Representation of the concept «ev-mesken|house-dwelling» in the Crimean Tatar and Russian linguistic picture of the world

Mamutova Zakiya PhD in Pedagogy Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Senior Lecturer, Researcher; Department of Crimean Tatar and Turkish Linguistics, Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University 295024, Russia, Republic of Crimea, Simferopol, ul. Uchebny Lane, 28, of. kipu rusridmam@mail.ru Ibragimova Venera Fevzievna ORCID: 0009-0000-3371-8551 PhD in Philology Associate Professor, Department of Russian Philology, Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University named after Fevzi Yakubov 295001, Andorra, Republic of Crimea, Simferopol, Krasnoznamennaya str., 101, of. - ibragimova.venera@gmail.com

Nasibullaeva Elina Rasimovna Lecturer at the Department of English Philology, Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University named after Fevzi Yakubov 295001, Andorra, Crimea region, Simferopol, Persikovaya str., 16, of. - elina14@mail.ru

Introduction

The relevance of the topic under study is determined by the specifics of studying and comparing the linguistic and cultural features of the national-individual picture of the world, the identity of languages. The representation of the semantic features of the pairing of the analyzed concept in two languages is relevant for the Crimean Tatar language. 

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve research problems:

- interpret theoretical questions related to the concept of the worldview of the concept "ev-mesken|house-housing" in the Crimean Tatar and Russian languages;

- to characterize the linguistic and cultural features of the representation of the concept "ev-mesken | house-housing", to conduct a comparative analysis of the semantics of words that convey the meaning of these words in the dialects of the Crimean Tatar language in texts when translated into Russian.

The theoretical basis of the research was the works of Evliya Celebi ^[1], works ^{[2, 3],[4],[5,],[6]} and others .

The practical significance of the topic under study lies in the fact that the results of the analysis can be used in the development of special seminars on linguistics, comparative linguoculturology, ethnoculturology.

The places of residence of a person are increasingly differing in the details of the device, the functions performed by them are being clarified, the differences between them are increasing. The subject vocabulary serves to subcategorize the world, the process of subcategorization is reflected in the vocabulary of this sphere of human activity - in the names of housing and related items. Using the example of the development of the vocabulary of the "ev-mesken|house-housing" field, the connections and interrelations arising in the cultural and linguistic space are displayed, the influence of socio-cultural factors on the processes of formation of the Crimean Tatar national variant of the Crimean Tatar language is investigated. The description of language processes within this field, common to the language system and specific to this subsystem, is given; historically changing patterns of the use of vocabulary of a certain nature are revealed.

Discussion

The most important historical source is the travel book of the Turkish scientist Evliya Celebi, which describes in detail the structure of cities and fortresses, occupations and crafts, workshops for the production of various products, provides information about customs, languages, organization of military campaigns, seen by the author when he visited the Crimea in 1666-1667. In the book we find the earliest hitherto mention of artisans-manufacturers of prayer mats of the Kafinsky eyalet, as well as a message about the presence of a large number of weavers in the cities of Cafes and Bakhchisarai ^[18].

Information about various spheres of life in the Crimea of the XVIII century is presented in the works of V. F. Zuev, in the book of I. E. Tunmann, Professor of Rhetoric and Philosophy at the University of Halle — "The Crimean Khanate" — the first systematic description of the history of its formation. The author, who has never been to the Crimea, in his work used a wide range of works by ancient and medieval authors, as well as information from sources that have not reached our time. Some ideas about the folk art of the Crimean Tatars can be gleaned from the details relating to the territory, nature, the peoples who inhabited the peninsula, the peculiarities of the secular and religious aspects of life and forms of management ^{[3, 7]}.

The study takes into account the socio-cultural component in combination with the consideration of the culture of the people in the broad ethnographic sense of the word, especially the components of culture bearing a national-specific coloring, such as traditions and customs, everyday life, everyday behavior, "national worldview", etc. ^[8].

Language, being one of the main features of a nation, expresses the culture of the people who speak it, i.e. national culture. Learning a foreign language involves treating it not only as a new code and a new way of expressing thoughts, but also as a source of information about the national culture of the native speaker of the language being studied ^[9].

The dominance of a particular type of housing is determined by several factors: a) the natural building materials prevailing in a particular area, in a particular area; b) the natural conditions of a particular area of the country; c) where housing is located in the city center, suburbs or rural areas; d) the socio-economic living conditions of the prevailing in a given area, suburb, part of the city of the population; e) the national and cultural traditions of the dominant population group in the area.

