Deviant behavior and ways to prevent dangerous driving

Golubev Igor' Viktorovich Teacher, Department of OOP, Tyumen Institute for Advanced Training of Employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 625049, Russia, Tyumen region, Tyumen, Amurskaya str., 75, of. OOOP golybev.igor72@gmail.com

The deviant nature of the behavior of drivers of vehicles is emphasized by the widely discussed issues of the personal factor in ensuring road safety. In the course of the study, it is planned to form a model of safe behavior of the driver of the vehicle, while it is worth noting that such behavior should be formed at the earliest stage of the formation of the driver's personality.

Recently, the solution to the problem of antisocial behavior of drivers on the road is being built by applying prohibitive measures and forming a legal framework for sanctioning pressure on drivers who allow themselves to drive dangerously. At the same time, practice shows that the use of sanctions measures alone does not allow achieving the desired result. Reasonable and responsible behavior on the road can be achieved only with the driver's personal interest in road safety, and such behavior is impossible without public approval and interest, without the formation of a psychologically stable personality by a variety of methods.

It is worth noting that obtaining only the skill of safe driving in the process of driver training in specialized schools (driving schools) does not allow you to form the necessary psychology of a responsible driver. At the same time, the great enthusiasm of the modern young generation for "extreme driving", as well as the uncontrolled propaganda of antisocial behavior on the roads on the Internet by irresponsible bloggers form a dangerous trend in society.

Therefore, the identification of motivational factors affecting the socio-legal culture of the formation of safe driving on the road is possible only with a combined approach to the study of such issues using legal, sociological and psychological sciences.

Personality behavior is a complex psychological process that is formed under the influence of both external political, socio-economic, socio-cultural, family, household and other factors, as well as internal, such as character, emotional stability, and the presence of innate abilities. Special attention in our work will be paid to the appearance of deviations in personality behavior from generally accepted norms.

In this context, it should be clarified that generally accepted norms are generally recognized rules, patterns of behavior, standards of activity designed to ensure the orderliness, stability and stability of social interaction between individuals and social groups. The totality of the norms in force in a particular community constitutes an integral system of legal relations. A deviation in the behavior of a person appears as a consequence of a violation of the functioning of external or internal factors of the psychological state. This condition is especially pronounced in the transitional age, when the main characteristics of the personality are formed, and the negative impact of the environment and poor attention to internal processes form a predisposition to deviant behavior in the future.

Consider the concept of deviant behavior. Thus, Yu.A. Kleiberg considers deviant behavior through the attitude of the individual to cultural norms. Deviance, in his opinion, is "a specific way of changing social norms and expectations by demonstrating a value attitude to them by a teenager" ^{[1, p.17]}.

Note that, for a deeper understanding of the issue of deviant behavior, it is necessary to consider the attitude of society to such behavior, that is, its moral assessment. Here is the definition of the concept of moral assessment formulated by N.V. Blazhevich: "Moral assessment is one of the main functions of moral consciousness. Evaluation exists in the form of individual judgments or their totality. These judgments express a person's evaluative attitude to something: he likes something, and something does not. The specificity of moral value judgments is that their predicates are expressed by moral concepts (first of all, moral categories are used: "good", "evil", "conscience", "duty", "responsibility", "freedom", etc., as well as concepts that express moral values)"^{[2, p.9]}.

The reasons for deviant behavior are different, but a special role has recently been played by the uncontrolled influence of the Internet and the formation of an image of aggressive, antisocial behavior as a norm in it. All this is intensified under the influence of pseudo-culture, unfavorable social and living conditions of living, lack of control over behavior in connection with the employment of parents. Increasingly, the educational potential of the family is being destroyed under the influence of new information and technological capabilities that replace established family values.

It should be noted that recently the image of an antisocial "cool" type who is not afraid to destroy the norms of behavior accepted in society and does not think about the consequences of his actions has become an ideal for young people, and the success of this lifestyle is being consolidated in cinema, literature and the Internet. In this connection, there is a certain marginalization of society. The massive nature of the marginalization of a significant part of the social structure is fraught with an increase in social tension and, as a result, an increase in the number of offenses ^{[3, p. 86]}.

Therefore, the younger generation, which, due to various circumstances, is in a difficult life situation, that is, it finds itself on the "sidelines" of social, economic, and everyday life, replaces the spiritual and moral principles of a healthy personality with new antisocial norms of behavior. Such dynamics only deteriorates with time, because their new antisocial principles of life eventually become norms in adulthood, and also begin to influence the next generations. All this is aggravated by the promotion of an unhealthy lifestyle, alcoholism, drug addiction, substance abuse, prostitution, suicide, which become an integral part of the society surrounding the young man.

Thus, it can be argued that deviance is a reflection of the multifaceted processes taking place in the surrounding world, arising between the individual and society, uncontrolled negative trends in the information technology environment, antisocial propaganda and difficult living conditions of personality formation.

One side of the deviant behavior of the individual is the indifference of society to the causes of the formation of deviations, the other side is the lack of control over the impact on the personality of the new information technology environment.

