On the issue of mobilizing citizens to preserve traditional values

Bagreeva Elena Gennadievna ORCID: 0000-0003-1407-1574 Professor, Department of Legal Regulation of Economic Activities, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation 125167, Russia, Moscow, Leningradsky Ave., 49/2 bagreg@yandex.ru Other publications by this author

Kutsev Vladimir Valentinovich Deputy, Representative Assembly of the Rylsky District of the Kursk Region 307370, Russia, Kursk, K.liebknecht str., 21 Avto1772@mail.ru

Recently, the problem of illegal migration in the Russian Federation has become an urgent reason for the growth of drug addiction. In paragraph 48 of the Strategy of the State Anti-Drug Policy until 2020, the increase in the level of illegal migration and the growth of international crime with the emergence of new smuggling channels referred to uncontrolled risks that should be paid special attention to. It is noteworthy that in the new Strategy of the state Anti-Drug Policy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030, illegal migration no longer refers to risks and threats to national security, but only transnational criminal groups are mentioned. In other countries, the situation is almost identical, which is confirmed by official statistics ^[1] and international reports ^[2]. In this regard, it should be understood: in what cases does illegal migration threaten the narcosis of the country, undermining its security?

The peculiarities of unmanageable risks are that the conditions for their occurrence are unknown, and the proven countermeasures are not clear and have not been formed. Illegal migration has all these signs ^[3].

Illegal migration is understood as entry into the territory of the Russian Federation, stay and departure of foreign citizens and stateless persons with non-compliance with the norms of Russian legislation ^[4], as well as arbitrary change of their position during their stay in the territory of the Russian Federation ^[5]. A similar understanding of illegal migration is contained in foreign sources ^[6].

According to official data of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation in 2021, the number of illegal migrants amounted to 800 thousand – 1 million people, the bulk of them are visitors from CIS countries ^[7]. However, according to expert estimates, the real number of illegal migrants differs from official statistics and amounts to 2.5 million people.

In 2021 alone, 327 criminal cases were initiated against, for example, Kyrgyz people under Article 228 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which is 60% more than in the previous 2020 (against 191 cases). For example, in the Kursk Region in 2021, 30 foreign citizens were detained for crimes related to drug trafficking, 5% of all detainees were citizens from Central Asia.

Thus, 42,042 foreign citizens registered for migration in the Kursk Region in 2021, 6,616 people from Central Asian countries, including 3,693 from Uzbekistan, 1,819 from Tajikistan, 435 from Kyrgyzstan, 368 from Kazakhstan, 301 from Turkmenistan. The second largest "detachment" from Ukraine – 4,021 people, the third – from the Transcaucasian countries – 2,284 people, of which from Armenia – 1,588, Azerbaijan – 599. The number of foreign citizens registered for migration from the Middle East countries amounted to 204 people. At the same time, 2,783 people were identified as illegal citizens (a total of protocols were drawn up under chapter 18 of the Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation).

It should be recognized that the problem of illegal migration carries political threats. Attention is also drawn to this in foreign sources ^[8]. Let's analyze these threats in 4 directions:

1) The political and legal aspect has an external and internal orientation. The external one is expressed in the complication of the development of Russia's foreign policy relations with other countries, which may arise as a result of the tightening of migration policy. Internal - in reducing the integration and integrity of society. This is clearly manifested when migrants have a different religion, culture, lifestyle from the host country, and their integration processes are difficult ^[9]. In this case, it is necessary to establish legal regulation of the system of integration of migrants into Russian society, providing them with the process of socialization ^[10]. Otherwise, the growth of communities, diasporas and isolated groups will be inevitable, the control of which will be difficult and even impossible. Examples of this already exist in world practice ^[11].

2) The economic and legal aspect is closely related to the criminal orientation of illegal migration, since all the incomes of illegal migrants are not declared, the country's economy does not receive taxes and deductions. Moreover, a large amount of money is in the "shadow" economy (drug trafficking, weapons, people, prostitution, large-scale smuggling, criminal gangs). So, in 2019, the volume of the "shadow" (unaccounted for) economy amounted to 11.7 trillion rubles. or 12.7% of GDP.

