy, and finally a fourth son, apparently named in honor of his deceased brother, also by Vladimir (1901)^[4]. We do not know anything about the descendants of Erasmus, Lev and Vladimir Georgievich Itygin; according to the local historian of the Kochkovsky district of the Novosibirsk region A. A. Kuropatnik, E. G. Itygin could have had a daughter and a granddaughter.

On June 1, 1913, G. I. Itygin was appointed teacher of the VIII primary school in Krasnoyarsk. However, shortly after the move – on August 02 (15) – his wife Kaleria Semenovna died, as there is a corresponding entry No. 128 on death/burial from the metric book of the All-Holy Church. According to her, the wife of the teacher of the 8th National School of Krasnoyarsk, Kaleria Semyonovna Itygina, died on August 02, 1913 at the age of 40 from peritoneal inflammation; she was buried on August 04 (17) at the Trinity Cemetery ^{[25, l. 261ob.-262, No. 128]}. On November 01, 1913, 14-year-old daughter Evgenia died from kidney disease, about which there is a corresponding record of death/burial No. 165 in the same metric book; buried on November 03 (16) at the Trinity cemetery ^{[25, l. 276ob.-277, No. 165]}.

In November 1913 Itygin was appointed head of the 1st railway two-grade school in Krasnoyarsk, so further facts of his family life began to be recorded in the Spasskaya Railway Church. On October 24 (November 06), 1914, the head of the Krasnoyarsk 1st railway two-grade school, Georgy Ignatievich Itygin, 41, married a peasant girl from the village of Grigorieva Pervo-Konstantinovskaya volost of the Dnieper district of the Taurida province – 20-year-old Vera Moiseevna Kodynskaya, as there is a corresponding record of the marriage/wedding No. 63 ^{[28, L. 150ob.-151, No. 63]}. The guarantors (witnesses) were: for the groom – a Warsaw philistine Jan Janovich Zhikhovich and a peasant of the Yenisei province of the Achinsk district of the Balakhton volost Arseny Semyonovich Chulkov; for the bride – a peasant of the Mogilev province of the Goretsky district of the Puglyaevsky volost and village Alexander Evmenovich Stavrovsky and a peasant of the Tauride province of the Dnieper district of the Pervo-Konstantinovskaya volost of the village Grigoriev Ivan Moiseevich Kodinsky [brother of the bride. – A. N.'s note].

The firstborn son from the second marriage, Boris, was born on August 13 (26), 1916, as indicated by the corresponding metric birth/baptism record No. 143. According to it, Boris, the son of a personal honorary citizen (from Kizilsky foreigners), was baptized on September 04 (17) Georgy Ignatievich Itygin and his lawful wife Vera Moiseevna ^{[29, l. 72ob. -73, No. 143]}. The recipients (godparents) were Erasmus Georgievich Itygin, a student of Kazan University, and Anastasia Savelyevna Kodynskaya, a peasant from the Taurida province of the Dnieper District of the Pervo-Konstantinovskaya volost.

Subsequently, the Itygins, in addition to their son Boris, had children Vadim ^[5], Maya and Kim (changed his first and last name to "Anatoly Kramskoy"). Boris Georgievich (1916 – 1999) had three children in his only marriage with Zinaida Nikolaevna Vorobyova (1922 – 1999): Lev (1947 – 2005), Tamara (1949) and Larisa (1950). Lev Borisovich, married to Valentina Zakharova Usacheva (1949), had a son, Yevgeny (1973), who is a descendant in the direct male line, that is, his sexual Y chromosome is a reference (reference) for determining the patrilineal haplogroup of the Itygin family. Tamara Borisovna had three daughters, Larisa Borisovna, married to Viktor Dmitrievich, had two sons and a daughter (1952). Their youngest son Leonid (1976) also became a donor for DNA testing of G. I. Itygin's descendants. Both donors live in Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo region.

After the advent of genetic methods for the study of biological kinship, classical documentary genealogy has already ceased to satisfy the methodological level of modern science. Before DNA testing in genealogy, we were engaged in a poorly verifiable study of family ties, giving priority to written sources over oral traditions. And now only a comprehensive genetic and genealogical (genealogical) study can claim to be scientific in the truth of kinship (^{[57, pp. 581-596],[58, pp. 1451-1472]}).