Therefore, at present, the earliest diagnosis of deviant behavior in young people is necessary, the establishment of the causes and motives of such behavior, the determination of random deviations from stable forms of antisocial behavior. Timely diagnosis will allow determining the optimal method of assistance at the early stages of personality formation, eliminating the causes of deviant behavior in the future, because all young people grow up and realize their deviant behavior in an adult environment. At the same time, it should not be forgotten that the adult generation implements the most dangerous forms of life activity for health and social environment (driving a vehicle, possession of hunting weapons, etc.).

Currently, the legislator pays special attention to such a social phenomenon as "dangerous driving". Thus, in the Rules of the Road of the Russian Federation, "dangerous driving" is defined as the repeated commission of one or more actions following each other, if these actions entailed the creation by the driver in the course of traffic of a situation in which his movement and (or) the movement of other road users in the same direction and at the same speed creates a threat of death or injury to people, damage to vehicles, structures, cargo or causing other material damage. But at the same time, there is an opinion that the content of "dangerous driving" as deviant behavior is not fully disclosed.

Designating "dangerous driving" as a sequence of dangerous actions, the legislator does not disclose what dangerous actions are meant, but only indicates the consequences of such actions: "death or injury of people, damage to vehicles, structures, cargo or causing other material damage." Therefore, it is advisable to highlight the characteristic signs of "dangerous driving".

When considering "dangerous driving" as a sequence of actions, the following can be attributed to the characteristic features::

firstly, unjustified multiple rearrangements from row to row;

secondly, unjustified sudden braking or acceleration;

thirdly, non-compliance with the distance and intervals of movement;

fourth, giving sound signals to other traffic participants (aggressive use of sound signals, additionally unnerves other traffic participants and can provoke a traffic accident);

fifth, speeding;

sixth, driving through areas that are not designated for traffic (overtaking on the side of the road, driving through the sidewalk);

seventh, driving with the high beam turned on is in violation of traffic rules.

At the same time, it is also necessary to consider the causes of such "dangerous driving", that is, the social and personal prerequisites for their occurrence. In the scientific community, it is customary to distinguish the following characteristics accompanying "dangerous driving":

firstly, deliberate violation of the established public rules of behavior on the road (even if legally and not prohibited by law);

secondly, the characteristic rudeness of driving, disregard for the safety of other road users, provoking others to violate traffic rules (for example, demonstrating insulting gestures, shouting insults);

thirdly, systematic, expressed by the commission of dangerous actions in a certain period of time.

Equally important for road safety is the establishment of the causes of "dangerous driving". These reasons include:

firstly, the lack of legal regulation of actions defining "dangerous driving", and, as a result, the lack of punishment for such actions;

secondly, weak public opposition to the facts of "dangerous driving";

thirdly, driving vehicles under the influence of means that affect the reaction and ability to drive (these include not only alcoholic and narcotic drugs, but also sedative drugs or a tired state).

It should be noted that currently the state and society pay special attention to solving this problem. So, in the latest changes to the Rules of the road, which came into force on March 1, 2023, there are norms that improve legislation on this issue.

At the same time, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation (hereinafter - the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia), taking into account the importance of this topic, conducts a systematic public opinion poll within the framework of social communication. So, in 2020, a survey "Too dangerous driving" was conducted on the websites of the traffic Police of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, in which more than 18,000 people took part ^[4]. 86% of respondents answered positively to the question "Have you ever encountered dangerous driving?", which unconditionally indicates the existing problems. More than half of respondents (54%) singled out such a dangerous maneuver as "dangerous maneuvering and rebuilding from row to row", 21% of respondents pointed to "a lack of personal culture and upbringing", as well as "excessive self-conceit among those road users who practice aggressive driving". At the same time, about 19% of respondents noted that the reason for "dangerous driving" on their part is haste and lack of free time in a competitive society.

A similar survey was conducted at the Research Center for Road Safety Problems of the Ministry of Internal Affairs In Russia, where one of the research questions was the following: "Did the respondents allow elements of dangerous driving when driving a vehicle?". The answer "never" was chosen by 68.0% of drivers (204 people) and 82.2% of traffic police officers (263 people); "very rarely" – 30.7% (92 people) and 16.3% (52 people), respectively; "quite often" – 1.3% (4 people) and 1.5% (5 people).). The answer "very often" was not chosen ^{[5, p.68]}.

Thus, it can be concluded that countering "dangerous driving" lies not only in the legal field, but also in eliminating the causes that contribute to such behavior.

Having analyzed the above information, it can be stated that "dangerous driving" is one of the forms of deviant human behavior, and it poses a threat both to other road users and to the social culture of life, because it does not fit into the concept of driving safety, nor into the logic of behavior, nor into the moral and ethical rules adopted in a healthy society. At the same time, drivers who allow dangerous driving can be divided into two categories:

1) those who commit such violations purposefully (intentionally).

2) those who justify their behavior by circumstances beyond their control (unintentionally).

Consequently, the preventive impact on such categories should be different and lie not only in the legal field, but also in the psychological component of drivers who adhere to a dangerous driving style.