3) The criminal-legal aspect reveals indicators of the growth of corruption, which hinders the fight against illegal migration ^[12], the employment of illegal migrants in the shadow economy and the commission of crimes. Often, the fight against illegal labor migration is opposed not by a single entity, but by an entire criminal group or diaspora. Since it is difficult for migrants to assimilate in a new country for them due to the lack of a high level of education, knowledge of the language, social skills, laws and peculiarities of life in the country, they are forced to "stick to their own" and unite in communities and diasporas that are almost not controlled by law enforcement agencies of the Russian Federation.

4) The socio-legal aspect is focused on the analysis of the formation of special labor markets in which only migrants are employed: their main threat is that migrants occupy unattractive niches for Russian citizens, thereby worsening social standards in the field of labor, bringing down the price of labor ^[13]. Thus, in regions where the share of migrants is higher, there is competition for jobs between the indigenous population and migrants, which causes social tension. This is especially evident in more developed regions, where migrants are willing to work for low salaries, and Russians refuse positions for a similar amount of remuneration. This situation leads to a forced increase in salaries and additional business costs, or, conversely, during periods of unemployment, Russians are willing to accept low wages, which leads to a general drop in living standards.

All over the world, the impact of migration processes on the situation with drug crime is only increasing every year ^[14]. Until 2021, the situation with drug crime involving migrants was complicated by the fact that there were a large number of drug addicts among migrants. Among the teenage children of legal migrants, one in three took various drugs ^[5]. In 2017, according to official data, out of the 30 most wanted drug traffickers in Russia, only 3 were citizens of the Russian Federation, the rest were foreign citizens. 11 Azerbaijani citizens and 7 Tajik citizens were suspected of repeatedly supplying prohibited substances on a particularly large scale. For smuggling of prohibited substances, the suspects were 3 citizens of Tajikistan and 2 citizens of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan each. 12 citizens of Azerbaijan and 4 citizens of Tajikistan were wanted for sale on a particularly large scale ^[15].

Often, those migrants who have a semi-legal status, who find themselves in a difficult life situation due to the loss of a source of income, or who use drugs even before arriving on the territory of the Russian Federation, distribute drugs ^[16]. This problem was minimized with the introduction of mandatory testing for HIV, drugs and a number of infectious diseases for migrants coming to the territory of the Russian Federation for a period of more than 90 days.

Criminologists distinguish the following features of a migrant criminal who commits crimes in the field of illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances:

1) citizens of the CIS countries, mainly Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, male from 30 to 49 years old, who is illegally in the territory of the Russian Federation and does not have an official place of work;

2) mostly single and without children, as the family stimulates positive and socially acceptable behavior, performing the role of a certain control. However, about a quarter of all criminals were married, but in this case it is worth talking about a difficult life situation associated with illness / death of relatives or loss of earnings. In addition, married couples and, in particular, women are less susceptible to risky and criminal behavior. Usually, migrant women are aimed at long-term or permanent residence in the host country, are busy arranging family life, establishing contacts with society, and it is easier for them than men to integrate into the socio-cultural life of the country, since they care about the well-being of the family, and not about their status ^[17].

3) the level of education of persons committing a crime is very low: almost all migrants convicted under articles 228-324.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation do not have higher education. Since most criminals used illegal substances, this may indicate the presence of limited learning abilities and weak internal protection from unconscious drives ^[18]. It should be noted that the organizers of the criminal group and manufacturers of illegal substances have a fairly high level of education, as well as the fact that they are not consumers of narcotic substances ^[19].

Analyzing the current situation with migration flows ^[20], we have to admit that illegal migration and the accompanying drug addiction of the country's citizens should relate to risks and threats to national security, focusing on expanding the forces and means to combat this phenomenon.