The comprehensive methodology of genetic and genealogical verification of the pedigree involves cross-checking of kinship data, including oral documentary and genetic reconstruction of the pedigree. Scientifically and methodologically, we are talking about reconstruction, despite the fact that sometimes, in relation to the genetic establishment of kinship, the reconstruction method can be replaced by objectification^[6].

In our first paper on the Itygin family tree, we wrote that "from a genetic and genealogical point of view, it seems promising to study the direct male descendants of the Itygins on the Y chromosome to determine the haplogroup of the genus" ^{[40, p. 57]}. Such a study will make it possible to determine the migration routes of the patrilineal ancestors of the Itygins deep into hundreds and thousands of years, which means to clarify the genetic source of the Seok as an ethnogeneic, revealing the corresponding branch on the phylogenetic tree of the male population of mankind. Thanks to obtaining a new type of genetic data, valuable in itself, it will be possible to verify the oral and documentary pedigree of the Itygins, reconstructed on the basis of surveys of descendants and archival sources. The methodological potential for such interdisciplinary research has been developed by DNA genealogy (genetic genealogy, molecular genealogy) ^[4], and specific examples of its application can be found in our works (^{[38, pp. 51-66],[32, pp. 79-83],[43, pp. 8-17],[41, c. 151-164],[35, c. 161-212],[33, c. 58-68],[37],[36]}).

Choosing a suitable donor for DNA testing is an important methodological decision. Since there is always a risk of choosing a namesake, careful documentary confirmation of the donor's kinship is necessary. It is advisable to test not one, but several representatives of the family / clan in order to exclude non-genetic inheritance of the surname. In the case of determining the Y-haplogroup of the genus/seoka, it is important to test male descendants along parallel lines going back to a common ancestor who lived 200-300 years ago, which will allow us to deepen the verification of patrilineal ancestry until the documentary genealogical data is exhausted.

Having selected suitable donors with a confirmed degree of kinship, we started their genetic testing. DNA testing was conducted at the Russian medical and genetic center "Genotek" ("Genotek"), which is located in Moscow. An "Origin" test was ordered for three donors, including the determination of haplogroups (genetic genera) along direct male and female lines (respectively, on the Y chromosome of nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA), as well as finding out your ethnic component and closest relatives to the fifth cousin degree (on the autosomes of nuclear DNA).

Detailed information can be found on the Genotek website, including: "A genealogical DNA test allows you to find out the origin of your distant ancestors and determine which peoples left a mark on your genome. It is needed to better understand yourself and your history, to know more about ancient and modern relatives. The genetic test allows you to look into the very distant past and find out the history of your origin. The external racial and ethnic characteristics of modern people are becoming more and more blurred. But our DNA, like a carefully assembled archive, remembers everything and carefully stores it. We suggest doing a DNA test for race and individual populations to learn more about your history.

Over tens of thousands of years of modern man's existence, millions of changes (random mutations) have accumulated in the genome, which people have passed on from generation to generation. Thus, genetic markers appeared, which were more common in some peoples and less common in others. These markers determine the uniqueness of each of us: our appearance, the characteristics of our body, and also contain information about our ancestors, from whom we inherited these markers.

Table 1. Details of the DNA test "Origin" from Genotek

A human has a set of 23 pairs of chromosomes in each cell. One chromosome in each pair goes to the child from the mother, the other from the father. In the process of transmission, chromosomes exchange sections, so our DNA is a mosaic made up of fragments of the DNA of our ancestors. Only the Y chromosome, which determines the male sex, and mitochondrial DNA, inherited only from the mother, do not exchange fragments with other chromosomes and are passed from generation to generation in an almost unchanged form. Mutations that occurred in the Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA a thousand years ago are transmitted to us from our paternal or maternal ancestors and allow us to look back thousands of years" ^[50].