When describing the characteristics of "dangerous driving", you can refer to the work of V.E. Petrov, who gives a definition of driving style in his works. Driving style is considered by him as a set of stable techniques and skills of a person when driving a vehicle, as well as his personal characteristic associated with driving vehicles. Driving style as a constant characteristic is largely determined not only by special knowledge, skills, management skills, but also by the individual qualities of the driver's personality ^{[6, p.762]}.

Based on the above, it can be concluded that deviant behavior is associated with the inconsistency of human actions or actions with the norms, rules of behavior, expectations, values common in society. It causes a negative assessment of people, has a recurring character, has an individual intrapersonal character.

Effective correction of deviant behavior requires multidimensional effects on the individual and his immediate social environment, that is, a set of rehabilitation measures that form optimal ways of socio-psychological adaptation and resolution of intra and interpersonal problems and conflicts.

We see the following possible ways to influence "dangerous driving" as one of the sides of deviant behavior.

Firstly, an important factor in the prevention of deviant behavior of the driver is the improvement of legislation. For example, clarifying the category "dangerous driving" in the Traffic Rules should be an important step in improving the level of road safety inside large settlements, since the actions included in the concept of "dangerous driving" are most often recorded in large cities. It is also necessary to specify an approximate list of possibly dangerous actions, such as unjustified maneuvering, sudden realignment, braking or acceleration. Also, in chapter 12 of the Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to provide for sanctions related to dangerous driving. We justify these proposals by the fact that one indication of a ban on driving in this way is not enough to prevent such incidents. It is necessary to back up legislative innovations with sanctions in the form of a fine or a warning. At the moment, it is not known to what responsibility drivers who behave dangerously on the road can be brought to.

Secondly, it is advisable to create the necessary technical conditions for monitoring compliance with traffic rules. Thus, the active use of monitoring surveillance cameras for the road will help to identify persons prone to systematic "dangerous driving" and the adoption of coercive measures to them in accordance with the legislation. It is also advisable to equip patrol cars with equipment and an electronic closed network for monitoring and access to live broadcast from video recording cameras for rapid response and identification of persons prone to "dangerous driving", excluding the time of information submission through the duty station.

Along with this, it is necessary to improve the transport infrastructure, for example, the separation of oncoming lanes by fences, timely elimination of road surface wear, etc.

Thirdly, systematic work is needed to form the unacceptability of rudeness and rudeness on the road in society. Formation of a responsible attitude of drivers not only to compliance with the basic rules of the road (compliance with the speed limit, prohibition of driving on a traffic light, refusal to drink alcohol before driving, etc.), but also to compliance with etiquette and moral norms of behavior accepted in society. Culture and politeness should be the key to driving safety.

Fourth, in order to solve the problem of "dangerous driving", it is necessary to reconsider the issue of training future drivers in driving schools, expanding the training with elements of emergency training at the initial level, and consider the possibility of mandatory retraining of drivers after three years of driving experience. Statistics show that it is after such a period that the number of road accidents increases. This is due to the acquisition of driving experience and the appearance of imaginary confidence in a high level of driving.

Fifth, it is necessary to work on the Internet in order to identify content that demonstrates patterns of aggressive behavior and role models, incitement to violation of traffic rules. It should also be completely excluded from advertising content that focuses on the high-speed capabilities of the car.

It should be noted that, taking into account the opinion of leading scientists in this industry, special attention in daily preventive activities is paid to educational, rather than correctional methods of influence. It is also necessary to create conditions in the public environment for persons prone to dangerous driving, which would be able to serve as a barrier against any kind of defects in personality development and behavioral deviations ^{[7, p.155]}. Influencing the driver's consciousness, it is also necessary to focus his attention on the motives of self-preservation and material gain, since aggressive driving can lead to damage to motor vehicles, which, in turn, will entail large financial costs.

Summing up the results of the study, as well as taking into account the peculiarities of Russian legislation regarding the prevention of deviant behavior of drivers of vehicles, we consider it appropriate to apply the following measures to regulate this problem.

Firstly, it is the purposeful promotion of culture and road safety, as well as the creation of a positive image of the driver. To this end, it is necessary to expand the number of programs on television and radio dedicated to road safety, showing positive facts of culture and driving skills, good advice, examples of exemplary behavior of traffic police officers, etc.

Secondly, it is necessary to develop a video surveillance system at emergency road sections, intersections and exits as a deterrent to committing administrative offenses in the field of road safety. It is possible (and necessary) to introduce monitoring using unmanned aerial vehicles into the road safety system.

Thirdly, conducting purposeful psychological work in driving schools, contributing to the rapid and effective adaptation of inexperienced drivers, knowledge of possible psychophysiological features of the behavior of road users, their manifestations in traffic and reactions to the behavior of other participants. At the same time, it is necessary to increase the number of hours of practical driving during the training period.

Thus, the problem of increasing the level of culture of drivers as road users requires an integrated approach to its solution. The implementation of the above regulatory measures will reduce the impact of aggressive driving on road safety and minimize the number of road accidents.