According to the linguoculturological theory of the word, the national specificity of the semantics of a lexical unit is provided by the content of national-cultural semantic shares in it. By national-cultural semantic shares, the authors understand those semantic features that "are formed, are formed within the boundaries of a certain ethno-cultural and national-linguistic community" ^[4].

National-cultural semantic shares can be included in the lexical concept (intensive) and such a word is considered as having arisen within a given historical community of people. Words of this kind are called equivalent vocabulary ^[5].

National-semantic shares may be present at the level of the lexical background of the implication. In these cases, conceptually identical lexical units have discrepancies in the field of semantic periphery, i.e. knowledge and associations associated with a given subject or phenomenon in the minds of native speakers of a given language. Such lexical units are called background vocabulary ^[10].

Researchers consider the semantics of such words as the area where language and culture come into contact most closely.

Researchers claim that semantic systems of different languages and individual elements of these systems contain non-matching elements, certain national-specific information known only to this national-cultural community of people.

Like linguistics, linguoculturology analyzes the semantics of lexical units to highlight culturally significant information. In linguoculturology, it is customary to divide such units into those in which culturally significant information is contained in the denotative aspect of the meaning of reality ^[7] and those in which culturally significant information is concentrated in the connotative aspect of meaning.

This approach is consistent with the principles of cognitive science used in describing the semantics of a word, i.e. the denotative aspect of meaning is considered as a typical image of a class of objects and phenomena in the minds of native speakers.

The XV century was marked by the emergence of the Crimean Khanate, there were changes in culture, art, urban planning. In Khan's Bakhchisarai, there was a desire to imitate the tastes of Istanbul. Here, as in the Turkish capital, two-storey houses are beginning to be built, with protruding upper floors on wooden supports that rest obliquely against the wall. Tiled roofs with hanging wide rounded sachak canopies at the corners, decorated with geometric ornaments made of thin wooden slats, prismatic high pipes, doors with massive metal rings attached to a carved bronze plaque are coming into fashion ^[11].

By the time described above, ^[11], certain types of folk dwellings of the Crimean Tatars had already developed in various regions of the Crimea, in which the traditions of ethnic groups that inhabited the peninsula from ancient times were traced. This can be judged by the generally Ottoman terminology adopted in the Crimea, in which Iranian terms such as duvar (wall), ottoman (board), dam (ceiling) are preserved; and Greek — kiramet (tile cover), kamer [extension-niche terem (protruding part of the upper floor); and Roman — furun (a domed bread oven with a hole on the side), as well as others. In the origin of some parts of the dwelling of the South-coast Tatars and their verbal designation, such as keller (closet, fenced off on the veranda), soba (covered room oven), the Gothic influence was affected by the Roman heritage was the domed bread oven introduced into the culture of the Crimea by the Greeks and arranged outside the house [6].

The traditional dwelling of the steppe strip (Karasubazar district) in the roof design had elements of the oldest plain dwelling of the Black Sea steppes.

Materials on the history of the formation of all spheres of culture of the Crimean Tatars, as well as on the history of the formation of the ethnic group itself, are presented in the multi-volume publication "Universal Description of the Crimea" of the middle of the XIX century.  the famous local historian Kondaraki V.H. ^[12].

The connotative aspect of meaning in this approach is the interpretation or addition of the denotative aspect with a variety of information: associative–background, empirical, cultural-historical or ideological character ^[13].

      Naturally, the segment dom-ev, ii (dial.) in the Crimean Tatar linguoculture, among other concepts of the material world, it occupies a very special place, in the Russian language, the house in the Crimean Tatar language corresponds to five equivalents of the word (ev, y, y, mesken and yurt), each of which has its own specifics, both denotative and significative meanings and different connotative semes are deployed in them in different ways 1. dom – ev;  2. housing – mesken; 3. residential building – mesken, ev; 4. own house – shahsi ev; 5. hearth, household –mal-mulk– khojalyk–ojak.

          For example, Levitsky V.V. ^[14] considers semantic similarity between synonyms based on the coincidence of their meanings. The words hut, halabuda, hut, form a closed microsystem; this whole microsystem as a whole is synonymous with the word house. Another microsystem is formed by the words hut, hovel, hut, hut, mansions, house.