So, our DNA donors were: direct descendants of G. I. Itygin from his second wife V. M. Kodynskaya, namely, the descendants of their son Boris Georgievich Itygin, who are shown in the pedigree scheme.

G. I. Itygin's great-grandson in the direct male line, E. L. Itygin, became a key DNA donor, thanks to which we were able to identify the Y-haplogroup, that is, a patrilineal genetic genus, which subsequently received a seok (ethnogenetic) name and a modern surname. Testing of E. L. Itygin's cousin, also G. I. Itygin's great–grandson in a mixed line, L. V. Yeni, allowed to certify the chain of kinship up to their grandfather, B. G. Itygin, eliminating genetic risks. Of course, if we could test G. I. Itygin's descendants from his younger children, Maya and Kim (1924), then we would be able to genetically verify the relationship to George Ignatievich himself. According to L. D. Yeni, we know that Kim Georgievich Itygin, having changed his first and last name, became Anatoly Georgievich Kramsky, whose son Alexander was born in his second marriage (1955). The website "Memory of the People" has digitized documents related to K. G. Itygin's participation in the Great Patriotic War ^[49]. Interestingly, in the award list for the medal "For Military Merit" his nationality is indicated as Russian, although his father belonged to the Khakass subethnos of the Kyzyl people.

Having received the genetic results of DNA testing of cousins, great-grandchildren of G. I. Itygin, Genotek algorithms determined the third degree of kinship, which can correspond to several variants. However, for both donors, his cousin is shown to be the closest relative.

Fig. 1. The section "Search for relatives" from E. L. Itygin's account on the Genotek website

Fig. 2. The section "Search for relatives" from L. V. Yena's account on the Genotek website

Total DNA segments (sum of IBD segments) – 921 cM (12.99%). The largest IBD segment is 70 cm. Scientific data is schematically displayed on chromosomes, where the shaded areas mean those segments that they inherited from common ancestors.

Fig. 3. Sections of chromosomes that coincide with the sections of a relative

(for samples by E. L. Itygin and L. V. Ene)

As a result of testing, a statistically confirmed biological relationship was established. The data of "The Shared cM Project 4.0" from the website were used as an independent genetic database https://thegeneticgenealogist.com American geneticist Blaine Bettinger ^[9]. The average value of the common sections of chromosomes between cousins (1C – 1st cousin) is 866 centimorgans (in genetics, this is a unit of measurement of genetic cohesion between polymorphic fragments of the genome – loci or markers), the range is 396-1397 cM. The result for E. L. Itygin and L. V. Yeni at 921 cM is consistent with the international statistical sample ^[10] (see also: ^[5]).

Now let's present the genetic data on the Y-chromosome haplogroup identified in Evgeny Lvovich Itygin.

Fig. 4. The section "Migration of ancestors" from the account of E. L. Itygin on the Genotek website

The resolving depth of the Illumina DNA chip used in Genotek allowed us to establish that the Itygin family belongs to Y-haplogroup I in the direct male line, and a detailed analysis of the initial data revealed a mutation of the I2a1b2a1a subclades, in modern notation – I2-S17250.

The SNP mutation S17250 means that the ancestor of the Itygins had an irreversible mutation in the Y chromosome more than two thousand years ago, when, when copying DNA at position 15531354, the nucleotide G (guanine) was mistakenly replaced by the nucleotide A (adenine). Subsequently, it was adenine that began to be copied from all male descendants of this ancestor in the specified position on the Y chromosome. We will show the corresponding mutation from the initial data of the DNA test of E. L. Itygin.

Fig. 5. A fragment of the initial DNA test data from E. L. Itygin's account on the Genotek website

Since Genotek uses Hg19 as a reference (comparison sample), the position number in the nucleotide sequence of the Y chromosome for SNP S17250 (synonymous names - V3022, YP204) is 15531354, whereas in accordance with the reference Hg38 adopted in advanced foreign genetic laboratories, this position will be 13419474.

Fig. 6. The position of the SNP I-S17250 from the YFull website ^[11]

Fig. 7. Detailed data for Y-SNP I-S17250 ^[6]

According to YFull YTree, the SNP mutation I-S17250 was formed approximately more than two thousand years ago, being descending in the chain presented below.