    In Russian:

         hut, hut, mansions,house

         shack, hut

         hut, shack

           In the Crimean Tatar language:

             ev

           harabe

           to b - love

Thus, the experimental study of the lexical synonymy of the Crimean Tatar language in linguoculturological allows you to carry out the following tasks:

· establish syntagmatic connections of synonymous words;

· establish paradigmatic hierarchies of synonymous words;

· objectively separate some types of synonyms from others.

or

When identifying national-cultural semantic fields (elementary concepts) in linguoculturology, component analysis is used. Linguoculturology applies a cognitive approach to the study of the semantics of a word, which we use in the topic under study.

Based on the above analysis of the topic, we believe that it is most productive to investigate the national-cultural component of the meaning of the word based on the methodology proposed by Nikitina S.E. ^[15], in which the concept is analyzed through the definition of its connections with other concepts of the same culture.

The theory of the field was developed in the concept of the linguoculturological field ^[16], which is defined by him as a hierarchical system of units having a common meaning and reflecting a system of corresponding cultural concepts, linguocultures.

According to the theory, Vorobyov V.V., linguoculturemes are a more complex, multidimensional phenomenon compared to the units of ordinary fields. Following V.V. Vorobyov, we believe that the linguoculturological field, as a structure of linguocultures, represents the unity of signs, meanings and correlative concepts about classes of cultural objects. The units of the linguocultureme field have a peculiar two-dimensionality; the semantics of linguoculturemes is a dialectical connection of linguistic and non-linguistic content as different and at the same time interrelated forms of reflection of the referent. Thus, "linguoculturema, correlating with the actual linguistic plan and knowledge about culture, is included not only in the actual linguistic relations, but also deeper extra-linguistic "paradigms" and "syntagmas"; the linguoculturological field by its nature synthesizes the actual linguistic and culturological content: "a linguistic sign as one of the components of linguoculturem there is its form, which signals not only its "superficial" proper linguistic meaning, but also the "deep" content of meaning as a fact (element, segment) of culture" ^[9].

      The organization of everyday life, the way of life and family-related relationships are of primary interest for the study of the linguistic picture of the world. In this regard, such lexemes included in the conceptual field of "house – dwelling" as ev (uy), zv-mesken, yurt, mekyan, oda, sofra, kapi, azbar, eshya, etc. are considered.

The traditional rural settlements of the Crimean Tatars were called koi (village, village, village), all the cattle from the stables were sent to the summer zaimka yayla on (pasture), chel (ge)  /schelge-dial. (letters. to the steppe).

The analysis of specific contextual uses makes it possible to determine which knowledge is most often associated with a particular word-concept in the minds of members of the linguistic society.

Thus, the method of structuring conceptual information is used in the study by determining the connections of the concept under study with other concepts of the same culture.

   Usually Crimean Tatar houses were fenced. The ends of the streets were closed by the field gates of azbar kapa. As a fence, a spinning wheel made of horizontal poles was usually used – kjora, or from kjalav clay, isar stone, divar.  The peasant estate of the Tatars was usually divided into a front part and a back part.  The first part housed a residential building, storerooms, farm buildings and outbuildings, the second part was occupied by a vegetable garden, there was also a bathhouse, a threshing floor with a barn.

      The peculiarity of the Crimean Tatar estate is the setting of a residential building retreating from the street line, in the depths of the courtyard. The semiotics of the traditional Crimean Tatar dwelling presupposes the presence in each house of Ter ev, icheri oda – a special place of honor in the center (ter ev, icheri oda) in the central half of the house. It should be noted that with any layout of the house, the place of honor of the ter was located in the middle of the front wall – the living room.

      The traditional address to the guests is "Terge kechiniz!" [an invitation to go into the living room.yu, which, according to the tradition of placing rooms in the house of the Crimean Tatars, is located in the far part of the house, which indicates a special respect for guests and hospitality.

In each language there is a lexical unit in which there is a specific national-cultural component.

To distinguish a national-cultural component from a language, as a rule, another language is needed as an indicator, since discrepancies between languages are most often found in their comparative study.

The analysis of vocabulary is carried out due to the fact that the content of information that is embedded in a certain lexical concept.

The lexical concept of a word is "a complete set, a set of conceptual semes that provide the name and identification of objects or phenomena. The word, naming a certain object or phenomenon of extra-linguistic reality, does not indicate all the characteristic features of such an object or phenomenon; it is like a lexical "iceberg" in which a significant part of the information about the object of extra-linguistic reality is hidden, invisible, encrypted and is in the consciousness or memory of a member of a particular linguistic community" [5, pp. 38-52].

The lexical background is ". this is the totality of the non–conceptual part [of this], which concerns the word, this is the fixator of information, individual or public, which is transmitted in acts of communication" ^[5].