Fig. 8. Fragment of YFull YTree v10.05.00 ^[11]

The chronology of this subclades, presented on the website of the American genetic company Family Tree DNA (the DiscoverTM More utility was launched in the fall of 2022) is approximately 2,200 years ago (Timeline Tree) – the philoequivalent subclades I-Y3548 ^[1].

Fig. 9. Haplogroup I-Y3548 Story ^[1]

Fig. 10. Timeline Tree Fragment ^[1]

The closest genetic relatives of the Itygins at the level of this subclades live in the Adriatic, the Balkans (the territories of modern Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Poland, Ukraine, Turkey). The I-S17250 carriers are representatives of the so–called South Dinaric cluster ^[18]. Since over the past two thousand years the ancestors of the Itygins migrated from west to east – from the Balkans to Siberia^[11], the question of specifying this migration by other descending snip mutations remains interesting, which must be determined by deeper testing of the Y chromosome of donors. We are talking about the complete sequencing of the male sex chromosome, which will allow us to find generic/family/private SNPs and, thereby, trace in more detail the migration path of the Itygin ancestors, simultaneously verifying their documented and reconstructed pedigree with new genetic data.

The next stage of the study was the search for a second donor in the parallel male line of the Itygins. The more direct male descendants are tested, the more reliable the desired result will be, both from the point of view of statistical sampling and from the position of the reference (reference) DNA line of the genus. It is advisable to test distant patrilineal descendants in order to maximize the verification of the oral and documentary pedigree.

In the first work, we reconstructed the direct patrilineal chain of G. I. Itygin's ancestors up to the 2nd half of the XVIII century: Peter (1770s - before 1818) - Vasily (circa 1813 – after 1858) – Ignatius (1835 – ?) – George (1873 – 1928). The choice of the second male representative of the Itygin family also fell to the family of Vasily Petrovich Itygin, namely, his second son Dmitry (circa 1837 – ?), from whom Vasily Gavrilovich Shtygin (1952), who lives in Novosibirsk, traces his lineage. The change of the surname "Itygin" to "Shtygin" occurred by mistake / misspelling in the documents of his father, Gavrila Markovich (1927 – 2007), who lived in Kazakhstan. The direct patrilineal chain was reconstructed on the basis of documentary sources thanks to the help of V. G. Shtygin's 3rd cousin, Ekaterina Vasilyevna Velizhanskaya (1973) ^[20]: Peter (1770s – before 1818) – Vasily (ca. 1813 – after 1858) – Dmitry (ca. 1837 – ?) – Semyon (1865 – 1940) – Mark (1900 – 1942) – Gabriel (1927 – 2007) – Vasily (1952).

According to the reconstruction, there are two donors on the Ignatius line Vasilyevich Itygin and one donor through his brother Dmitry Vasilyevich Itygin are brought to each other by 5 cousins. This degree of patrilineal kinship of DNA donors makes it possible to verify their ancestry to their common ancestor, Vasily Petrovich Itygin (circa 1813 – after 1858). If it had been possible to identify a direct male descendant from a parallel branch of his older brother, Egor Petrovich Itygin (circa 1802-1856), then the verification of kinship could have been deepened by another knee – to the earliest documentary ancestor of Peter Itygin (1770s – before 1818).

Here are these two patrilineal branches of the Itygin family:

Vasily Petrovich Itygin (c. 1813 – after 1858):

1st branch – Ignatius (1835 – ?) – George (1873 – 1928) – Boris (1916 – 1999) – Leo (1947 – 2005) – Eugene (1973)^[12];

2nd branch^[13] – Dmitry (ca. 1837 – ?) – Semyon (1865 – 1940) – Mark (1900 – 1942) – Gabriel (1927 – 2007) – Vasily (1952).

The results of the DNA test "Origin" for V. G. Shtygin on the Y chromosome coincided with the result of his 5th cousin E. L. Itygin: the Y-haplogroup I-S17250 was confirmed by experimental testing. Note that the Genotek algorithms do not yet use the Y chromosome to identify patrilineal kinship, determining the Y-haplogroup, as well as mtDNA, as a bonus to the main autosomal test.

Fig. 11. The section "Migration of ancestors" from V. G. Shtygin's account on the Genotek website

Fig. 12. A fragment of the initial DNA test data from V. G. Shtygin's account on the Genotek website

According to autosomal DNA, Genotek algorithms did not find any matches between 5 cousins to identify the closest relatives. There are two reasons for this: 1) the technological capabilities of the Illumina chip used in the laboratory for this DNA test make it possible to analyze only 0.1% of the entire genome of the donor; 2) the process of crossing over during meiosis, when homologous sites are exchanged between parental chromosomes, as well as their subsequent unequal inheritance in descendants, resulting in an increase in the total genetic contribution of ancestors the degree of kinship of their descendants is decreasing.

According to "The Shared cM Project 4.0" ^[9], the average value of the common chromosome sections between five cousins (4C – 4st cousin) is 35 cM, and the range of values is from 0 to 139 cM. It is not surprising that at this level of kinship, the DNA test could show a negative result. Independent experimental testing in another genetic laboratory will probably be able to identify traces of such a relationship.

In the section "Ethnic composition" V. G. Shtygin has a 5% genetic trace, which is characteristic of the peoples of Siberia, including the Khakass. You can even specify which parts of the chromosomes turned out to be similar to representatives of the peoples of Siberia.

Here is a description of this methodology used in Genotek: "The very first approaches to assessing ethnic origin were based on the so-called AIM variants (ancestry informative markers). These are genetic variants that are characteristic and widespread among one population and rarely found in other populations. This approach works relatively well on a "continental" scale when we want, for example, to distinguish Africans from Asians.

Another variant of the outdated approach to determining ethnic origin is using haplogroups, which may be more or less common in different ethnic groups. However, this method does not say anything about the origin beyond the male and female lines, and it turns out to be impossible to separate recently emerged peoples due to the fact that many modern haplogroups arose several thousand or tens of thousands of years ago, when modern peoples did not exist.

In order to analyze close populations (for example, the peoples of Eastern Europe), we applied a more complex approach based on comparing not individual mutations, but extended DNA segments at once. This approach is called local ancestry inference. At the same time, it is important that the human genome is "phased" beforehand, that is, with the help of special bioinformatic tools and databases, the chromosomes that were inherited from each of the parents are determined.

By means of machine learning methods (neural networks and the method of support vectors with string kernels) we compared fragments of each of your chromosomes with the corresponding fragments of the genomes of "reference" people with known ancestry and assigned them to the most suitable population. In the next step, using hidden Markov models, we corrected, smoothed and finalized the definition of your ethnic composition.

In the diagram, we marked with color those sections of your chromosomes that turned out to be similar to the corresponding sections of the chromosomes of representatives of the ethnic group. Based on how many sections of chromosomes were assigned to each ethnic group, the percentage of each ethnic group in your genome is determined. The larger the size of each fragment, the closer the ancestor, who is an indigenous representative of this ethnic group, is to you" ^[50].

Fig. 13. Sections of V. G. Shtygin's chromosomes similar to sections of chromosomes of representatives of the peoples of Siberia (7% of the genome)

Thus, the obtained genetic data of three representatives of the Itygin genus allow us to draw several conclusions. Firstly, it was possible to genetically and genealogically verify the relationship of two cousins – descendants of G. I. Itygin from his second marriage – at the level of autosomes of nuclear DNA. Secondly, the reference Y-haplogroup of the Itygin genus – I2a1b2a1a-S17250 has been determined, which allows us to date the phylogeny and migration of patrilineal ancestors to the turn of our era. Thirdly, an additional genetic and genealogical verification of the Itygin male branch along a parallel line was carried out at the level of the 5th degree, confirming the reference Y-haplogroup of the Itygins.