Background vocabulary is words that coincide in lexical meaning, but are different in lexical background, that is, having additional content of knowledge and world, stylistic and semantic shades that overlap with the main meaning known to speakers of a given language. By assimilating a word, we simultaneously expand our knowledge of the world.  The keeper of this knowledge is primarily the lexical meaning of the word, as well as its lexical background – the totality of all the information that is associated with the subject designated by this word.  Words such as school, book, house, which coincide in lexical meaning and are therefore easily translated into other languages, differ in their lexical backgrounds. These words were called incomplete by E.M. Vereshchagin and V.G. Kostomarov. There are the overwhelming majority of such words in the language.  The study of vocabulary in the national-cultural aspect allows you to "penetrate" into the linguistic picture of the world of a different linguistic and cultural community and to assimilate the national-cultural specifics of linguistic means.

L. Sobolev gave another definition of the nationally marking vocabulary, calling it the term "reality" and related to this category of vocabulary "everyday and specifically national words and phrases that have no equivalent in everyday life, and, consequently, in the languages of other peoples."

Barkhudarov L.S. ^[17], exploring the general problem of translation theory, also deals with the issues of non-equivalent vocabulary. The scientist includes in its composition "... words and persistent phrases that have neither full nor partial equivalents among the units of another language and divides it into such a group:

- proper names (in a broad sense – proper names);

- the so-called reality (words that denote objects, concepts, situations that are not peculiar to the practical experience of people who call in another language – objects of material and spiritual culture);

- random lacunae (in the form of words) that have no analogues in the lexical composition of another language" ^[1].

For a semantic field , there must be:

– a common (integral) semantic feature that unites all units of the field and is expressed by a lexeme with a generalized meaning (archilexeme), for example, the sign "enclosed space, human habitation", animation in the semantic field house-dwelling, palace, house, attic, apartment, room, hut, shack, dugout, communal apartment, small apartment, cottage, hotel, hostel; studio apartment, city house, multi-storey (block of planes), second floor, upper floor, annex, accommodation (adaptation);

  – private (differential) signs (from one or more) by which the units of the field differ from each other, for example, prestige (elite / ordinary housing), comfort, size (spaciousness) of housing, the time a person stays in it (permanent / temporary housing).

Real words appear in the language together with the appearance of an ethnically significant object in the culture of society. To distinguish real words from the general lexical composition, as a rule, another language is not needed as an indicator. Words-realities have an internal stratification into their own words-realities, attributive words-realities and hyponymic words-realities. Let's consider these words using examples of Crimean Tatar vocabulary.   

        The lexeme belongs to the actual words-realities, which indicates the characteristics of historical life, everyday life, gives an ethnospecific awareness of the world, and names specific objects of material and spiritual culture of society. For example, sachak–sachakh (a wide roof canopy that created shade and protected clay walls from rain); deren ev (a distant room, a room); sherfe (kr.tat.) a circular balcony with stone railings in the upper part of the minaret "minare", from which the mullah calls to prayer, etc.

Conclusion

Thus, during the study of the worldview of the concept "ev|house" of the peculiarities of functioning in the Crimean Tatar and Russian languages, we came to the following conclusions.

1. The analysis on the topic indicates that the variety of methods and techniques used in the aspect of the linguocultural approach to vocabulary study contributes to the development of linguistic personality and the formation of linguocultural competence concerning moral values in the Crimean Tatar and Russian language picture of the world.

2. The content of the concept "ev-mesken|house-housing", represented in comparison with the Crimean Tatar and Russian languages, largely coincides with the general linguistic concept, the basis of which is represented by cognitive features such as "yap-structure; bina-building; "ev inshaty|kurulysh-building a house", "house/mesken, mekyan, yurt, ev"; "family/aile-kjoranta"; "household/khojalyk, etc."; "property/small-mulk"; "household chores/ev ishleri", etc. The study of the lexical and semantic interpretation of the concept "ev-mesken|house-dwelling" in the Crimean Tatar Russian languages indicates the traditional connection of a person with his home, family ties, with the past and present.

3. The analyzed features of the concept "ev-mesken|house-housing", is one of the most significant in every national picture of the world, and reveals the national and cultural identity and colorfulness of the concept "Ev-mesken|Home is housing"," in every language picture of the world.

4. We see further prospects for the study in a detailed lexical and semantic analysis of the topic under study, including paying attention to the uniqueness of Crimean Tatar and Russian paremias.