In conclusion, we will express a number of considerations about the prospects for further DNA research of the Itygin (Itegeler) genus. In our opinion, it is necessary to conduct full testing of the Y chromosome in two identified donors in order to carry out a full-fledged correlation-verification with the oral and documentary pedigree using new genetic markers. The new generation sequencing technology (NGS) used in the "Full Genome" DNA test by Genotek laboratory allows the analysis of 3 billion markers – more than 99% of the entire genome, whereas microchip analysis for the "Genetic Passport", of which the "Origin" test is a part, reveals only 650 thousand markers. Foreign (mostly American) analogues include the "Big Y 700" DNA test from Family Tree DNA ^[3] and the genome-wide DNA test from Nebula Genomics ^[7]. The initial data obtained in these American genetic laboratories can be uploaded to the Russian Internet resource YFull.com to obtain its unique phylogenetic place on the family tree of the male ^[11] and female (MTree) populations of mankind. Mass DNA testing of other representatives of the Kyzyl people belonging to the Shuisky family will help in the objective study of their ethnogenesis, based on modern natural science methods and a new type of genetic data.

In conclusion, we would like to express our gratitude to the representatives of the Itygin family, who acted as DNA donors, and also shared unique documents from their personal archives for conducting such a comprehensive genetic and genealogical study, namely– Evgeny Lvovich Itygin, Leonid Viktorovich Ene, Vasily Gavrilovich Shtygin and Ekaterina Vasilyevna Velizhanskaya.

^[1] Basis: an extract from the personal card of a participant in the All-Russian Agricultural and Land census in the Yenisei district in 1917, according to which Lev Georgievich Itygin is 19 years old ^{[21, L. 56]}.

^[2] The metric books on the Peter and Paul Church of S. Rybinsky for 1898-1899 have not yet been identified.

^[3] According to metric record No. 198, Vladimir was born on October 30 (November 12), 1900, baptized on November 29 (December 12); parents: Georgy Ignatievich Itygin, a teacher at the Rybinsk two–grade model School, and his legitimate wife Akilina [instead of Kaleria. – Note by A. N.] Semenovna ^{[26, l. 107ob.-108, No. 198]}. According to metric record No. 41, this 7-month-old Vladimir died on June 12 (25), 1901 from pneumonia, and was buried on June 14 (27) ^{[27, l. 114ob.-115, No. 41]}.

^[4] According to the metric record No. 201, on November 17 (30), 1901, the Itygins had a second son, Vladimir, baptized on December 03 (16) ^{[27, l. 95ob.-96, No. 201]}.

^[5] According to entry No. 139 of the metric book of the Spasskaya Railway Church in Krasnoyarsk, Vadim was born on September 25, 1918, the son of a personal honorary citizen from Kizilsky foreigners, Georgy Ignatievich Itygin and his legitimate wife Vera Moiseevna; baptized on November 12. Recipients (godparents): 1) the city of Krasnoyarsk Ivan Moiseevich Kodinsky and Stanislava Eduardovna Dranishnikova; 2) S. Chebaki Grigory Nikitich Itygin and the city of Krasnoyarsk Nadezhda Moiseeva Stabrovskaya ^{[30, l. 62ob.-63, No. 139]}.

^[6] Cf.: B. B. Zhukov: "Thus, molecular biology has given systematics a kind of "kinship meter", which unambiguously shows how many standard molecular genetic events separate any two species from their common ancestor. And this assessment is not a reconstruction, but a directly measurable quantity that does not include anything subjective or assumed" ^{[19, pp. 490-491]}. See also: D. Reich: "When there are morphological data and data on ancient DNA, the latter always prevail. The reason is simple. Morphological analysis takes into account a dozen signs suitable for the analysis of individual variability, and therefore it indicates belonging to a particular population only very approximately. And genetic analysis is based on thousands of independent variable positions, allowing individuals to be attributed to a certain population with high accuracy" ^{[45, p. 230]}.

Probably, the primary source of these arguments are the words of the Swedish paleogeneticist and evolutionist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2022 Svante Paabo (Paabo), published in the book "Neanderthal. In search of disappeared genomes" (2013; Russian translation 2018): "The examples of sloths and marsupial wolves – vivid cases of convergent evolution – became for me a clear reminder of how unreliable it is to judge kinship by morphological similarity. It turned out that as soon as natural circumstances change in a certain direction, any animal form and behavior are transformed in a similar way in the right direction. To me, the DNA sequence speaks more accurately about kinship. Thousands of mutations accumulate in DNA, they occur independently of each other and do not affect either the appearance or the habits of the animal. Morphological features, on the contrary, contain the means of survival, therefore, certain measurements of features reflect the adaptive capabilities of the animal. In addition, the signs can be mutually linked to each other – taking two signs, you can never be sure of their independence. Since in the case of DNA we are dealing with multiple independent and randomly varying features, reconstructions are significantly more stable than those based on morphological variations. And even more – on the basis of DNA, it is possible to obtain the time of divergence of descendants from a common ancestor, which cannot be done in any way according to morphology. After all, the number of changes in DNA is mainly a function of time, at least if we are talking about a group of related species" ^{[44, pp. 102-103]}.

^{[7] [12],[51]}.

^{[8] [16],[55]}.

^{[9] [14],[56]}.

^[10] See also: ^[2],[8].

^[11] Let us state the following hypothesis about the probable migration route of the Itygin ancestors from the Balkans to Siberia. It is possible that they could have been included (recruited, hijacked) in the Mongol army, which reached the territory of the Balkans in the early 1240s. In March 1242, their return movement began through Bosnia, Serbia and Bulgaria. The ancestors of the Itygins could have been captured or recruited, and then, as the invasion declined, they returned to the east with the Mongols, settling in the Golden Horde, as well as on its ruins – for example, in the Siberian Khanate (territories of Tobolsk and Kuznetsk counties). At the turn of the XVIII–XIX centuries, the descendants of a proband named "Etyga" (found among the Samoyeds of Turukhansky district ^{[46, l. 48]} could be incorporated into the Shuisky council of the future Kyzyl Steppe Duma.

^{[12] [15],[54]}.

^[13] The documentary verification of the Itygins' pedigree, carried out according to the revision tales of 1850 and 1858, will be supplemented with information from the metric books.

According to entry No. 15 from the metric book of the Trinity Church of S. Sharypovsky, on April 26 (May 08), 1864, a marriage was concluded between 26-year-old yasach D. Shushi Dmitry Vasilyevich Etygin (third in a row) and 31-year-old yasach widow from Bozheozersky ulus Evdokia Anisimovna Kukartseva (second in a row) (Metric Book of 1864: L. 359b.-360, No. 15). The guarantors (witnesses) were: for the groom: D. Shushi yasachny Ignatiy Vasilyevich and Feofilakt Egorovich Itygin, for the bride: U. Bozhyeozersky yasachny Ivan Andreevich and Evsevy Ivanovich The Kukartsevs.

According to entry No. 6 from the metric book of the Vvedenskaya Church of the village of Bozhyeozersky on January 24 (February 05), 1865. Dmitry Vasilyevich Itygin and his lawful wife Evdokia Anisimovna had a son, Semyon, born at yasachny Bozhyeozersky ulus; he was baptized on January 28 (February 09) ^{[22, l. 356ob.-357, No. 6]}.

According to entry No. 5 from the metric book of the Vvedenskaya Church of the village of Bozhyeozersky, on February 05 (17), 1884, a marriage was concluded between a 19-year-old yasachny foreigner of the Shuisky family, Semyon Dmitrievich Itygin, and a 21-year-old peasant girl from the village. Temrinskaya Maria Mikhailovna Ivanova; the guarantors (witnesses) were: for the groom, Ivan Artemyevich Kukartsev, a non–native of Shuisky rol, for the bride, Login Trifonovich Maryasov, a settled non–native of the village of Temrinskaya ^{[23, l. 61ob.-62, No. 5]}.

According to entry No. 28 from the metric book of the Vvedenskaya Church of the village of Bozhyeozersky, on April 23 (May 06), 1900, Mark was born – the son of a non–native of the Shuisky family Semyon Dmitrievich Itygin and his legitimate wife Maria Mikhailovna; baptized on April 25 (May 08) ^{[23, l. 61ob.-62, No. 28]}.

See also: ^{[17],[53],[13],[52]}.